As the Netherlands moves toward climate neutrality by 2050, the national power system will rely heavily on variable renewable energy sources (VRES) such as offshore wind and solar photovoltaics. While previous studies have examined steady-state implications of overplanting and grid reinforcement, less attention has been given to assessing the effectiveness of flexibility resources during longer time periods. This paper presents an operational assessment of the 2050 Dutch transmission system using full-day optimal power flow simulations for typical summer and winter conditions.The synthetic model of the transmission system is developed in DIgSILENT PowerFactory and includes distributed and centralized supply, batteries, electrolyzers, and demand response mechanisms. Using the Mean-Variance Mapping Optimization (MVMO) algorithm with 15-minute resolution, system operation is optimized to minimize active power losses while respecting voltage and thermal limits. The results show that flexibility resources are essential to ensure demand coverage and reduce transmission congestion, especially during periods of high VRES generation. In winter, the centralized nature of offshore wind leads to regional overloads and higher losses, while summer benefits from decentralized PV generation and more balanced load matching. Batteries and hydrogen units show distinct operational patterns, emphasizing the importance of their strategic placement. These findings support the design of control strategies and infrastructure planning for high-VRES transmission systems.

Industrial electrification plays a crucial role in reducing carbon dioxide emissions, and ensuring power reliability is important in this process. Reliability and techno-economic evaluations are fundamental to designing, operating, and managing power systems, ensuring that electricity is delivered continuously and securely under various conditions. In particular, maintaining a reliable power supply to industrial loads is critical, especially when renewable sources are present, as these introduce greater variability and uncertainty into the operation of industrial systems. Therefore, this document aims to use a cost-effective storage approach to ensure the reliable operation of sustainable industrial multi-energy systems. In addition, three storage mitigation strategies against random operation are formulated based on financial, technical, practical, and other aspects. A synthetic industrial model consisting of generic component representations in DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2024 is taken as a case study. The structure and parameters of the synthetic model are inspired by data from the literature and a hypothetical projection of a future evolution of a 500 MW sustainable industrial multi-energy system in Rotterdam by 2035. Numerical results provide insight into the flexible and cost-effective operation of sustainable industrial multi-energy systems within the context of decarbonised future Dutch energy systems.

The exponential increase in the integration of Variable Renewable Energy Sources and responsive storage, compensation, and prosumers in electrical power systems raises many uncertainties that affect the operation, control, and planning across different time horizons. Dynamic stability refers to a system's ability to withstand and recover from disturbances while ensuring that systemic symptoms (e.g., voltages, currents, frequency, angular displacements) remain within acceptable limits under both normal and abnormal conditions. Unacceptable excursions in systemic symptoms can cause disruptions or blackouts. A suitably developed and calibrated digital model for dynamic simulations is a key tool for this purpose. This manuscript overviews the development of a digital synthetic model for in-depth analysis and identification of the occurrence and propagation of potential instability issues. The synthetic model is inspired by accessible data on the hypothetical future situation (e.g., year 2030) of the Dutch Power System. The model has been built on the basis of generic component models and parameters from the literature, and several disturbances are evaluated by time-domain simulations. Renewable power electronic-interfaced generators and remaining synchronous generators have implemented emerging methods to provide primary control for active and reactive power support in line with the state-of-the-art recommended practice. This model is proposed as the basis for studying different stability phenomena and challenges for controller design in future operating conditions of the Dutch system in light of the large-scale addition of renewable generation.

The integration of variable renewable energy sources (VRES) into the Dutch transmission network is imperative for transitioning to a sustainable energy future. However, incorporating large-scale VRES poses significant monitoring and control challenges, such as fluctuating power flows and grid stability concerns. This manuscript examines the role of digital twins as modern tools for supervising and controlling power systems. This work also presents the development of a synthetic digital model of the Dutch extra-high-voltage (EHV) network to analyze steady-state performance under high VRES penetration scenarios for 2030. Using DIgSILENT PowerFactory, automated by Python scripting, this study offers insights into the impacts of VRES and electrolyzers in power networks. By creating and analyzing various future scenarios, this research evaluates the effectiveness of digital models in scenario analysis, marking a significant step toward the implementation of comprehensive digital twins for future energy system planning and optimization.

As electrical systems become increasingly complex with the integration of new electronic loads and variable renewable energy sources (VRES), modern tools are essential for their effective management and operation. This paper discusses an initial step toward the complete implementation of a digital twin for the Dutch electrical power grid: the development of a real-time digital model. This model represents the Randstad region’s electrical grid, which has recently been enhanced by substantial offshore wind power installations, including Hollandse Kust Zuid and Hollandse Kust Noord. The Real-Time Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) model described in this study enables the assessment of the impacts of offshore wind integration on network stability and power quality. Network elements have been modeled using RSCAD and implemented within the Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS). Detailed simulations are conducted to evaluate the grid’s capacity to handle the active and reactive power influx from the offshore wind farms. This study highlights the critical role of precise modeling in ensuring the reliability and efficiency of wind power integration into the national grid.