Print Email Facebook Twitter Driving Experience and Behavior Change in Remote Driving Title Driving Experience and Behavior Change in Remote Driving: An Explorative Experimental Study Author Zhao, Lin (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) Nybacka, Mikael (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) Rothhamel, Malte (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) Habibovic, Azra (Scania CV AB) Papaioannou, G. (TU Delft Intelligent Vehicles) Drugge, Lars (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) Date 2024 Abstract Remote driving plays an essential role in coordinating automated vehicles in some challenging situations. Due to the changed driving environment, the experiences and behaviors of remote drivers would undergo some changes compared to conventional drivers. To study this, a continuous real-life and remote driving experiment is conducted under different driving conditions. In addition, the effect of steering force feedback (SFF) on the driving experience is also investigated. In order to achieve this, three types of SFF modes are compared. According to the results, no SFF significantly worsens the driving experience in both remote and real-life driving. Additionally, less force and returnability on steering wheel are needed in remote driving, and the steering force amplitude appears to influence the steering velocity of remote drivers. Furthermore, there is an increase in lane following deviation during remote driving. Remote drivers are also prone to driving at lower speeds and have a higher steering reversal rate. They also give larger steering angle inputs when crossing the cones in a slalom manoeuvre and cause the car to experience larger lateral acceleration. These findings provide indications on how to design SFF and how driving behavior and experience change in remote driving. Subject Adaptation modelsBehavioral sciencesdriving behaviordriving experiencedriving performanceForceForce feedbackRemote drivingRoadssteering force feedbackSteering systemsVehicles To reference this document use: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:8a01d277-cb32-4d92-89b4-eb47797d3871 DOI https://doi.org/10.1109/TIV.2023.3344890 Embargo date 2024-06-20 ISSN 2379-8858 Source IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles, 9 (2), 3754-3767 Bibliographical note Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public. Part of collection Institutional Repository Document type journal article Rights © 2024 Lin Zhao, Mikael Nybacka, Malte Rothhamel, Azra Habibovic, G. Papaioannou, Lars Drugge Files file embargo until 2024-06-20