This graduation project addresses the problem of waste management in Nairobi, Kenya. The current inadequate waste management throughout Nairobi remains a spatial challenge as it contributes to health concerns, threatens local ecologies, and degrades public space. Analyzing waste flows, the social construct and in particular communitybased-organizations which are catalyzing local challenges to enhance community participation brings forth a set of solutions. By combining circular economy principles, the strengths of community-based-organizations and proposing schools as collection point, this study develops a roadmap towards a circular, healthy and green future. By defining a spatial program at the urban river front of the Nairobi River, as well systemic interventions this roadmap has ambition to improve the local environment and give answer to local needs.

The construction industry accounts for 40% of material resource use and produces 40% of global waste. Within this industry, various solutions have been attempted to lower the environmental impact. Two of these concepts are the circular economy (CE) and industrialized construction (IC). CE refers to an approach that embraces circular supply chains as opposed to a “take-make-dispose” system. IC can be defined as a “construction technique in which components are manufactured in a controlled environment, transported, positioned and assembled into a structure with minimal additional site works”. The IC approach offers three potentials to overcome several barriers compared to circularity in traditional buildings. (1) The IC nature of supply chain integration supports the notion of shared responsibility for a CE. (2) IC is characterized by a longer planning phase to coordinate assembly on-site providing an opportunity to plan for disassembly in order to recover the material in the future. (3) IC focusses on standardization of prefabricated parts which supports adaptability and flexibility, thereby anticipating future modifications. Research on the combination of the Circular Economy and Industrialized Construction remains very limited. This thesis identifies opportunities to accelerate the integration of CE principles in industrialized construction methods within a Swiss context. This research is structured along three parts: (1) a literature review to assess the main developments of circular industrialized construction. (2) A conceptual framework combining two qualitative frameworks – the Strategic Niche Management and the Multi-level Perspective is developed to study and compare case studies demonstrating circular IC (UMAR unit, ICEhouse and ECO Solar Houses) including the external factors facilitating or impeding this development. (3) Finally, a list of recommendations providing a pathway for scaling up circular IC in Switzerland is presented. Data is collected through literature review, desk research and semi- structured interviews with stakeholders directly involved in the projects and industry experts. The findings indicate that five circular strategies should be present and work together to increase the circularity potential of IC: circular materials, product as a service, product lifetime extension, sharing platforms and resource recovery. At the start of a project, the use of comprehensive material database and increased documentation is crucial to make informed decisions about retaining value at a building’s end-of-life phase. Building layers should be separated and specifically for a building with many different materials and components, a higher level of pre-assembly is favored to increase control of construction to achieve higher reuse of recovered materials. Business models need to be reconfigured by extending ownership of components and modules. Transformation in design is recommended by incorporating standardization and design for disassembly practices to enable future reuse. The study showed that the establishment of demonstrator projects is key to facilitate the development of the circular IC niche. Specific network characteristics need to be present: a facilitator providing financial capital and flexibility and a diverse multidisciplinary team with stakeholders who are involved early in the process to create a common circular mindset. Finally, the initator(s) will have to demonstrate leadership through sharing the mission and vision explicitly to attract more stakeholders, who in turn can supply resources. Governmental involvement through VAT reductions on secondary raw materials and the provision of financial incentives is crucial. A regulatory framework for the input of construction materials will be essential and needs to be developed. In support of such a framework, a secondary raw material marketplace, outcomes of research programs and certification labels may be developed. By adopting these measures, circular industrialized construction can be scaled up through new projects, and in doing so contribute to a more sustainable construction industry.

The purpose of this master thesis is to gather information from current practices and make recommendations to facilitate implementation of circularity in the building process. The past years, circularity has become a popular term in the built environment. This approach prefers a more circular way of perceiving the building process. Literature indicates that implementation of circularity in the building process, probably, will require different actors to be involved and different decisions to be made. The following research question is proposed: “Which actors should be involved (in the beginning of the building process) to ensure circularity (implementation of circular building) throughout all phases in the building process and which actors should influence decision-making?” The following research method is adopted: a literature study, and case study research including interviews. From this literature study, assessment criteria for the case study research can be conducted. The case study research evaluates the actor network and decision-making processes based on three building projects. These projects are: Townhall in Brummen by RAU built in 2013; The Green House in Utrecht by cepezed built in 2018; and EDGE Olympic in Amsterdam by Architekten Cie. built in 2018. This thesis concludes that circular-related actors and traditional actors with circular-related resources should be involved and be influential in decision-making in the building process of circular building projects. This study particularly demonstrates the benefit of early on involvement of the following circular-related actors: transformation agent, circularity expert, reclamation expert, dismantler, and legal officer. In order to increase their influence on decision-making these actors should become part of the project team, or at least be taken seriously and offered room to influence decision-making. Especially, if traditional actors lack knowledge and resources for implementing circularity. Moreover, contribution of their resources to implement circularity is facilitated, if these actors are involved early on. Early on decision-making on circularity, particularly for long-lived layers (in comparison to short-lived layers), is beneficial for its implementation in practice. Later on in the building process, after the initiation and preparation (and design) phase, implementation is difficult.

The city of Amsterdam is following the ambitions of the National Government to operate a fully circular economy in 2050. To do so, circular urban area development (UAD) must become standard. As a start, Buiksloterham is declared as a circular urban area development project by over twenty participating parties including the municipality of Amsterdam. This master thesis aims to give recommendations about upscaling circularity in UAD. The research question that is answered is: How can the municipality of Amsterdam scale up circular urban area development by learning from projects with high circular ambitions in Buiksloterham? The answers to this question take two main issues into account. A practical issue on the implementation and possibilities for circularity and a management issue for the municipality on how they should operate in projects with high circular ambitions. The practical issue is in this research substantiated with a literature study in circular strategies for urban area development. A framework of circular strategies is realised, to indicate, structure, and reflect upon circularity in the built environment. A case study in the urban area development Buiksloterham answers the question for the municipality. Upscaling circularity in UAD requires a combination of good policy and management from the municipality. Key elements are: provide clear image and information of the plans. Explain the different roles of the municipality. Learn from the implemented circular strategies and aim for implementing the strategies on a larger scale. Upscaling requires attention to the barriers experienced by the developers. Involve the developers in both the development of the public space as with the new developers, because they have intrinsic motivation, professional knowledge and much experience.

In this research, a practical process framework is developed to facilitate the transition to circular urban area development (CUAD) of the MerweVierhavens (M4H). One of the five objectives of the Rotterdam Makers Districts is to become the pilot for the circular economy in the built environment of Rotterdam. M4H is an old harbour area that belongs to the Rotterdam Makers District. In previous research done by Team 1010, the potential circular flows for M4H have been analysed. The result was an overview of what is necessary for the transition to the circular economy of the built environment. However, no further steps have been taken so far. The transition to CUAD is rather complex, and the current urban area development process does not fit most circular strategies. This research, therefore, examines the process strategy needed to facilitate the transition to CUAD. Moreover, previous research has shown that the transition to CUAD requires a practical tool or framework. That is why, in this research, a practical process framework that facilitates the transition to CUAD, called the CUAD framework, is developed. The CUAD framework is based on the conditions for the transition to CUAD distinguished through the literature study and two case studies. The CUAD framework is tested through a pilot study conducted with stakeholders involved in the development of M4H. The CUAD framework can be applied to facilitate the complex and dynamic environment by developing areas with a CUAD vision, through short cycles and by incorporating multidisciplinary perspectives. The pilot study has indicated that the CUAD framework can indeed facilitate aspects of complex CUAD projects. However, the framework should be further developed. Nevertheless, this research has shown that CUAD is an ongoing learning process.