The exponential increase in the integration of Variable Renewable Energy Sources and responsive storage, compensation, and prosumers in electrical power systems raises many uncertainties that affect the operation, control, and planning across different time horizons. Dynamic stability refers to a system's ability to withstand and recover from disturbances while ensuring that systemic symptoms (e.g., voltages, currents, frequency, angular displacements) remain within acceptable limits under both normal and abnormal conditions. Unacceptable excursions in systemic symptoms can cause disruptions or blackouts. A suitably developed and calibrated digital model for dynamic simulations is a key tool for this purpose. This manuscript overviews the development of a digital synthetic model for in-depth analysis and identification of the occurrence and propagation of potential instability issues. The synthetic model is inspired by accessible data on the hypothetical future situation (e.g., year 2030) of the Dutch Power System. The model has been built on the basis of generic component models and parameters from the literature, and several disturbances are evaluated by time-domain simulations. Renewable power electronic-interfaced generators and remaining synchronous generators have implemented emerging methods to provide primary control for active and reactive power support in line with the state-of-the-art recommended practice. This model is proposed as the basis for studying different stability phenomena and challenges for controller design in future operating conditions of the Dutch system in light of the large-scale addition of renewable generation.

The need for energy transition entails clear expectations of a significant increase in Variable Renewable Energy Sources (VRES) . However, increased renewable supply introduces challenges due to the integration of Inverter Based Generators (IBG), which can be effectively managed with control modules, such as Exciters.
To ensure power system stability and reliability amid significant advancements, an in-depth understanding of the dynamic behavior of the Dutch Transmission System is essential. This Master’s Thesis project aims to investigate the response of the Dutch power system to high penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), with a primary focus on dynamic stability performance. By studying these dynamics, we can better understand and address the challenges posed by the increasing integration of RES.
The Thesis proposes a Synthetic Digital Model of the Dutch Power System in which the generator components are equipped with dynamic models that perform various control functions, to simulate the system’s response to any changes. DIgSILENT PowerFactory is a power system analysis software, used to develop this model and to perform various simulations. Dynamic Stability studies evaluates a power system’s ability to maintain stability under various operating conditions and disturbances. Following a disturbance, the controllers of the elements de- termine the dynamic response of the transmission system. While stability is determined by multiple factors, such as the type of a disturbance and its duration, the number of sources in the power system and the power system operating condition (pre-disturbance), controller settings ultimately determine how quickly and effectively a sys- tem can respond to disturbances. They help to maintain stability and preventing faults from escalating. Therefore, the design and calibration of these control modules are primarily focused to address the stability challenges and indirectly facilitate smooth integration of VRES.
A case study involving operating under specific conditions of current and future generator dispatches is per- formed to investigate the impact of change in type of generation, in various scenarios. Successful initialisation of the dynamic models is achieved after multiple parameter tuning and model calibrations. The most basic form of stability assessment is the observation of time response of a specific variable in the model. Thanks to these Dynamic models, the time response of variables like frequency, voltage and rotor angle is observed to be within acceptable limits. However, there are cases in which the model becomes unstable, which are assessed for opti- mization. Critical disturbances during which the responses are uncontrollably divergent (from original operating point) are identified and recommendations are made at the power system level to effectively beware these faults.
Finally, Voltage Stability Performance is comparatively performed to reflect on the stability performance under low and high predominance of renewable power generation. This evaluates a certain variable under specific operating conditions and checks whether the variable is within acceptable limits. While introducing a fault at each system component, these variables are calculated to recognise all the vulnerable areas of the model. Based on the number of unstable components in the results obtained, recommendations are made on how to decrease this number.