This paper provides an investigation on thickness effects on fibre-bridged fatigue delamination growth (FDG) in composite laminates. A modified Paris relation was employed to interpret experimental fatigue data. The results clearly demonstrated that both thickness and fibre bridging had negligible effects on FDG behaviors. Both energy principles and fractography analysis were subsequently performed to explore the physical reasons of this independence. It was found that the amount of energy release of a given crack growth was not only independent of fibre bridging, but also thickness. Fibre print was the dominant microscopic feature located on fracture surfaces, physically making the same energy dissipation during FDG. Furthermore, the present study provides extra evidence on the importance of using an appropriate similitude parameter in FDG studies. Particularly, the strain energy release rate (SERR) range applied around crack front was demonstrated as an appropriate similitude parameter for fibre-bridged FDG study.

The influence of fibre bridging on delamination failure in multidirectional composite laminates with different thickness scales is characterized, and the dependence of fibre bridging significance on laminate thickness as well as loading regime is investigated in this paper. Both quasi-static and fatigue resistance curves (R-curve) are experimentally determined to quantify the significance of fibre bridging in delamination growth. The results clearly demonstrate that thickness has effect on the amount of fibre bridging in quasi-static delamination. And the significance of fibre bridging decreases with the increase in laminate thickness. However, the situation for fatigue delamination growth (FDG) is much more complicated. The difference in fibre bridging generation seems to be insignificant in short fatigue cracks and at the plateau state, whereas more bridging fibres can be present in a thinner laminate in-between state. Loading regimes also have significant effect on the amount of fibre bridging. The results clearly demonstrate that more bridging fibres can be generated in quasi-static delamination compared to fatigue. A modified Paris relation proposed by the authors in previous studies is employed in present study to determine fibre-bridged FDG behaviors in multidirectional composite laminates with various thickness scales. All fatigue data locate in a relatively narrow band region of the resistance graph, resulting in a master resistance curve in determining fatigue delamination behaviors. This clearly demonstrates that neither thickness nor fibre bridging has significant effect on fatigue delamination behaviors, if the similarity is well represented.

Fatigue delamination in multidirectional composite laminates was experimentally investigated in present study. Both the Paris relation and a modified Paris relation (with a new similitude parameter) were employed to interpret fatigue delamination with significant fibre bridging. The results clearly demonstrated that fatigue delamination was independent of fibre bridging, if a reasonable similitude parameter was used in data reduction. As a result, a master resistance curve can be fitted to determine fatigue crack growth with different amounts of fibre bridging. The energy principles were subsequently used to provide physical interpretation on fatigue delamination. The results indicated the energy release for the same fatigue crack growth remained constant with fibre bridging. Bridging fibres in most cases just periodically stored and released strain energy under fatigue loading, but had little contribution to real energy release. The master resistance curve was finally applied to predict fatigue delamination with fibre bridging. Acceptable agreement between predictions and experiments was achieved, demonstrating the validation of the modified Paris relation in fibre-bridged fatigue delamination study.

The aim of present research is to determine fatigue delamination with fibre bridging in composite laminates. Both the Paris relation and the Hartman-Schijve equation were employed to explore fatigue delamination behavior. The use of the Paris relation can result in fatigue delamination growth being crack scale dependent. This dependence was significantly reduced in case of using the Hartman-Schijve relation in data reduction. This difference can lead to controversies on fatigue delamination behavior in composite laminates. To address this dispute, a new parameter, which was consistent with the hypothesis of similitude as well as damage mechanisms, was introduced to represent the similitude in fatigue delamination growth. A modified Paris relation based on this parameter was proposed and used to determine fatigue delamination. And a master resistance curve was obtained to determine fatigue delamination growth with different amounts of fibre bridging. Thus, fatigue delamination is crack scale independent, if the similitude is well characterized. And in the Paris region, the modified Paris relation can provide good predictions in fatigue delamination growth with fibre bridging.

Fatigue delamination with fibre bridging in composite laminates with different thicknesses was investigated. The experimental results clearly demonstrated fibre bridging had significant retardation effects on fatigue delamination behavior, making it insufficient to use a single Paris resistance curve to determine fatigue crack growth. To address this problem, the coefficients of the Paris relation were correlated to the normalized crack extension (a − a₀)/L_pz. It was found that the exponent n was independent on the normalized crack extension and specimen thickness, whereas the parameter log(c) bi-linearly decreased with the normalized crack extension and kept constant once fibre bridging became saturation. And the magnitude of log(c) was independent on specimen thickness. Thus, it was concluded that fatigue delamination behavior and fibre bridging significance were independent on specimen thickness at a given normalized crack extension (a − a₀)/L_pz. With substitutions of these correlations into the Paris relation, an empirical power law relation was developed to characterize fatigue delamination behavior. And its validation was verified by a comparison between predictions and experiments.

Recent experiments showed that thinning gallium, iron selenide and 2H tantalum disulfide to single/several monoatomic layer(s) enhances their superconducting critical temperatures. Here, we characterize these superconductors by extracting the absolute values of the London penetration depth, the superconducting energy gap, and the relative jump in specific heat at the transition temperature from their self-field critical currents. Our central finding is that the enhancement in transition temperature for these materials arises from the opening of an additional superconducting gap, while retaining a largely unchanged 'bulk' superconducting gap. Literature data reveals that ultrathin niobium films similarly develop a second superconducting gap. Based on the available data, it seems that, for type-II superconductors, a new superconducting band appears when the film thickness becomes smaller than the out-of-plane coherence length. The same mechanism may also be the cause of enhanced interface superconductivity.