While the benefits of adaptive reusing heritage are widely acknowledged by academic and practice, the process's complexity increases. Stakeholders are not willing to consider reuse as a strategy to deal with heritage vacancy. Studies have tried to grasp this complexity by identifying success factors, but till this point, practitioners have not been able to put this to work to improve the process. This research proposes to find out what the success factors are, and when, how, and why they are present, and give them a place and time within the adaptive reuse process. That way, it becomes easier to align resources and attention in future adaptive reuse projects, leading to process improvement. Doing so facilitates the elements to deliver a project successfully. This research will answer the following question: How can success factors improve the process of adaptive reuse of heritage? This research aims to provide insight and recommendations into the complex issue of adaptive reuse projects. Through the literature review and three case study projects, all the key aspects of the main research question were covered on the subjects: adaptive reuse of heritage, the reuse process, success and success factors, process improvements and the actual improvement of the reuse process. This has led to a general adaptive reuse process and a list of the twelve success factors that were perceived as being most important in the case study projects, combined into a process map. The process map describes the adaptive reuse process from idea until delivery where the main activities, complexity, degree of freedom, and success factors indicate how stakeholders can manage the process. This research showed the value and reuse potential of heritage buildings by providing the right tools to increase the chance for successfully delivering a reused building. This research shows that the complex adaptive reuse process can be made simple and insightful by bundling knowledge and experience from practice to ignite the drive to reuse out cultural and historical past. For the process model to impact future adaptive reuse processes, stakeholders have to actively embed the model into their work to learn from it. Next to that, the attractiveness of adaptive reuse projects depends on the collaboration between public and private parties.

Urbanisation is a global trend that continues to occur as the percentage will rise up for 55% to 68% in 2050 (United Nations, 2018). This movement of society towards the urban environment is clearly evident in the Netherlands too, particularly in the country’s four major cities: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht and The Hague. Due to its increasing growth, one-thirds of the total Dutch population is expected to be living in these four major cities in 2030 (CBS & PBL, 2016). Research, however, shows that the market currently takes up solely a quarter of the Dutch residential demands within the city centres (Verheul & Daamen, 2017). This generates the need for cities to further develop their urban areas and therefore large transformation areas must be addressed (Brink, 2017). Taking into account the potential of brownfield sites in the Netherlands, these areas deserve attention and priority in the short and medium-long term. However, there is not enough knowledge available on operational level to stimulate their redevelopments. Iconic projects are often deliberately proposed by municipalities for their catalytic function, as they can generate economic and socio-cultural spillovers and could stimulate area redevelpoments (Doucet 2010; Verheul, 2013). Research into the influence of iconic projects has been done for years already, however insights into the particular conditions that have these catalysing spillover effects on surrounding developments are lacking. As a result, this research aims to gain better understanding about what conditions of iconic projects could incentivise developers to (re)develop in brownfield areas. The conditions of iconic projects that could generate these incentivising spillovers have been explored by doing three in-depth holistic case studies. Therefore, both retrospective and prospective case studies have been conducted on brownfield areas in Rotterdam. A ‘one of best practice’ case study has been selected for the retrospective case study (Case I: Wilhelminaper) to better understand the catalysing effects of iconic projects by initially reflecting on an already successfully redeveloped brownfield area. As sources of error due to confounding bias are common in retrospective case studies, the findings have been compared with case study findings from a current brownfield redevelopment (Case II: Katendrecht). As no successes have yet been achieved, the prospective case study (Case III: Merwe-Vierhavens) declares possible confounding or biases of the retrospective case study and has in particularly been used to draw an advice for future and contemporary brownfield redevelopments. After conducting document studies on the brownfields redevelopments and semi-structured interviews with project developers and managers active in the case study areas, incentivising conditions could be identified. All pre-defined conditions of iconic projects have incentivised real estate developers and thus all pre-defined conditions contribute to catalysing surrounding developments. However, all to a certain degree. The functional and sociocultural characteristics of iconic projects are most important incentivising conditions for surrounding (re)developments. These are followed by the location and image of the iconic projects, that to a certain degree have incentivised (re)developments too. Least incentivising conditions of iconic projects are the development process, scale, fame of the architect and the physical characteristics of the iconic project. As the uniqueness and innovativeness of the iconic projects in the case studies have derived from the other conditions, these are not explicitly appointed an incentivising condition, which nevertheless does not mean that they could not incentivise (re)developments. The conclusions must however be nuanced. One should consider the fact that each brownfield has different interests as well as other concerns. As a consequence, the aforementioned conclusions can not be provided through a concrete list of preconditions necessary for iconic projects to successfully catalyse brownfield redevelopments.Regarding the renewal of Katendrecht, a note must be made with regard to the extent to which single iconic projects have catalysed surrounding (re)developments. Prior to the iconic developments, the municipality of Rotterdam, Woonstad Rotterdam and Proper Stok/Heijmans actually laid the foundation for these developments. Even in difficult and uncertain economic times, these parties have continued to the commitment to revitalise Katendrecht. This consequently enabled the development of iconic projects, which again catalysed further developments.Regarding the redevelopment of the Wilhelminapier, it must be noted that many government investments preceded and only later, private investments followed. As a consequence, it is clear that certain conditions of iconic projects indeed catalysed surrounding developments, however it is unsure it these projects would have been developed and thus functioned as catalysers too without the preceded public investments. These public investments, however, have been a very strategic move as they have started mutual reinforcement.In other words, the one project development functioned as a catalyst again for the next one. Actually all projects thus have had a catalysing effect on the surrounding developments in their own way. Insights in the conditions that contribute to incentivising real estate developers to develop, offer municipalities better perspective on design principles and governance models that could be strategically deployed when tackling brownfield redevelopments. Through finding the conditions that could incentivise developers, the first preliminary steps in the direction of meeting the short to medium-long term residential demand in urbanised areas can be set in stone.

Our cities have to expand either horizontally or vertically to accommodate the growing population and urbanization trends. Meanwhile, our needs, demands and desires evolve over time. This makes sustainable development and adaptability more relevant than ever. However, a main problem with adaptability is the additional investment costs against the lack of additional revenues. This lowers the financial return and disincentivizes to invest in adaptable developments. This claim is based on linear financial models that calculate on a rather short-term basis and only take the first function into account. The added value of the possibility to adapt to another function is not included in these financial models yet. The aim of this thesis is to investigate different approaches towards adaptability and business cases that are needed among long-term owners specifically to incorporate the added value of adaptable features. A hybrid research consisting of literature research combined with a case study on adaptable tall buildings will be executed, to identify important adaptability features, and how to better incorporate them in a business case. Interviews have been held with both stakeholders of the selected cases, as well as with different professionals in the built environment concerning a long-term business case. The results have shown that a building should not be regarded as one object, but merely as an ensemble of different building elements, each with a different lifespan. In addition, demountability has shown to be inherently connected to adaptability, and as means to achieve a more circular economy. By delivering a set of conditions on a technical, financial, organisational and a broader field, it is strived to contribute to increased implementation of adaptability in practice. By elaborating a roadmap for a more long-term business case, it is hoped to contribute to a smooth transition towards a more circular economy. In addition, this research aims to raise awareness, understanding and create incentives for adaptability possibilities.

For many years, the concept of adaptive reuse of buildings has been researched. A focus on heritage and specifically the implementation of circular economy frameworks is however relatively new. Adaptive reuse of heritage is often concerned a circular strategy for its material reuse. However, there are many more dimensions to circularity in adaptive reuse, ranging from socio-economic values in urban environments to buildings facilitating and stimulating the circular economy by their new functions. Urban manufacturing is one of the functions that can benefit of the added values of industrial heritage. In return, urban manufacturing can provide several values to its urban context and contribute to development of the circular city due to ongoing developments in this sector. The next generation of manufacturers can be well integrated in urban areas contribute to realising circular ambitions, but several principles should be applied to realise this and create balanced urban development. To date, integration of circular economy and adaptive reuse of heritage frameworks is limited and fragmented. An overarching conceptual framework for adaptive reuse in a multidimensional way is missing, and current research often avoids practical solutions and guidelines that can be used by developers and planners. This research aims to provide these frameworks to combine the potentials and values of both heritage and the urban manufacturing industry through adaptive reuse. The main research question: ‘How can industrial heritage facilitate the developing urban manufacturing industry?’ is answered by executing a literature review, interviews, a questionnaire, studying different cases of heritage adaptive reuse, and providing a new framework for assessment and development of industrial heritage for facilitating the urban manufacturing industry.

The Dutch government implemented strict regulations to reduce the spreading of the virus and highly encouraged travel restrictions and to work from home if possible. As a result, organizations were forced to adapt and implement remote working. These implications became the norm for close to two years. Consequently, the needs and preferences of employees and employers have changed indefinitely. Employees displayed a positive experience with remote working, which has left organizations questioning whether their current real estate aligns with the desired workplace strategy. Many CEOs during the pandemic said they would cut down their office space by 69%. A year later, this has already changed to 21%. However, 51% of those CEOs also said they would invest in collaborative space. The majority of media and research directs its focus on large corporates and leading commercial landlords. Consequently, there is more uncertainty about the role of the future physical office for middle-smaller organizations (SMEs). SMEs make up 67% of the Dutch workforce and are essential for the Dutch economy. Despite their importance, SMEs have remained understudied in the ongoing experiences of the pandemic. Moreover, SME resource constraints likely limit the support for their future workplace transition. Creating a workplace that supports the organization thoroughly is a complex process. Therefore, this study aims to research how organizational components are used by Dutch SMEs transitioning to a hybrid workplace strategy. Preliminary interviews and literature provided insight into the propositions in each organizational component on how Dutch SMEs are transitioning to form a proposition. This help structure the basis for which next, a holistic multi-case analysis was used to examine the SME in each organizational component in a hybrid workplace strategy. Lastly, a proposition performance analysis to understand how each component performed. The research findings provided insight into SMEs' adoption of organization components in their hybrid strategy. The main motivator for SMEs to keep using a hybrid workplace strategy is to support the employee's desire. Employers are hesitant to provide complete flexibility and remain involved to ensure that their employees continue to use the office as their primary workstation. In addition, employers seem worried about losing their organizational sense of belonging and desire more collaboration. Furthermore, SMEs focus their resources in either their conventional office or in the home office. Very realized thoroughly included both locations. To ensure SMEs implement a successful hybrid workplace strategy and utilize their input resources as much as possible, SMEs need to prioritize an employee-orientated approach in each organizational component. Furthermore, adequate physical resources are essential in both the conventional office and the home workplace. While the physical environment is critical, focusing on the behavioral environment will most impact people's productivity.

The Randstad in The Netherlands faces on the one hand structural vacancy in office buildings and on the other hand a growing housing shortage. Reuse strategies to decrease the vacancy rate of the office market have been researched extensively both inside and out- side The Netherlands. However, the challenges and opportunities for these reuse strategies specifically for tall office buildings have not been researched yet. The aim of this research is to find the difference in challenges to conversion of tall office buildings, focused on the Randstad in the Netherlands. This research will be carried out in two parts. The first part focuses on the past research, by carrying out a literature study consisting of challenges and solutions to conversion. The second part studies cases in the Randstad, comparing different cases to find the challenges to conversion of tall office buildings to housing. Concluding this research, there are not neccessarily new or other challenges in the transformation of tall buildings as opposed to the transformation of buildings that are not classified as tall. How- ever, some challenges, especially those on technical level, can have a higher impact on the transformation of tall buildings. This report contains the problem statement and context, together with the literature study, methodology, empirical findings and conclusion.

Besides being the fastest growing sector in the Netherlands, and a pioneer in working standards, the creative sector is believed to have a positive effect on economic growth. Multi-tenant buildings occupied by creative sector companies, i.e. creative residencies, are thus assumed to improve the neighborhood’s socio-economic quality. A lack of objective insights however, gives rise to the discussion about whether the creative sector indeed provides added value for it’s location, and if so, what this added value exactly entails. Therefore, this thesis provides a more objective approach in measuring the added value of creative residencies, by combining theory, emerging data sources and statistical modelling. Using Jane Jacobs’ theory on vibrant neighborhoods and data retrieved from the social media platform Facebook, a vibrancy model is constructed through factor analysis. This model is then applied to the city of Rotterdam, to assess the impact of four different creative residencies. The results show that these cases are indeed located within vibrant clusters. However, the exact results, in terms of dispersion of the clusters and change over time, differ per case. Based on a cross-case comparison, the distinguishing case characteristics influencing the contrasting results are assessed, leading to a number of hypotheses. These hypotheses however, are still open for interpretation, providing opportunities for further research. Nevertheless, a strong connection between a creative residency and it’s neighborhood, through the presence of diverse hospitality and an open, public character, appears to contribute to a more dispersed vibrant cluster, and thus a higher added value for the neighborhood in terms of vibrancy.

Purpose: Complexity is seen as the main bottleneck to start re-use processes for vacant heritage buildings. Researchers ask for the development of conceptual frameworks to explore project complexity and for tools to manage these complex processes. Aim: This research focuses on collaborative complexity and aims firstly to provide an understanding of the complexity within the collaboration in heritage re-use projects and secondly to reduce this complexity with a clear overview on the role and responsibility divisions of stakeholders in the process. Research question: How can a clear overview on role and responsibility divisions contribute to a reduction of the complexity of heritage re-use processes? Methodology: The complexity is explored by means of a literature study, four empirical case studies including a cross-case analysis and a focus group discussion. The collaboration within empirical heritage re-use processes is mapped with the help of: 1) a timeline, which gives an overview on the iterative nature of the process; 2) a process description that explains the key activities mentioned in the timeline; 3) a relation structure explaining how stakeholders are linked to each other and which roles they fulfil; 4) a collaboration framework that explains the role and responsibility division between stakeholders per process step; and 5) a complexity assessment framework explaining which aspects increase the level of complexity. Findings: Complexity of heritage re-use processes cannot be reduced with a clear overview on role and responsibility divisions: These projects are unique, a clear overview on role and responsibility divisions in these types of processes could therefore not be made. The division of roles and responsibilities amongst stakeholders seems to differ within every project and changes occur during the process. Stakeholders cannot anticipate with certainty on changes as the dynamics are unknown at the start and they differ extremely per project. It might however be possible to steer on aspects that increase the level of complexity within the collaboration, or to deal with the complexity by implementing a step-by-step approach. Limitations of the research: Qualitative research is always subject to bias due to the interpretation of the qualitative information. Subsequently, the modest number of samples that is investigated in this master thesis may not adequately represent the target population. Practical implications: This research raises awareness on the complexity of heritage re-use processes and the limited action that is taken up until now to decrease the vacancy among cultural and historical valuable buildings in the Netherlands. It offers recommendations for initiators of heritage re-use processes to deal with the complexity within these processes to increase the amount of re-uses of heritage buildings in practice. Scientific relevance: This research tries to fill gaps in literature on process complexity and collaboration in heritage re-use processes. It argues that heritage re-use processes should not be set in blueprints as these models lack the ability to map the complexity of these processes. Originality/value: Limited literature is available on heritage re-use processes, this research increases the insight in these processes.

The construction industry has a significant environmental impact, consumes a large amount of scarce resources, generates a lot of waste, and causes a lot of emissions such as CO2 which contribute to global warming and are all reasons of great concern. A significant portion of these negative environmental impacts are caused by the building sector and attendant linear construction process. Developments with biobased materials as a circular strategy help encounter this. However, this implementation is still lacking in the building industry and the linear to a circular economy transition is still in the early stages. Moreover, real estate developers are struggling to make their business cases for circular projects financially feasible, as costs are a significant barrier. To research and understand how current circular biobased business cases are adapted and if they are future proof or use temporary measures, the following main research question is used: How are business cases adapted in order to create financially feasible and circular biobased housing developments? To answer this question, a literature study, case studies and interviews are done with the aim to gain insights into current complications and possible solutions in the business case of biobased housing developments. As well as gather perspectives from identified stakeholders & experts on these or alternative opportunities to help and speed up the transition to biobased houses. Results show that the business cases were not drastically adapted to fit the circular strategy, but temporary emergency measures were found to help realise the projects. These were: less profit for the parties involved, investors paying extra and for construction stored carbon credits, lower land price or more focus on sustainability and less on price by municipalities, subsidies, and building only partly with biobased materials and partly with e.g. concrete and bricks. It can be concluded that the traditional business case is not fitted for biobased construction as a circular economy strategy, which also contributes to why the wider necessary shift to such strategies stays out. But also that developers and other parties are willing and working on limiting the environmental impact of the building industry.

Urbanization, modernization, and the growth of the population put severe pressure on the current Dutch building stock. Inner-city developments in Dutch cities are limiteddue to the high density of the urban fabric. Therefore, the focus of urban transformation gradually moved from the inner-city developments to the periphery of the city. These boundary zones are often former industrial sites that are currently derelict and underused, due to the rapid de-industrialization in Europe that took place. These areas offer a unique opportunity to address the demand for housing and the space for new economic sectors. The Dutch urban areas are more than abandoned industrial sites that need to be regenerated. The presence of industrial legacy in the form of industrial heritage is a source of added value for these redevelopments. The reappraisal of industrial heritage is a catalyst effect that ensures further urban revitalization due to its societal, historical, architectural, and technological importance. This type of development is a kickstarter for further redevelopment and upgrading deprived areas. Furthermore, the reappraisal of industrial heritage by adaptive reuse has a positive effect on the triple bottom line of sustainability. Capturing the value that is linked to the triple bottom line of sustainability is challenging due to the various components that define them. To reach sustainable development on the basis of the triple bottom line of sustainability, linkages and an equilibrium of all components should be reached. The sustainability of adaptive reuse in industrial heritage is an interplay between coping with challenges and emphasizing on benefits. Developments are always reaching for the maximum, and try to achieve sustainable development. Despite the identifiable benefits, the revitalization of Dutch urban areas also faces a myriad of challenges. Challenges and barriers encountered make it futile and hard to obtain. The financing of complex urban development, with the adaptive reuse of industrial heritage, is a major challenge. Due to the challenges and uncertainties this development faces, the cost rises with it. The main challenge is finding implementation methods and feasible and appropriate financial instruments that maximize the benefits on economic, social, and environmental sustainability of regenerating these areas. Adaptive reuse of industrial heritage greatly improves social and environmental sustainability. The degree to which this sustainability is improved is dependent on the perceived sustainability benefits on sustainability. This research begins to understand the factors that impact the degree of added value. Understanding these factors, the process of adaptive reuse of industrial heritage can be optimized to ensure more sustainable and successful end-products. Adaptive reuse of industrial heritage has clear benefits, it is important that industrial heritage is continuously being transformed to preserve the industrial legacy and to cope with the pressure on the current building stock.

A considerable share of the global greenhouse gases is caused by the construction and real estate sector, but the increasing awareness on global climate change within the industry caused the emergence of multiple voluntary environmental certifications. The effects of environmental certification on office rents have received considerable attention in the last decade and there is now much evidence supporting the hypothesis that environmentally certified office buildings achieve higher rents over conventional office buildings. Although much attention has been paid to the United States office market, less attention was spent on the European and specifically the Dutch real estate market. The aim of this thesis is to examine the relationship between environmental certification and market value within the Dutch office market and therefore answers the following question: How does environmental certification influence market value within the dynamics of the Dutch office market? Empirical evidence shows that BREEAM-NL certified office buildings hold an average rental premium of 10.30% over non-certified offices. Furthermore, the rental premium in the G5 varies between 5.13% and 12.64%. The results indicate that the rental premium is positively correlated with the label score and show rental premiums of 10.19%, 6.18% and 14.34% for respectively BREEAM-NL Good, Very Good and Excellent. The results do not show significant occupancy premiums for BREEAM-NL certified offices. This practical evidence on the willingness to pay from the Dutch occupier market intends to bring clarification in the public debate and helps owners and investors in their decision-making around environmental certified investments in their building assets.

The Tesselschade 4 (T4) building in Leeuwarden is a 80 meter tall former tax office building from 1970. The modernistic ‘slab’ is raised from the ground level by the characteristic pilotis. Situated in an office park on the edge of the historical city centre the building offers the opportunity to influence its surroundings positively via conversion to mainly housing. The municipality of Leeuwarden has the opportunity use the Tesselschade 4 building as a showcase when it comes to bottom-up transformation of monofunctional office parks. Roughly 80 future residents will have the option to realise their preferred housing type in one of the seven upper floors. A second façade, hanging from an added roof structure serves as a thermal and acoustic buffer for the housing units, which can be reached via galleries and corridors in the north façade and the centre of the building. Additional functions such as a playground, coffee-bar, several work-areas and a roof garden can be found throughout the building. The users are the drivers behind not only the use, but also the development of the project.

Changing consumer shopping trends in the last two decades and the impact of COVID-19 in 2020-2021, has led to more structural vacancy in supportive monofunctional retail areas. Since supportive monofunctional retail areas are less resilient on the long term compared to retail areas in city centres, integrated redevelopment of such areas is required to prevent further decay and add new value. Dutch municipalities majorly rely on market forces to stimulate redevelopment. Nevertheless, this does not result in desired outcomes. Different researches conclude that the local municipality has to fulfil a leading role in this redevelopment in order to achieve the desired outcome. This research focusses on how this leading role is defined and how the corporation between the local municipality and private property owners can be improved. Therefore, the following research question is formulated; How can the municipal leading role be defined during the redevelopment initiating phase and what improvements can be made in the decision-making process between the municipality and private property owners of retail space for the redevelopment to mixed-use areas? This research consists of a literature research and an empirical research to answer this question. The literature research provides an investigation of the initiative phase of project development, possibilities in organisational structures and the definition of decision-making. The empirical research consist of a case study considering a decaying monofunctional retail area with redevelopment in prospect. Stakeholder interviews are used as the main data source to investigate the project approach, organisational structure and decision-making process between the municipality and private property owners. The most important finding is that a key element of the municipal leading role was the proactive approach to the development of a masterplan for the case area in order to stimulate private stakeholder involvement.

This thesis analyses the impact of new energy efficiency regulations for the built environment on the development of highly energy efficient and zero energy office buildings. In The Netherlands energy efficiency regulation BENG and determination method NTA8800 will become effective januari 2021. BENG and NTA8800 will replace the current EPC and NEN7120 policies. This change in policy in The Netherlands is sparked because EPC and NEN7120 do not fit the framework of the international EPBD and Paris Climate Agreement. The research consists of three successive parts. The first part of the research consists of a scientific framework where the energy efficiency policies and the technical and financial feasibility of zero energy office buildings are studied. The second part of the research consists of an empirical research, formed by case studies of three zero-energy office buildings in amsterdam. The third part is a research by design. In this third part a technical design is proposed for developing zero energy office buildings within the framework of the new Dutch policies. The technical design is tested by making redesigns for the studied cases and used to evaluate the boundaries for developing zero-energy office buildings within the framework of the new policies. This research concludes that new energy efficiency policies are still not completely in line with the international agreements. Furthermore, it concludes that it is technically and financially feasible to develop zero-energy office buildings up to six floors within the framework of the new policies. This conclusion takes current market standards and proven technologies into consideration. For developing Paris-Proof office buildings, 10 to 15 floors are considered feasible. There are no limits on the number of floors for developing BENG compliant office buildings according to this thesis.

Context: As a result of the human behavior of the past century, in which linear approaches were used, we’re facing environmental challenges due to global warming. Since the awareness of climate change, planning departments are focusing on sustainable development in which the social, economic and environmental dimensions are combined. In the Netherlands, the naturally polluting building industry is designated as one of the critical sectors that need to change to a more circular way of working. In 2050 the Dutch government wants to be 100% circular. Circular urban area development can contribute to the achievement of these goals. Objective: This research aims to define the concept of circular urban area development by identifying and explaining the factors of circular urban area development and the management tools that can be used to apply them in Dutch practice. The research question that is answered: “What are the factors that contribute to the development of a circular urban area and how can these factors be managed in practice?”. These findings are summarized in a circular urban area development guideline. Methods: This research is divided in two parts. First, a literature review is done providing an overview of the physical components of a circular urban area development. Second, the circular urban area development factors and their management tools are investigated by conducting explorative interviews, case study analysis and an expert panel. Results: To define the concept of circular urban area development the concept of ‘adaptable buildings’ by Brand (1994) can be combined with the ecosystem approach of van Bueren (2012) creating an overview of the physical components of a circular urban area: (1) adaptable buildings (2) public space and (3) industrial flows: energy, water and materials. Further findings state that sustainable urban area development is closely related to circular urban area development. In the Randstad area, urban areas are being redeveloped because of the housing shortage. In these developments the concept of circularity is used as a condition for sustainable development. When special focus is set on implementing circularity, the development can be called a circular urban area development. Conclusions: Out of this theoretical and empirical research, six factors of circular urban area development can be distinguished that can be divided into two different cycles: building -and use-cycle. In the building-cycle the focus is on the lifecycles of building components and materials that are log and have long lifecycles. In the use-cycle the focus is on resources and products used on a daily-basis by the inhabitants of the urban area. These resources are characterized as volatile and have short life-cycles. The factors that are part of building-cycle are: (1) circular building material cycle and (2) spatially adaptive urban area. The factors that are part of the use-cycle are: (3) efficient energy system, (4) closed water-system (5) re-use, collection and logistics of waste and (6) stimulating the local economy. Applying these six factors in Dutch practice can be organized by the use of different management instruments. For every factor several possible management instruments found that make it possible to apply these factor in Dutch practice. These management instruments can be divided into four different groups: (1) legal instruments, (2) organizational instruments, (3) financial incentives and (4) design tools.

The construction industry imposes significant pressure on the natural environment, making it essential to transition to the circular economy. A step towards this goal is the adaptive reuse of existing buildings, more specifically, heritage buildings. Adaptive reuse of heritage is a difficult procedure that seeks to maintain the qualities of historic structures while modifying them for usage in the present and the future. The aim of this research is to identify what circular economy strategies are implemented in de adaptive reuse of heritage buildings, find out what barriers still exist, and how these can potentially be mitigated. This in order to help the transition towards the circular economy. To achieve this, literature review will provide a better understanding of the terms circularity and adaptive reuse within the context of the built environment and heritage, the literature study will also offer the potential barriers for circular heritage renovation. Case studies will explore what strategies are already implemented in adaptive reuse of heritage buildings, and barriers are experienced in the process. Finally a focus group discussion will be conducted in order to find out how these practical barriers can be mitigated in order to move towards the circular economy. The findings reveal that there is a gap between the strategies implemented in projects and the comprehensive understanding of circular economy . The majority of implemented strategies are related to sustainability, such as reusing and using circular building materials. Barriers to implementation include ambiguities, financial constraints, lack of experience, routine practices, rules and certification, as well as a lack of urgency and social acceptance. To address these challenges, the Circular Economy Strategies for Adaptive Reuse (CESAR) model is developed as a planning and assessment tool. Furthermore, the study provides advice for stakeholders involved in adaptive reuse projects, emphasizing the importance of collaboration, early involvement of the contractor, and integration of circular economy requirements.

The increasing significance of the circular economy in the real estate construction industry is driven by evolving environmental, social, political, and economic factors. While there is increasing pressure for a national transition to a circular building economy, the sector continues to confront numerous challenges, risks, and uncertainties. To promote pro-circular decision-making among project management stakeholders, this research investigates how incentives need to be implemented in order to be an effective strategy to encourage project management stakeholders in making pro circular project decisions. During the research an overall research strategy, the systemic design toolkit, has been used. This method integrates systems thinking with a human-centered, multi-stakeholder focus, by addressing the intricate social, economic, and environmental aspects of the issue at hand. The study comprises two sections: a theoretical segment employing quantitative research and an empirical segment employing qualitative research. The theoretical phase explores the interorganizational dynamics that influence circular decision-making, delves into the roles and perspectives of project management stakeholders, and examines the concept of incentives. The empirical phase starts with semi-structured interviews to gain insights into the behavior, intentions, interrelationships, interests, and influence of relevant actors involved in decision-making processes. Subsequently, unstructured brainstorming and validation interviews are conducted to identify and develop effective incentives within the financial, social, and moral clusters. The research findings provide empirical evidence that incentives can serve as a viable strategy for motivating project management stakeholders to make pro-circular strategic project decisions. These incentives are integrated into a comprehensive incentive scheme, outlined in the concluding section of the findings. Through the adoption of these incentives, stakeholders can be effectively motivated to embrace circular principles and actively contribute to the establishment of a circular building economy. Additionally, some key variables have been identified as influential factors in the success of the incentives: the involvement of supplying stakeholders and the targeted audience, as well as a thorough understanding of the rationale behind circular project rejection, the prevailing power dynamics, and the degree of stakeholder involvement throughout the various design phases.

Economies, society, and organizations are operating on borrowed time (Lacy & Rutqvist, 2015). As a response to urgent planetary and societal needs, a critical shift is required on every aspect of how organizations in the construction sector, one of the most resource intensive and pollutant industries, propose, create, and capture value (Bocken & Antikainen, 2019). The circular economy (CE) has been embraced in the architectural discourse as one of the most powerful, innovative, and viable business strategies to achieve sustainability in the built environment. However, architectural firms are still struggling to translate the concept into their business models (BMs) (Urbinati et al., 2017; Accenture, 2014; Khan et al., 2020). Scholars argue that in order for firms to reorganize their strategies, resources, and structures to those that are free from linear constraints, new dynamic organizational capabilities (particular kills, processes, and organizational activities) are required (Lacy & Rutqvist, 2015; Khan et al., 2020; Bauwens et al., 2020). However, most research on the subject has been developed from a practice-oriented perspective and/or has been primarily focused on large profit-driven organizations, rather than smaller creative firms driven by strategic goals beyond financial revenues (Lu & Sexton, 2006; Bos-de Vos et al., 2017). Through semi-structured interviews and qualitative data collection with stakeholders in four architectural firms operating in the Netherlands; the research addresses the limited academical research on this field by exploring the Dynamic Capability Approach of the firm as a BM transformation know-how strategy in favor of CE. The findings indicate that the dynamic capabilities approach is undeniably beneficial for CE implementation among architectural firms. In this regard, the research identifies 15 microfoundations of sense, seize, and reconfigure dynamic capabilities that architects and entrepreneurs can implement to transform the way they create, deliver and capture value. Furthermore, this thesis concludes that architectural firms operate on the basis of a BM portfolio with CE embedded at the project-based level. Finally, the findings suggest that CE has had limited impact in the value proposition of architects but has increased the complexity of their value creations and delivery components, ultimately leading to trade-offs and creative strategies to capture value and ensure the firms survival in still transitionary markets.

The Circular Economy (CE) in the built environment has gained ever more attention as discussions around the threats of global warming, resource scarcity, environmental impacts, and energy emissions intensify. The building industry accounts for approximately 40% of carbon emissions and reusing vacant buildings – thus slowing resource loops – is one of the strategies on offer to address this. However, research shows that the adaptive reuse of vacant buildings also contributes to their embodied emissions if the process is not fully aligned with CE principles. In addition, the CE is often conceived of as a binary outcome: either projects are fully circular or not circular at all. Identifying how far a project still has to go to become fully circular is an essential step in closing this gap, but how can this be done? This research contains an examination of the processes which are considered to be of importance at the inception of a project. In it, the results of two case studies, exploratory interviews with experts, and a literature review are used to design a decision support framework (DSF) to support decision-makers in housing associations in pursuing greater self-sustainability in their assets. This research also includes an exploration of existing, complementary CE methodologies, and an illustration of how they can be applied to adaptive reuse projects. This involves an examination of the complexity of these CE methodologies, and the delivery of a series of practical steps to achieving a low, medium or high degree of circularity. Using the DSF, an evaluation of a circular project in the Netherlands is then carried out, and recommendations and a step-by-step plan for achieving a completely circular project are set out.

Because of the loss of function, the vacancy levels of cultural heritage are rising. This leads to all kind of (societal) problems. Meanwhile, the value of cultural heritage is difficult to qualify and quantify in terms of economic benefits, which makes it hard to define the added value of cultural heritage and the value created by the adaptive re-use of cultural heritage. Consequently, cultural heritage is sometimes unnecessarily demolished or abandoned. This research therefore aims firstly, to identify the values of cultural heritage in general, to capture its unique and impossible to recreate identity. Secondly, this research aims to prove the indirect added economic value of transforming industrial cultural heritage into hubs of social and/or cultural integration within inner cities. By proving this added value for the neighbourhood, the awareness about the value of cultural heritage and hopefully the investments made in the adaptive re-use of cultural heritage will be increased. To identify the value of cultural heritage a qualitative approach is used following a value division made based on the literature study. This approach contained two explorative interviews and three semi-structured interviews. The perspective of five experts with a design, marketing and governmental background were compared. The interviews showed the different views on the value of cultural heritage within different working fields. To prove the added value of the adaptive reuse of cultural heritage a quantitative approach is used, the hedonic pricing method. The hedonic pricing method focusses on different characteristics of the building to determine the market value of the building based on a statistical model. The characteristics function as variables for the model. Based on previous research a variables list is defied as input to the hedonic pricing model. This method is used because it assumes that the difference in market value is caused by the difference in characteristics. By separating these characteristics, it can be determined if and how much impact one characteristic, in this case the proximity of transformed cultural heritage site, has on the market value. To do this four cases studies in Amsterdam are used, De Hallen, NDSM site, Pakhuis De Zwijger and the Westergasfabriek. Three out of the four case studies show a significant outcome. In the conclusion the answer to the first research question “What is the value of cultural heritage?” is given. It is concluded that cultural heritage is unique and irreplaceable, this creates its value. This value is recognised by people, mostly in an emotional and social context. However, the value of cultural heritage cannot be described in one sentence or in one value. The value of cultural heritage is plural and is partly subjective. A distinction is made between estimating the value of cultural heritage in price (economic value) and appreciating the value of cultural heritage in content (non-economic value). The adaptive re-use of cultural heritage has a positive impact on the market price of the cultural heritage buildings. But above all, the narrative of a building, the story behind the building, is the most important value of cultural heritage and separates it from new built. The narrative is an overarching concept that incorporates all the non-economic values, architectural, emotional and social. It is seen as a heritage premium above the normal market price of a building. The second main research question “What is the indirect added economic value of transforming industrial cultural heritage into hubs of social and cultural integration within cities?” is answered by comparing four heritage models per case study. Three main aspects can be concluded when proving the existence of a heritage premium with the use of a hedonic pricing model. First, in two of the four case studies a negative price premium is found before transformation. This is probably due to the poverty and construction before transformation of some buildings. Secondly, an overall pattern is observed where the highest heritage premium is not found directly next to the case study, but a few hundred meters away. This can be explained by the possibly nuisance that is caused by the activities of the case studies. Finally, an overall average price premium of 7.1% within a radius of 620-1290 meters was found in the three case studies that had a significant outcome. It can thus be concluded that the adaptive reuse of cultural heritage has a positive effect on the surrounding houses by creating an extra house price premium.