Purpose: This paper describes the different locations of campuses developed to stimulate innovation. It aims at support strategic decisions in the development of new and existing campuses and similar innovation-driven areas. Additionally, it aims to outline the key role of location for urban and regional competitiveness in the knowledge economy.
Design/methodology/approach: This paper tests an existing planning tool that proposes location and connectivity as key aspects to stimulate innovation in campus development. This tool is used to analyse and compare thirty-nine campuses with different locations characteristics worldwide.
Findings: Findings describe five types of location characteristics in existing campuses developed to stimulate innovation. These characteristics are dynamic and exhibit differences in connectivity aspects enabling more or less efficient access to amenities and knowledge networks.
Research limitations/implications: Empirical findings were used to revise and improve the planning tool. Further research exploring the relationship between connectivity aspects and innovation processes is recommended.
Practical implications: This paper support decision makers of new and existing campuses struggling with location decisions by outlining that campus’ connectivity is crucial regardless the campus inner-city or peripheral setting. Improving campus connectivity may be an efficient way to spend the many public and private resources invested on campus development to stimulate innovation.
Originality/value: This paper provides a unique comparison of cases that can be useful to planners of existing campuses to benchmark their current locations in relation to their ambitions on innovation.@en

Purpose: This paper seeks to model the relationship between innovation and real estate, providing campus managers with a tool that illustrates how campus development stimulates innovation and that guides them to add value to their organisations.
Design/methodology/approach: The authors review previous research and build theory from the study of two cases. They shape a hypothesis by linking various theoretical concepts and by verifying it with empirical data to finally model how campus development stimulates innovation.
Findings: Findings suggest campus development facilitates five conditions required to stimulate innovation through decisions and interventions over long-term periods. These findings acknowledge that location is key to explain campus development as a catalyst for innovation. In addition, this paper identifies potential issues in decision-making processes that can inhibit the facilitating role of real estate in innovation.
Practical implications: A framework clarifying the path to stimulate innovation through real estate will allow campus managers to steer their real estate strategies in line with this specific organisational goal and to better communicate how their decisions add value to their organisations.
Social implications: Findings advocate a more effective and efficient resource allocation for campus development in- and around cities.
Originality/value: Until now, studies on stimulating innovation through real estate have focused on workplace level. A core theoretical contribution of this paper is enlarging the application scope of CREM theories to the urban level involving multiple organisations.
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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyse 12 assessment tools of sustainability in universities and develop the structure and the contents of these tools to be more intelligible. The configuration of the tools reviewed highlight indicators that clearly communicate only the essential information. This paper explores how the theoretical concept of a sustainable university is translated into more measurable variables to support practitioners and academics in assessing sustainability in universities. Design/methodology/approach: The main method for this paper was a desk study approach, which incorporated reviewing research papers, graduate theses, academic books, network platforms and websites. Findings: The tools reviewed share similar traits in terms of criteria, sub-criteria and indicators. Five benchmarks are essential for a holistic framework: management; academia; environment; engagement and innovation. Practical implications: This research can not only be used to improve existing assessment tools but also as a means to develop new tools tailored for universities that face a variety of challenges and lack the ability to measure their sustainability policies. Social implications: Making higher education more sustainable through all the criteria mentioned influences students, as well as staff, to maintain a culture of sustainability. Originality/value: This study contributes to the literature by simplifying and detailing the structure and contents of the tools in a way which indicators are shown, giving a full picture of these tools to enable universities to be more aware of the sustainability issues that affect them.

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Purpose: One of the long-standing issues in the field of corporate real estate management is the alignment of an organisation’s real estate to its corporate strategy. To date, 14 models for corporate real estate (CRE) alignment have been made, as well as four comparative studies about CRE alignment. Some of the CRE alignment models indicate that they strive for maximum or optimum added value. However, because most models take a so-called procedural rationality approach, where the focus is not on the content of the decision but on the way that the decision is made, “how a CRE manager can select an (optimum) alternative” stays a black box. The purpose of this paper is to open the black box and offer a Preference-based Accommodation Strategy (PAS) design procedure that enables CRE managers to design a real estate portfolio, makes use of scales for direct measurement of added value/preference, and allows the aggregation of individual ratings into an overall performance rating. This procedure can be used as add-on to existing alignment models. Design/methodology/approach: The objective of this paper is to test if participants are able to successfully perform the PAS procedure in practice. The PAS procedure is in essence a design methodology that aims to solve strategic portfolio design/decision-making problems. In accordance with problem-solving methodology, mathematical models are made for two pilot studies at the Delft University of Technology. This paper describes a second test of the proposed procedure for designing a real estate strategy. The application of real estate strategy design methods in practice is very context-dependent. Applying the PAS procedure to multiple context-dependent cases yields more valuable results than just applying it to one case. Findings: The PAS design procedure enables CRE managers to select the (optimal) solution and thereby enhances CRE decision-making. The pilot study results reveal that, by completing the steps in the PAS procedure, the participants are able to express their preferences accordingly. They designed an alternative portfolio with substantially more added value, i.e. a higher overall preference score, than their current real estate portfolio. In addition, they evaluated the design method positively. Research limitations/implications: The positive results suggest that designing a strategy by using the PAS design procedure is a suitable approach to alignment. Practical implications: The PAS design procedure enables CRE managers to determine the added value of a real estate strategy and quickly and iteratively design many alternatives. Moreover, the PAS design method is generic, it can be used for a wide range of real estate portfolio types. Originality/value: The PAS procedure is original because it considers CRE alignment as a combined design and decision problem. The use of operational design and problem-solving methodologies along with an iterative procedure, instead of empirical/statistical methods and procedures, is a novel approach to CRE alignment. The PAS procedure is tested in a second pilot study to provide an assessment of the methodology through the study by testing it under different conditions to the first study. The novelty of this pilot is also that it allowed testing the procedure in its purest form, as the problem structure did not require the additional use of linear programming.@en

One of the long-standing issues in the field of corporate real estate corporate strategy. Extensive research into existing approaches brought valuable insights into steps, components and variables that are needed in the alignment process. Despite that, it is not clear if existing approaches had much uptake in practice and they fall short in a number of aspects. In most models little to no attention is given to the design and selection of the alternative portfolio that adds most value to the organisation. Furthermore, university campus managers have indicated that they need better information and tools to support campus decision making. The Preference-based Accommodation Strategy design (PAS) procedure is a tool to enhance CRE decision making and has been developed to remove these gaps. In the PAS design procedure decision makers define criteria and iteratively test and adjust these criteria by designing new real estate portfolios. The portfolio design that adds most value to the organisation, i.e. has the highest overall preference is suggested as the portfolio that optimally aligns real estate to corporate strategy. The PAS procedure is iteratively repeated with the participants in a series of interviews and workshops. Two pilot studies have been performed at the Delft University of Technology (DUT). The study into the portfolio of lecture halls showed that stakeholders were able to use the procedure successfully. This paper reports the pilot study for their portfolio of food facilities. The objective of this research is to test if participants are able to perform the PAS procedure. Therefore a mathematical model of the group decision making process is designed and tested. This pilot study also reveals that the participants by completing the steps in the PAS procedure are able to express their preferences accordingly. They designed an alternative portfolio with a higher overall preference score than their current real estate portfolio. In addition, the design method is evaluated positively. The positive results suggest that designing a strategy by using the PAS procedure is a suitable approach to alignment. The PAS design procedure enables CRE managers to determine the added value of a real estate strategy. Because the PAS design method is generic in nature it can be used for a wide range of real estate portfolios.@en

Rapport in opdracht van Atelier Rijksbouwmeester.@en

Objectives: This article explores lessons to be learned from three different healthcare systems and the possible implications for the management of healthcare real estate, in particular in connection to the Dutch system. It discusses similarities and differences among the different systems, in search of possible consequences on cost, financing, and design innovation.
Background: To keep healthcare affordable in the future, the Dutch government is currently in the process of changing legislation to move from a centrally directed system to a socalled regulated market system. The deregulation of real estate investment that accompanies the new healthcare delivery system offers healthcare organizations new opportunities, but also more responsibility and greater risk in return on investment. Consequently, healthcare organizations must find new methods of financing. Private investment is one of the options.
Methods: Three healthcare systems were analyzed on the basis of a literature review and document analysis, then schematized to show similarities and dissimilarities with regard to private investment in hospitals. Observations are based on a selection of recently published articles on privatesector financing and its implications for healthcare real estate decision making in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Germany.
Results: The strengths and weaknesses of three healthcare systems with differing proportions of private and public investment in hospitals were explored. Research revealed a gap between intended effects and actual effects with regard to quality and cost. Costly private finance does not necessarily lead to “value for money.” Transferring real estate decisions to private investors decreases the influence of the healthcare organization on future costs and quality.
Conclusions: The three healthcare systems show substantial differences between public and private responsibilities. Less governmental involvement affords both opportunities and risks for hospitals. Private investment may lead to innovation, improved efficiency, and cost reduction, provided that the costs and benefits of decisions are not separated between different stakeholders. A missing link between infrastructure provision and healthcare delivery may impede design innovation and optimal adaptation to work processes and could lead to an inefficient allocation of risks and benefits.
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This chapter presents the objectives, output, staff and funding data and future perspectives of the IMBE research program of the Department of Management in the Built Environment, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology.@en

Subject/Research problem Healthcare is both important and expensive, and is likely to become even more expensive in the future. To keep healthcare affordable in the future, the Dutch government is currently in the process of changing legislation in order to move from a centrally directed system into a so-called regulated market system. Although Dutch healthcare providers have always been private organisations, until recently there was tight central governmental control on quality and investment cost of health care real estate. Once the brief and design had been approved by the Netherlands Board for Health Care Institutions, the government guaranteed the financing of the capital costs. The deregulation of real estate investment that comes with the new healthcare delivery system gives healthcare organisations new opportunities, but at the same time also more responsibility and a higher risk on investments. As a consequence, healthcare organisations have to find new ways of financing. Private capital investment is one of the options. Probably this will require a review of both corporate strategies and corporate real estate strategies. Research Question What are the experiences and lessons from private investment in hospitals in different countries and what might be the implications for healthcare organisations’ real estate strategies? Approach Based on a literature review and analysis of documents the healthcare systems in the Netherlands, UK and Germany have been studied in relation to different approaches of private investment in hospitals. Result The analysis of three health care systems with a different proportion between private and public investment in hospitals has been used to explore strengths and weaknesses of different care systems and possible implications for real estate strategies of healthcare organisations. Application This paper provides a better understanding of the opportunities and risks of private investment in healthcare real estate and consequences for real estate strategies. The paper is part of a PhD research project that investigates the scope, context, theories and tools of Corporate Real Estate Management in hospitals.@en

Background: Real estate is increasingly used as a source of improving the performance of organisations by an improved image, cost reductions, increased employee satisfaction and increased labour productivity. A clear conceptual framework and standardised Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are needed to understand and monitor the effects of real estate interventions. Purpose: This paper aims to explore the added value of real estate interventions to organisational performance, theoretically and empirically, including unforeseen positive and negative side-effects. Methodology: The conceptual framework was based on an extensive literature survey and empirically used in a survey among 47 Institues of Higher Professional Education (IoHPEs) in the Netherlands and additional in-depth interviews at nine Institutes. The effects of real estate interventions were studied by conducting time series analyses of changing organisational performance using several KPIs. Findings: The study has shown that real estate interventions actually improve organisational performance. However, the effects are not always as positive as expected, nor are they always clearly visible when using the present KPIs for organisational performance. In addition, some effects are temporary. Practical implications: The conceptual framework and the suggested KPIs can be used to support managers in effectively steering on organisational performance by means of real estate interventions, formulating targets in a SMART way, setting priorities with regard to their organisation’s main objectives, and monitoring the effects. Originality: The conceptual framework integrates know-how from various studies and fields and was empirically used in educational settings@en