30% of the world’s waste is generated within the built environment. In order to reduce this, materials that are seen as waste could be reused within architecture and create new ways of designing for example by symbiosis between industries or implementing a circular economy. However, it is important to look critically at the additional process that is necessary to create new products from waste as some processes require a lot of energy that could potentially do more harm than good. Nevertheless, to reduce waste itself, the current process of producing materials should be tackled by reducing waste generation itself rather than using the waste that was generated. In the end it is important to look at the different possibilities per project and new ways of designing by using what is at hand rather than using more primary materials.

This project explores T’ Zaagje, a former shipyard in Sliedrecht, as a vital yet underappreciated site within South Holland’s maritime industry heritage line connecting Dordrecht, Kinderdijk, and Gorinchem. Positioned at the intersection of tangible and intangible heritage, T’ Zaagje illustrates how local spaces can hold deep historical significance despite limited recognition. The study situates the site within its broader environmental and historical context, linking it to the researcher’s master’s focus on maritime heritage. By proposing a new function for the shipyard as a makerspace, the project revitalizes its historical role while introducing an educational component for local schools. Children can engage with the site’s history through hands-on activities, transforming the shipyard into a living, interactive heritage site.

Design: This project captures the outcome of a conceptual architectural exploration focused on the Papendrechtsebrug and the overlooked public potential of the space beneath it. Through a combination of spatial design, historical reflection, and direct dialogue with the local community, the project proposes a new identity for this infrastructural threshold.

Research: This research explores the theory and practice of bridge reuse through a literature review and the development of an analytical framework. The framework is created to evaluate reused bridges by identifying main drivers and challenges, categorized into technical, operational, and communal dimensions. To complement this theoretical approach, a qualitative case study of the Papendrechtsebrug is conducted, involving interviews with local residents. These interviews identify three additional drivers and challenges that compliment current practices in the reuse of bridges. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the factors influencing decision making in bridge reuse, offering valuable insights for integrating technical feasibility with community values in future projects.

A space of Reflection is a spatial intervention located on Het Plein in The Hague, engaging with Mauritshuis museum and the former Ministry of Colonies building, complemented by a wooden pavilion ('House of Free Speech') and connected through an underground system. The design intervention unravels and gives voice to historical narratives about Dutch colonial history which haven’t been properly heard or acknowledged, in order to gain a more honest and complete image of this specific past. The project aims to provoke dialogue and allows space for the public to reflect upon this history, enabling them to position themselves within the bigger context of this complex and controversial past.

The project is situated at Lake Karla in Greece’s Thessalian Plain, the country’s second-largest agricultural area, marked by its unique city-territory dynamics, cultural heritage, and urban-rural interplay. Recent floods have caused widespread damage, underscoring the region’s vulnerabilities.The project responds to the devastating floods of recent years, recognizing them not just as isolated events, but as symptoms of broader global phenomena. Bioversity in nature and human systems just as natural ecosystems thrive on diversity, so too must our approaches to problem-solving incorporate a range of voices and expertise.
Through interventions like the Thessalian Table, the project provides a platform for dialogue, collaboration, and education, addressing the fragile relationship between human activity and natural ecosystems while offering a replicable model for regions facing similar challenges globally. It appears as a moment to question practices and foster resilience.
The proposal centers on the Thessalian Table, a conceptual and physical intervention designed to address the region’s unique vulnerabilities while speaking to universal challenges. The treatment of the surrounding nature through several scales, zooming in and out of the boundaries, is an architectural move that only allows for the careful interaction with the physical environment planted in places where unofficial meetings happen, guiding the visitor’s gaze but is also a philosophical move that compliments the different perspectives that ones have over the same problem.
The Thessalian table is a microcosm of larger issues offering a replicable model for emphasizing the need to shift perspectives, re negotiate boundaries, reflect on our relation to nature and our habits, re-read moments of catastrophe, strengthen community networks, and engage diverse voices. The floods in Thessaly serve as a stark reminder of how personal choices—our consumption habits, agricultural practices, and attitudes toward nature contribute to larger crises. These moments demand reflection by engaging diverse perspectives in addressing shared challenges.

Making an Oasis is a master’s thesis about transforming a Hong Kong shopping mall into a sequence of gardens. In a city where retail facilities have replaced public squares, this project reimagines one of Hong Kong’s commercial centres as a place for healing, nature, and connection.
The project brings together mental health, shopping malls, and nature in the city of Hong Kong. What began as a personal reflection on well-being and architecture developed into a design that challenges the role of consumption-driven public spaces in cities.
Set in the Franki Centre—an early 1980s shopping mall—this thesis proposes four interconnected gardens that reclaim the building as a non-clinical, accessible space for mental well-being. Drawing from research, lived experience, and the complex urban conditions of Hong Kong, the project treats the mall not as an enclosed commercial facility, but as an exterior landscape.
Part research, part reflection, and part architectural proposal , Making an Oasis offers a prototype of hope for cities around the world. It reimagines not only what architecture is, but what it can become—a bridge between people, nature, and the possibility of renewal.

The proposal reimagines the Zoological Garden in Warsaw, Poland as part of Vistula's ecological corridor, blending human spaces with rewilded landscapes.

Post-disaster reconstruction approaches in Italy have come to favor outputs over processes; something that increasingly causes social precarity and a sense of collective oblivion throughout the prolonged recovery efforts.
Located in post-earthquake Amatrice, “In other forms, otherwise” is a project exploring possible practices and processes of reappropriating public grounds, encouraging open-ended narratives in spatial planning and architectural design within three locations along the town’s main road.
By retracing the long-standing tradition of transhumance and procession that is characteristic of rural areas, this project advocates for more adaptive practices of renewal that focus on the movement of materials, spaces, and people, pivoting away from the static and linear understanding of historical processes and cultural forms.
This project is ultimately an infrastructural acupuncture. It provides accessible grounds to an uprooted population by means of spatial repair and material rearrangement, engaging with themes of architectural preservation, societal attachment, and balance between memory and time.

This project creates a safe-haven for the homeless women of Madrid, addressing both homelessness and gender-based violence. It explores the stigmas surrounding homelessness in Spain and the lack of dedicated facilities for women in Madrid city centre. Drawing inspiration from case studies like the Beguinages from the Netherlands and traditional Spanish patio house typology, the project emphasizes the importance of community, privacy, and safety.
The chosen site in the neighbourhood of Tetuán aims to revitalize a neglected area while providing shelter, support, and a path to independence for vulnerable women. The design integrates into the local context, fostering a supportive environment for healing and empowerment.

This research explores the design of a future-proof building for Groningen, focusing on energy efficiency and climate adaptation. Given the rising sea levels and climate changes, the study investigates urban, local, building, and detail scales to develop sustainable design strategies that will later be implemented into an architectural design. Historical and present-day challenges of water management in the Groningen area are examined, leading to an urban concept on how to make the Groningen Reitdiep area future resilient.

The study outlines three future urban scenarios: living on mounds, adapting existing arable farming on terps, and utilizing mixed farming in a dike landscape. Each scenario addresses infrastructure, energy systems, and building typologies. Key strategies include dry and wet floodproofing, passive solar design, and integrating wind and water for energy generation. The research concludes with guidelines for designing resilient buildings in flood-prone areas, emphasizing the importance of combining traditional knowledge with modern sustainable practices to create liveable environments for future generations. This comprehensive approach aims to ensure that future inhabitants of Groningen can coexist with rising water levels.

The final design will be created within one future urban scenario, focusing on a cultural community centre that is water resilient even within 100 years from now in 2124.

This research addresses the critical challenge of climate change and sea level rise, with a specific focus on the Netherlands, where sea dikes play a vital role in protecting the low-lying regions. Building on the recommendations of Van Den Dobbelsteen et al. (2009), the study examines the need to raise the sea dikes by at least 2 meters, with the possibility of even greater elevation in response to uncertain global CO2 reduction efforts. The research explores the implications of such height increases, including the transformation of dikes into significant landscape elements. An alternative scenario of abandoning certain regions due to flooding is considered but deemed economically catastrophic. The core of this research lies in investigating the potential for habitation on elevated dikes, proposing the concept of living on the dike as an innovative continuation of Dutch water management traditions. The research questions focus on identifying the most suitable foundation types and structural systems for buildings on dikes, optimizing these elements for future dike reinforcements, and determining the appropriate architectural language. The methodology includes a comprehensive literature review, case studies, and design research, leading to the development of design principles and a design brief that integrates research findings into practical architectural solutions. This study not only envisions a future where dikes serve as more than just protective barriers but also provides a framework for designing resilient, multifunctional dike structures that accommodate both safety and habitation.

This project reimagines cinema spaces in Istanbul’s Beyoğlu district as community-oriented environments that resist the socio-political erasure caused by gentrification and state-led urban transformations. Beyoğlu’s historical role as a cinematic and cultural hub serves as the foundation for exploring cinema as a social common. This concept positions cinema spaces as inclusive public arenas for collective memory, cultural exchange, and democratic engagement.
The design draws inspiration from the rich legacy of Turkish cinema, which was deeply rooted in Beyoğlu. By referencing its themes, settings, and cultural significance, the project builds an understanding of the spatial and social dynamics that shaped the district’s identity. Site-specific architectural interventions are employed across abandoned buildings, open spaces, and intimate interiors. These interventions engage Beyoğlu’s diverse urban fabric, reviving its cinematic legacy and architectural character. By reactivating underutilized spaces, the project fosters environments for film viewing, social interaction, and public dialogue. The approach emphasizes the district’s layered history, using its unique ambiance and narratives to create spaces that inspire new encounters and strengthen communal bonds.
The project operates at three scales: interior rooms, urban landscapes, and a network of in-between spaces. It focuses on thresholds between public and private realms, transforming them into vibrant links within the urban fabric. Each intervention responds to its specific context, creating connections that integrate Beyoğlu’s historic architecture with its evolving cultural needs. These designs remain subtle yet intentional, preserving the district’s heritage while fostering its continuity.
Through this framework, the project positions cinema as a tool for urban connection, cultural resilience, and democratic participation. It offers a model for honoring Beyoğlu’s historic identity while shaping inclusive spaces that enrich public life.

The project investigates Uzvaras Park (Victory Park) in Riga as a narrated urban figure, focusing on the themes of contestation and reconciliation. It analyzes the park’s role and form in the changing socio-political context and, with the means of spatial design, proposes an alternative vision for its redevelopment from a conflicted demolition site into a unifying habitat of nature and culture.

Based on conclusions taken from the research, the design method manifested itself as the selection and combination of historical layers together in a collage of spatial fictions, playing with and reframing existing dichotomies between their forms and meanings.

All layers were perceived as equally important, that way removing the former hierarchy between them, which was so characteristic of the previous approach to the park – when with each new ideology the previous layer was put into oblivion, as the regime desired to oppress nature into its image. By treating all former visions of Uzvaras Park, completed/only imagined/devalued/destroyed, as reference material for constructing the new park – the project strives for the much-needed reconciliation between these conflicting visions and allows them to coexist harmoniously in this use-wise no longer monumental space of prosaic recreation.

This project explores a revalidation strategy for a neglected and contested neighborhood in Tirana, Albania, whose physical state narrates the historical, political, and social conditions of the place: walls dividing once large gardens, symbols of individual desires that came after the fall of the communist regime, informal extensions to traditional houses, all paired with significant damage from top-down initiatives for grand architectural projects.

Acknowledging limited labor, financial constraints, and time pressures, the project advocates for a capacity-driven approach. The strategy comprises a series of scalable architectural and urban interventions. These range from small modifications, such as brick-supported openings in walls to reconnect divided spaces, to more ambitious projects like a Neighborhood Center that serves as a communal building. Collectively, these interventions act as catalysts, creating a system whose impact grows through interconnectedness and active use. The project demonstrates how intentional design can enable meaningful urban transformation while respecting the complexities of difficult contexts.

We, as humans have undergone profound transformations over time, with an incredible amount of change occurring in just the past century. In this short span of time , we have evolved intellectually, our technology has advanced at an unprecedented rate, nature itself has been altered, and our perception of life and its limitless possibilities has shifted. Now, try to imagine what further changes could unfold over the next 100 years. Everything around us is in a state of constant flux. Change is not a temporary phase; it is the essence of life itself, unfolding perpetually.

In this ever-evolving landscape, aesthetics play a crucial role. Our appreciation of beauty, harmony, and design - profoundly influences how we experience the world. It’s not just about how things look; it’s about how they make us feel. In architecture and technology, the way something is designed can significantly impact its acceptance. When a design speaks to our senses, we are more likely to embrace it, no matter how novel or advanced it may be.

As our surroundings evolve to meet new demands of society, sustainability, and climate, the importance of aesthetic appeal will grow. The future will not only be about innovation but also about the visual and emotional appeal. Ultimately, what we build will reflect the nature of human experience. Just as we have reshaped ourselves and the world around us, so too will our built environment continue to change, reflecting the fluid and ever-evolving nature of human life.

In case you feel confused, this is an architecture project based on research which in total took one year. The process was never linear, but the narrative has to be.

For the first six months I studied the essential values of collective housing in post war period, how they prompted to solve housing crisis and how they embraced the collectivism in Europe and China. It turned out that most of them did not maintain the original function as a collective housing for working class. However, the concept of collective living continued to influence urban life. In response, the design approach for renovating the 1952 Workers' New Village in Shenyang, China aimed to demonstrate the potential for reviving this old form for communal living. Minimal intervention and adjustments to thresholds resulted in the creation of a series of spaces ranging from private to public, catering to the demands of the free market and post-urbanization.

This research attempts to develop a space in the city that, outside of the dynamics of consumption, but not denying the dialogue with the city, seeks to intertwine with its overlaps, by defining the public space of dialogue and representation. On the morbidity of performance and expectation, we might say that the contemporary Utopian intent, this thesis, regards defining a potential place, and its interpretive structure, devoid of expectations
– an in-efficient place.

This study explores the potential application of architectural considerations from three Dominican priories—St. Dominic Church, Sainte-Marie de La Tourette, and the Dominican Motherhouse— emphasising their reflection of divine transcendence as a design narrative for the adaptive reuse of St. Dominic Church to multifunctional Art Complex Het Steiger. St. Dominic Churchʼs introverted design offers opportunities for reinterpretation, emphasising hierarchy and contemplative qualities. Sainte-Marie de La Touretteʼs mystical themes suggest diverse lighting interventions and preserving a mystical atmosphere in Het Steiger. The Dominican Motherhouse poses challenges regarding user groups, spatial hierarchies, and integrating circulation and exhibition spaces in Het Steigerʼs redesign. These priories contribute nuanced design strategies, offering valuable considerations for Het Steigerʼs transformation into a harmonious coexistence of existing and new architectural layers.

National Monument Christus Triumfator church in Bezuidenhout, the Hague was designed by the team D.S.B.V. under Geert Drexhage in 1959-1962, however, among three churches under Drexhage's, only Christus Triumfator church survives in the secularization and shrinking religious community in the Netherlands. The design of Christus Triumfator church reflects a time of Dutch postwar modern architectural profession shifting into a capitalized environment, confrontation between new theories and old tradition, group standardized design for mass clients, and cooperations of professional consultants. The research aims to point out the linkages between Christus Triumfator church and its postwar modern architectural theories and traditions background for a redesign proposal.

For a contemporary redesign and intervention to respond to that from the 1960s, one of the subjects is to treat carefully in the sequence, space order, and materiality in the Christus Triumfator church by understanding the facts and meanings behind, and another one is to react to the mass production pattern matured in the era. A new zero-waste design challenge might be to set away from the producing loop, reduce and revital the form to that just meet the need, and reclaim from the past production in a tengible or intangible way that triggers reflections of the past and the future.