Climate change intensifies the frequency and severity of flooding in urban areas, such as Jakarta. While government-led adaptation measures are crucial, the limitation of planned adaptations in providing complete protection emphasises household-level strategies in mitigating risks. However, limited adaptive capacity and bounded rationality can lead to maladaptive behaviours. This study investigates the dynamics of household-level climate change adaptations in Jakarta, focusing on their impact on vulnerability and potential maladaptation. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research analyses micro-level survey data and agent-based modelling to examine adaptation measures like elevation, dry-proofing, and wet-proofing. Findings reveal that socioeconomic factors, such as income and fatalistic attitudes, influence adaptation choices. Low-income households are particularly vulnerable to suboptimal strategies, like wet-proofing, which can exacerbate their risk. The study also highlights a discrepancy between these measures' perceived and actual efficacy, emphasising the need for targeted policies. Recommendations include promoting effective adaptation, providing targeted financial aid, and enhancing community and governmental support. By addressing these factors, policymakers can reduce the likelihood of maladaptation in urban Jakarta.

The global biodiversity crisis demands urgent action, with global food production being one of the major drivers of biodiversity loss. Transitioning to less animal-intensive diets is a potential solution to decrease impacts. While it is established that diet change can lead to a decrease in agricultural land use, it remains unclear whether these reductions occur in areas at risk of biodiversity loss. This study uses a spatially-explicit land use indicator, based on co-existence of species richness and agriculture, to analyze the impact on four land use types, ranging from land use with low conservation priority to land use with very high conservation priority. We analyze the impact of a diet change scenario where fifty-four high-income countries adopt the EAT-Lancet diet. Our findings indicate a major decrease of about one third of conservation priority land use across all four land use types considered. This means that the diet change is indeed effective in lowering land use in high conservation priority sites. We recognize that even with the adoption of the EAT-Lancet diet there is a need for additional strategies to further decrease high conservation priority land use, with priority sourcing strategies being the most obvious next step.