Techno-economic assessment of different small-scale electrochemical NH3 production plants
B. Izelaar (TU Delft - Large Scale Energy Storage)
Mahinder Ramdin (TU Delft - Engineering Thermodynamics)
A.C.E. Vlierboom (Student TU Delft)
Mar Pérez-Fortes (TU Delft - Energy and Industry)
Deanne Van Der Slikke (Student TU Delft)
A. Sajeev Kumar (TU Delft - Large Scale Energy Storage)
W. Jong (TU Delft - Large Scale Energy Storage)
Fokko Mulder (TU Delft - ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage)
Ruud Kortlever (TU Delft - Large Scale Energy Storage)
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Abstract
Electrochemical ammonia synthesis via the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) has been poised as one of the promising technologies for the sustainable production of green ammonia. In this work, we developed extensive process models of fully integrated electrochemical NH
3 production plants at small scale (91 tonnes per day), including their techno-economic assessments, for (Li-)mediated, direct and indirect NRR pathways at ambient and elevated temperatures, which were compared with electrified and steam-methane reforming (SMR) Haber-Bosch processes. The levelized cost of ammonia (LCOA) of aqueous NRR at ambient conditions only becomes comparable with SMR Haber-Bosch at very optimistic electrolyzer performance parameters (FE > 80% at j ≥ 0.3 A cm
−2) and electricity prices (<$0.024 per kW h). Both high temperature NRR and Li-mediated NRR are not economically comparable within the tested variable ranges. High temperature NRR is very capital intensive due the requirement of a heat exchanger network, more auxiliary equipment and an additional water electrolyzer (considering the indirect route). For Li-mediated NRR, the high lithium plating potentials, ohmic losses and the requirement for H
2, limits its commercial competitiveness with SMR Haber-Bosch. This incentivises the search for materials beyond lithium.
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