Touch deprivation, a largely unrecognized phenomenon that affects approximately 54% of people globally, has a significant negative impact on the well-being of these individuals. Having physical connections is a fundamental part of the human experience whether it is a warm hug from a loved one or a comforting pat on the shoulder. However, touching often has a stigma around it, and expressing touch-related needs can be a difficult task. The aim of the project was to understand the needs, difficulties, and overall experiences of touch-deprived young adults (18-30) and based on the findings design to improve their well-being. This led to the concept of a clothing line consisting of pieces designed for connections, comfort, and awareness. Through a series of qualitative research activities with the target group, we could see that it is mainly a struggle among young adults who live far from their families and friends, long-distance couples, and individuals struggling with social anxiety or other mental health issues. Touch deprivation is a complex issue, influenced by other life experiences and often intertwined with the feeling of loneliness, anxiety, emotional regulation, and can lead to low self-esteem. However, the absence of touch goes beyond the physical sensations, young adults long for the emotional connections that come with closeness. While technology enables these groups to communicate and stay connected with others over long distances, it fails to satisfy this fundamental human need of social touch and young adults often question the value of even attempting to imitate these connections with devices (e.g. mediated social touch devices – remotely sending tactile sensations to imitate social touch). Although in-person social touch can not be replaced, sensory comfort can offer some relief. Young adults often seek comfort and distractions to avoid dealing with the negative feelings they experience. As found, touch deprivation is a hidden struggle, however, raising awareness of our touch needs is crucial for initiating self-reflection and active mitigation. Designing garments as a response to address touch deprivation offers a subtle way to embrace these young adults and help with their negative experiences. Clothing not only influences how others perceive us but also how we perform (enclothed cognition). As a visual display, it can convey direct and symbolic messages and as ‘our second skin’ intimately touches our bodies every day. Through the design of these items, the intention is to invite affective social touch – provide sensory comfort to the wearer, act as a catalyst for creating in-person connections, and lastly raise awareness of the personal touch needs and the issue of touch deprivation. The project aims to stimulate and foster real-life connections and challenge the stigma surrounding touch while supporting individual comfort. Ultimately, this project aspires to enhance the well-being and life experiences of touch-deprived young adults by providing them with designs tailored to their needs. By incorporating subtle messaging within an accessible format (choice of clothing), we aim to empower touch-deprived individuals to take a step toward facing the issue and improving their well-being. The project hopes to make a meaningful impact and spark a broader discussion on the importance of touch in human well-being.

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death, representing 32% of all global deaths. The mainstay treatments are medical compression stockings (MCS) and physical activity. Although MCS has been shown to positively affect treatment and support disorder control (e.g. leg swelling), research shows incredibly low therapy compliance. Throughout history, the involvement of digital technologies has greatly enhanced healthcare. Nonetheless, developments are not embraced by the medical compression stockings industry yet. For instance, since the invention of medical compression stockings (with a graduated compression) in 1960, the design of medical compression stockings (MCS) has hardly changed. This thesis explores the integration of sensors into medical compression stockings and aims to innovate current compression stockings by including wearable technology. The feasibility and viability of smart stockings are examined, and barriers are defined through a combination of interviews, literature and user observations. Findings are translated into design requirements. Throughout the research, multiple problems have been identified, ranging from user dissatisfaction to product shortcomings. For instance, MCS only have an expected lifespan of half a year. Yet, MCS are yearly reimbursed by health insurance companies. Also, wearing, product care, and health complications can even shorten the lifespan of MCS. For the successful treatment of disorders, it is essential that MCS exert the correct amount of compression. The presented smart stockings with the app address these shortcomings. The smart stocking is able to monitor the exerted compression of MCS. By constantly validating the product, users gain ownership over the quality of their compression therapy. Aside from product validation, compression monitoring is translated into the level of fitness of the user. Increased compression (outside of the walking range) indicates an expanding circumference of the ankle. Together with a vascular surgeon, guidelines are discussed. The combination of the smart stocking and the app has the potential to give medical recommendations to users. With the app, users can be rewarded for their therapy adherence and goals tailored to the specific user and their physical capabilities. Lastly, not every healthcare complication is immediately measurable through compression change. Therefore, the app can ask additional questions based on visible signs, this way it also coaches users to monitor their health.

You, I and almost everyone deal with illness under a certain condition. As digital health is becoming ever more widespread nowadays, this change shapes a new understanding of our medical experience. Consider how these new digital tools might affect patient experience becomes more crucial for everyone’s life. Four studies, aiming at understanding and enhancing the patient experience, thus become the foundation of this project. However, the transition of academic research knowledge into practical design information often faces obstacles (Zielhuis et al., 2022a). Challenges include effectively teach-ing freshmen (Hoadley & Cox, 2008), selecting the right formats, and successfully conveying academic knowledge in a practical context (Stappers and Giaccardi, 2017). As a result, despite the fact that the primary research potentially enables healthcare designers to enhance the digital patient experience, whether practitioners can benefit from these academic findings is still unclear. Therefore, to further transfer the primary research to support design education and best practices for improving patient experience in digital health, as well as increase the accessibility and applicability of the primary research (Daniluk and Koert, 2015; Cook, D. A., 2007), an exploration starts. Desk research and literature research are done to define the project’s scope and make a concrete goal. Design guidelines are considered since they play a crucial role in leading designers to success. Through learning and following effective design guidelines, designers can significantly enhance the quality of their design outcomes (Fu, Yang, & Wood, 2016). To transform the primary research into design guidelines, nine qualities should be considered in the creation and evaluation process. Additionally, the website is an appro-priate method of transferring information (Daniluk and Koert, 2015; Cook, D. A., 2007). When creating a website, usability, accessibility, and consistency need to be considered. It is defined that the primary research should be transformed into design guidelines based on a website platform, the design goal therefore is defined as: To transform the primary research into a good and usable web-based design guide, enabling healthcare designers to utilize the primary research to improve the digital patient experience. To achieve this goal, design activities should be conducted to ensure the website’s usability, consistency, and accessibility, with the guide content’s clarity, efficacy, and credibility. Through design activities such as walkthroughs and case studies, an initial minimum viable (MVP) website is developed. An evaluation workshop makes clear that the website partially meets
its design objectives and suggests a need for improvement in content clarity and efficacy and website usability. Following this feedback, an iteration is developed, resulting in a complete website design. A small-scale usability test validates the in-crease in content clarity, credibility, and efficacy, with overall usability slightly declining. Hence, the website is iterated again. In conclusion, there was proof that the final design met the goal of having expected clarity, efficacy, credibility, color accessibility, and internal and external consistency. The final SUS score was 59.5 out of 100, which was acceptable but implied room for improvement (Bangor, Kortum, & Miller, 2009).