As Dutch Urban Development (UDM) and Partnering research seem to somewhat disconnectedly explore each other’s fields, this thesis attempts to join both domains by gaining insights into factors that promote the emergence of partnering relations between individuals working in Dutch Urban Development Projects (UDPs). Applying a practice-based approach, data from ten semi-structured interviews was translated into case narratives that provide insights into the lived experience of Dutch UDPs which, after the understanding of this thesis, can be considered partnering projects. By analysing the case narratives, it was revealed that the construction and negotiation of partnering was predominantly led by the public managers whereas the choice of means depended on the underlying project circumstances, expected benefits and the individuals understanding of partnering. Analysing the interpersonal learning process, the individual learning processes prior to the project and learnings about the partners behaviour during the first meetings and challenging situations were determined as crucial to the emergence of partnering relations. Moreover, most formal partnering components seemed to have an overall positive but also paradoxical effects depending on the project and the individual. To overcome paradoxes, joint problem solving seemed the most commonly applied and favoured management practice during partnering. Applying sensemaking to collected case data, it is concluded that named factors and their effect differed depending on the individual’s perception. Based on a conceptual model, it is explained that factors promoted the emergence of partnering when they were perceived as in harmony to the individuals understanding of partnering. Ultimately, picking up on the suggestion of Kadefors (2004) to apply trust theory to study partnering, it is suggested that the individuals starting level of trust, the individual’s choice and ability to trust, the human preference for reciprocity as well as the individuals abilities, benevolence and integrity should be considered as factors when researching the emergence of partnering.

Dutch cities are both expanding and densifying, corresponding to a global trend in which people increasingly tend to live in cities. Urban densification implicates the development of new buildings and redevelopment of part of the existing building stock, to meet the aims of future cities and their populations. These alterations to intensively used urban spaces will evoke resistance from involved stakeholders. As such, this research aims to identify strategies to design buildings without resistance, by studying resistance throughout all phases of a building process and determining the power of architects in coping with these resistances. These strategies enable architects to design and develop buildings of non-resistance. Firstly, the most recurring definition of resistance is that it is an action that is executed against an opposition. The effect of resistance, in the degree of intention, visibility and recognition, varies. This study distinguishes between overt resistance, in which intention and recognition are clearly delineated, and everyday resistance, which cannot be clearly defined, which is often invisible, and not well articulated. The elaboration of resistance in the built environment is shaped by means of a focus group and several expert interviews. Outcomes are that resistance is inseparably linked to the built environment and shapes projects. The interviewee faced both overt resistance and everyday resistance. The strategy that interviewee applied, in response to resistance, can be divided into two categories. Intended strategy, where certain emerging resistances are solved from experience, protocols and premeditation and Emergent strategy, where mostly from an ad-hoc situation is responded to. Intended strategies for an architect to deal with resistance is mainly focused on existing, overt resistances. Where everyday resistance is often forgotten. Where a solution is often sought reactively. This research makes a proposal to deal with this everyday resistance. Whereby the strategy goes from mostly emergent to intended. And thus can be anticipated in advance. The proposed strategy looks for needs and values in the neighborhood. This is done by making an inventory of specific values of individuals and turning them into general values. These values are then a starting point to base design decisions on. It is up to the designer to give his own interpretation. When these values are adhered to, people may disagree about the elaboration of these values, but (if all goes well) the result will be in line with the original value of the environment.The goal with this strategy is to design a building that has as little resistance as possible. Also called a building of ‘non-resistance’. The proposed strategy is explored, further defined and used in a case study of Rotterdam.

The Dutch institutional system for urban development has traditionally been known for its implementation of active land policy by municipalities. This is an approach to land development that includes a municipality acquiring land, servicing it with infrastructure and public amenities and disposing it to a real estate developer, in which the value increase of the land through its development in principal should cover the costs of the operation. In recent times, critical remarks about this way of approaching land development have increasingly occurred, especially since Dutch municipalities lost considerable amounts of money due to investments in land during the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. After this, the collective idea seemed to be that municipalities had to get rid of this way of land development, adopting merely passive land policies. However, as it turns out municipalities have not abandoned the active land policy at all. This research aims at unraveling the characteristics and specifics of land policies and at finding out how municipalities decide on which type to apply. Through a literature review, the spectrum of different land policies is researched, after which an empirical research is done through case studies of eight municipalities to find out how the process of choosing and implementing a land policy in Dutch municipalities currently works. In the end, the lessons from practice will be compared to the existing literature, and a recommendation on how to treat land policy within municipalities will be done.

Context - Globally, there is climate change that affects life of people and nature on earth. The built environment is responsible for nearly 40% of global energy consumption and approximately onethird of global CO² emissions (JLL, 2020). Therefore, the built environment must become more sustainable. Public and private parties incorporate sustainability ambitions into urban redevelopment plans, in a complex context with high ambitions and quality for high costs materials, labour and energy. All these factors put pressure on the feasibility of urban redevelopment plans. In the collaboration of public-private partnerships, there are these two conflicting interests that make it hard to develop the high requirements for urban redevelopment plans. Objective – This research aims to provide new insights in the relationship between the negotiation in the partner selection methods and incorporating sustainability ambitions in urban redevelopment plans. The main research question in this research is: “How can negotiations in partner selection methods contribute to the incorporation of sustainability ambitions in urban redevelopment plans?” Methods – This research consist of two parts. First, document and literature review provide a framework of definitions and processes from which the empirical part is studies. This empirical, second, part consists of explorative interviews, case study analysis and an expert panel. Results – The defined concepts form literature are: sustainability ambitions, partner selection methods, and negotiations for urban redevelopment plans. The findings of the empirical part state that negotiations occur in the two partner selection methods (partner selection method and tender) about the incorporation of sustainability ambitions. Both methods differ in moments and types of negotiations. Conclusions – The main conclusion is that negotiations contribute by having moments in which key stakeholders discuss about how the sustainability ambitions are incorporated in the urban redevelopment plan. In these moments different types of negotiation occur in which stakeholders deal with the sustainability ambitions. This research gives insights about negotiations in the process of the two selection methods and which elements are important for improving both. With this improvement, key stakeholders should be better able to negotiate about how to incorporate sustainability ambitions for urban redevelopment plans.

This research concludes on the strategic and operational considerations for implementing circularity in hotel buildings and operations. Sustainable urban area developments are increasingly led by private parties and facilitated by public parties. Hotels support the make-up of a sustainable mixed-use development while also trying to reduce their carbon emissions and meet the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement. To do so, circularity has been proposed as a solution. Through three case studies of pioneering hotels in Amsterdam and an additional test case in Delft, the considerations for implementing circularity in hotel buildings and operations have been discovered. Findings include considerations beyond the scope of real estate to include strategic business considerations such as position in the market, brand story, target market, community impact, environmental impact, regulations, partners as well as real estate and investment strategy. Operational considerations found were practical and included availability, durability, maintenance, reliability and aesthetics. These findings show that considerations extend beyond the scope of real estate and beyond the building level, leaving privately developed circular hotels to contribute to sustainable urban area developments.

As the world is a complex and dynamic system, parties increasingly depend on each other in their decisions. These interdependencies are found as well between corporations and cities in decisions on mutations in the corporation’s accommodation, which is the subject of this research. Mutations are considered all changes in the accommodation. In this decision making, corporation often depend on cities for example for the granting of permits. At the same time, cities are in increasing competition to attract corporations to reap the benefits of boosting the local economy by increased employment levels. Thus within this decision making, actors of both parties need to communicate with each other. However, currently little is known about this actual interaction that is realised through communication strategies. At the same time, the importance connective capacity of individual actors is increasingly recognised in literature and practice and confirmed by this research. In this research the use of communication strategies of corporations and cities regarding the communication components when, who, how and what was analysed. By analysing these communication strategies in relation to the situation of the decision making and the motives of each party, interesting relations have been found. Among others, this research showed that communication strategies are supportive of the mutation process, either by speeding up the process or affecting slight preferences at decision-makers. Also, communication can be decisive by providing crucial information for the decision, such as location proposals. An aspect for further thought in both research and practice is the organisation of communication. This organisation includes the deployment of resources and additionally the appointment of a contact person. This appears to be related to the priority given to the mutation project. It seems that at cities, more priority is given to mutations with job creation in comparison with mutation projects focused on qualitative improvement. Also, communication often remains project-based and thereby both parties miss the benefits of early alignment of the plans with existing policies. This confirms the notion in literature that barriers between public and private still exist. All in all, the human factor remains present in decision making on mutations in the accommodation. Therefore this research encourages the recognition of communication strategies as a factor in decision making.

The world is experiencing climate change. Environmental problems are substantial and it's known that economic growth contributes to them. In addition, social inequality in society has grown. As a response, the concept of sustainable development has come up, but to date businesses find this hard to implement in their ways of working. As societal pressure is increasing, a growing trend can be seen by pioneering businesses, social entrepreneurs and impact investors working towards an impact economy. In the built environment, however, the concepts of ‘impact thinking’ or ‘social entrepreneurship’ are still very much unknown. Although some institutional investors have adopted an ESG-approach for their investments and a number of developers have started to brand themselves as sustainable, to date there is barely no evidence suggesting that this actually leads to positive societal impact. Very few parties in the built environment place impact first in their corporate strategy or measure the impacts they make. As the built environment is responsible for many environmental and social problems, this is something that needs to change. This thesis therefore researches in what ways impact thinking can be implemented into (urban) development, from the perspective of the social entrepreneurial developer. The first part of the research was conducted through a literature study, the second part through a combination of qualitative and design research. A total of 16 interviews have been conducted with impact developers, impact investors and urban development experts. Based on findings, a first definition for impact development is given, its barriers an drivers are formulated and six principles for impact development are proposed. Through a collaborative research through design approach, also an example impact development was designed: a social-impact based plan for the gentrifying neighborhood Wielewaal. The research outcomes aim to inspire private parties in urban or real estate development to place impact first in their ways of working. In doing so, this thesis aims to open the dialogue about the responsibility of businesses to society and our cities and help developers and municipalities work towards more long-term sustainable and fair urban developments. For impact thinking to really take a flight in (urban) development, taxing or incentivizing impact by the government is necessary.

Climate change effects lead to a transformation of our environment. The building sector is considered to have the greatest potential in the clean energy transition. However, general consensus of climate change definitions, communication and cooperation on climate change knowledge and perspectives is underdeveloped in the industry. A review of previous studies shows that the construction industry is known to take a reactive stance rather than proactive towards climate change action. The aim of the study is to describe how the implementation of circular principles as part of climate change action, is managed by a construction company, and to explore how this can be done proactively. Through desk research and interviews with representatives of the case firm this description is developed. The findings show that both a proactive strategy by the company as individual proactive behavior by employees can have a big impact on the performance regarding circular activities. People who are showing proactive circular behavior need to be supported and given recognition by the organization. The other way around, these people can triumph and establish organization-wide implementation of their initiatives through issue selling and perseverance. People who are not showing proactive circular behavior will need to be made aware, informed and motivated to conduct circular practices.

Context: As a result of the human behavior of the past century, in which linear approaches were used, we’re facing environmental challenges due to global warming. Since the awareness of climate change, planning departments are focusing on sustainable development in which the social, economic and environmental dimensions are combined. In the Netherlands, the naturally polluting building industry is designated as one of the critical sectors that need to change to a more circular way of working. In 2050 the Dutch government wants to be 100% circular. Circular urban area development can contribute to the achievement of these goals. Objective: This research aims to define the concept of circular urban area development by identifying and explaining the factors of circular urban area development and the management tools that can be used to apply them in Dutch practice. The research question that is answered: “What are the factors that contribute to the development of a circular urban area and how can these factors be managed in practice?”. These findings are summarized in a circular urban area development guideline. Methods: This research is divided in two parts. First, a literature review is done providing an overview of the physical components of a circular urban area development. Second, the circular urban area development factors and their management tools are investigated by conducting explorative interviews, case study analysis and an expert panel. Results: To define the concept of circular urban area development the concept of ‘adaptable buildings’ by Brand (1994) can be combined with the ecosystem approach of van Bueren (2012) creating an overview of the physical components of a circular urban area: (1) adaptable buildings (2) public space and (3) industrial flows: energy, water and materials. Further findings state that sustainable urban area development is closely related to circular urban area development. In the Randstad area, urban areas are being redeveloped because of the housing shortage. In these developments the concept of circularity is used as a condition for sustainable development. When special focus is set on implementing circularity, the development can be called a circular urban area development. Conclusions: Out of this theoretical and empirical research, six factors of circular urban area development can be distinguished that can be divided into two different cycles: building -and use-cycle. In the building-cycle the focus is on the lifecycles of building components and materials that are log and have long lifecycles. In the use-cycle the focus is on resources and products used on a daily-basis by the inhabitants of the urban area. These resources are characterized as volatile and have short life-cycles. The factors that are part of building-cycle are: (1) circular building material cycle and (2) spatially adaptive urban area. The factors that are part of the use-cycle are: (3) efficient energy system, (4) closed water-system (5) re-use, collection and logistics of waste and (6) stimulating the local economy. Applying these six factors in Dutch practice can be organized by the use of different management instruments. For every factor several possible management instruments found that make it possible to apply these factor in Dutch practice. These management instruments can be divided into four different groups: (1) legal instruments, (2) organizational instruments, (3) financial incentives and (4) design tools.

Cities are seen as important drivers of economic growth and more than ever, today’s cities are the incubators of economic renewal (PBL, 2016). The negative side of this celebrated triumph, however, is becoming more and more visible as well; reflected in an increased division between “good” and “bad” neighbourhoods (Uyterlinde & van der Velden, 2017). Municipal policymakers, housing associations and social professionals have expressed their concerns about increasing concentrations of vulnerable target groups and the negative impact on liveability (Uyterlinde & van der Velden, 2017). Housing stock diversification is considered to be the most appropriate long-term strategy for coping with liveability problems that arise in vulnerable neighbourhoods, since diversification can dilute the problems and strengthens the mutual self-reliance and neighbourhood cohesion (Leidelmeijer et al., 2018). In practice, however, certain barriers to diversifying the housing stock in vulnerable neighbourhoods are identified. These barriers largely relate to the recognition that the force field has fundamentally changed over the past years. Thereby, the determined research goal was “to provide an understanding of how public and private parties effectively cooperate on and manage urban area redevelopment aimed at diversifying the housing stock in vulnerable neighbourhoods”.

Purpose: This graduation research has the purpose explore the use of marketing in real estate development projects in the residential sector, based on the characteristics of marketing on corporate level, project level and the end-user. Research question: What are the characteristics of marketing in project development, focussed on the corporate level, project level and the end-user and how are they related?Research design/method/approach: To gain insight on the relation between marketing and real estate development, a multiple case study is conducted. Three project development companies are studied by means of one representative case and one extreme case. Furthermore, the marketing managers are studied to provide insights in the role of marketing on the corporate level. By means of literature review, document analysis and cross case analysis, theoretical and empirical findings are conducted. These findings are compared and have led to the characteristics of marketing in project development. Findings: The graduation research has resulted in a set of characteristics, based on the corporate level, project level and the end-user. Results are; the position of marketing in the business organisation is becoming increasingly important and is indicated that marketing is not part of the competences of a project developer and many of the marketing tasks are based on experience and knowledge and involve external parties. Therefore, extern experts, such as publicity agencies and brokers, are involved in the development process. The marketing of a house is partly based on the promotion of an experience, in which the brand and the look & feel are both very important. Registrations of potential clients are important, since they provide a lot of information. Therefore, marketing campaigns are used. If the response is too low, the marketing campaigns are upscaled. The marketing communication starts with a website and a Facebook page and have regular communication tools. Marketing of complex housing projects provide more time and effort than standardized housing projects. The relation between the three different levels depends on the type of project and its context and the vision of the project development company. Limitations: The graduation process should be fulfilled in a time-frame of approximately nine months, which means choices need to be made about the demarcation of this research. Therefore, six case studies on real estate development projects and three case studies on marketing managers have been conducted. Tringulation is used to increase the validity of the findings of the case studies. Practical implications: A company’s success is often related to its marketing capabilities, however In Dutch real estate development practice marketing is an underexposed topic. Research on this relation might provide project developers with more insight and reflection on their working methods and it will cover a part of Dutch real estate development that has not been extensive executed yet. Originality/value: The relation between marketing and real estate development has not been described before. This research offers a perspective on the use of marketing by project developers in the Dutch residential sector.Key words: Marketing, Dutch residential sector, real estate development practice, marketing communication tools, end-user, corporate level

Traditionally, municipalities in the Netherlands have been taking a dominant and leading role in the urban area development. Currently, the municipalities pursue more often a facilitating and passive role, and prefer to utilize market resources and capabilities. The lack of municipal resources, stacking complexity of the objectives and insufficient municipal capacity, makes the shift both preferable and necessary. Unsolicited proposals are emerging along this shift to more market and networked practices. These informal proposals are original, SMART, feasible, complete, value-adding plans for exclusively municipal lands that aim to get the land directly awarded. The creativeness and smaller reliance on municipal resources makes the proposals attractive for municipalities. However, the societal desirability and legal feasibility of this instrument are ambiguous as little about the phenomenon is documented and the Didam-judgement from late 2021 bars the direct award of land. This research aims to investigate whether the instrument is still available for Dutch municipalities and how municipalities may improve their management of these proposals. A literature study, 2 case study projects and an expert panel have covered the topics of unsolicited proposals, urban area management, public values and the legislative context. These research methods and topics have been the main components for the delivery of a process model to improve the municipal management. The process model entails a phased model of preparatory policy design stage by the municipality to steer the market and set out the legal basis for the Didam selection procedure. The latter is complied with through a first-come first-serve open selection procedure which meets the Didam-criteria of being measurable, objective and reasonable. The process continues with a parallel Ambitioning phase by the municipality and a Design iteration phase of the private party, during which communication and process management are important. Follow up by a feasibility and elaboration phase the collaboration and project management becomes more important. Concludingly, Unsolicited proposals are still feasible and through proper employment of all management tools and activities desirable outcomes can be achieved.

Rising city-life growth has resulted in a world population where the majority of people live in cities. However, cities are not yet prepared and designed for this increase and are confronted with a need for urban regeneration. The landscape of urban regeneration is next to social, political and economic sustainability, challenged by implementing a comprehensive vision and long-term growth. Thereby, various methods are implemented to involve relevant stakeholders early in urban regeneration projects, focusing on a highly collaborative approach to establishing an integral vision. A robust relationship between the involved stakeholders is desirable to cope with unexpected circumstances along the process and deal with these projects’ complex and uncertain nature. Collaboration factors within the informal domain that enhance the quality of collaboration can be distinguished from literature. This research aims to create awareness amongst the project team to engage with this soft side of collaboration actively. Therefore, the Design Science Research approach is applied. A multiple case study conducting semi-structured interviews resulted in practical (inter) actions to be executed during urban regeneration processes. These findings are translated into a roadmap for (inter)actions, which presents the (inter)actions to be performed along the process of urban regeneration by the project team.

Capitalism is under siege. As the famous economist and business strategist Michael Porter note. Business practice is overflown with an increasing number of societal and environmental concerns, trumping economic activity and trapping businesses in a vicious cycle in which taking responsibility is repaid with taking even more responsibility. On the other hand, these societal concerns cannot be ignored and need to be addressed. As shelter, water, food, and welfare must be provided to a growing population in a durable and future proof manner. Urban development practice is burdened with this same complex problem. Businesses are confronted by an increasing number of public sustainability regulations and with neo-liberal influences shifting more responsibilities towards the market. Scholars raised their concerns if the public social value can be safeguarded by the market. However, business practice proofed to be capable of taking their social responsibility and even found a way to contribute to both society and their business performance, linking their social behavior towards their corporate reputation. This phenomenon is called CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) benchmarking, in which social reporting and labeling are used to enhance their client base. The danger, however, is that these activities are often better displayed in these reports than performed. Besides, these reports primarily enhance the environmental concerns and leave the ‘softer’ aspects of sustainability ill addressed. These limits of the CSR-benchmarking concept are mainly caused by the intrinsic perception of businesses towards these social activities. Social activities are seen as a costly practice and with the ‘enterprise culture’ still present many businesses today. These activities are not likely to be performed. This problem became the starting point of this research. Can this intrinsic perception of businesses towards social activities be changed? The Shared Value Creation (SVC) concept fitted this question with its aim to turn corporate social activities from a costly practice into a value-creating activity. By exploring the concept of SVC this study aims to change this business perception towards social activities and eventually contribute to creating sustainable urban areas.

The Dutch housing market is currently dealing with a significant dwelling deficit, which results in the need to accelerate the development of large quantities of dwellings in the urban areas. This thesis studies the redevelopment of inner-city industrial sites into mixed work-residential areas, especially focussing on the collaboration process between the municipality, landowner-users and project developers in the initiation phase. A Q-methodology research is conducted to identify which empirical perspectives exist on which factors are important when accelerating the collaboration process. Twenty-eight respondents from municipalities, landowner-users and project developers from three Dutch redevelopment projects have been used for this research. The main research findings are: - The identification of four distinctive empirical perspectives on which organisational, process and instrument factors need to be incorporated into the collaboration process to accelerate it. - The insight into the determinants that show which type of parties have which perspective and in which type of cases which perspectives are likely to occur. - Practical recommendations to design the collaboration process in a way that its acceleration potential is enlarged. - The assembly of the building block approach conceptual model that uses the insights in the perspectives and the determinants to construct a case specific collaboration approach. By designing the collaboration process according to the preferences of the involved parties, expressed by the four perspectives, the parties are more committed to the process which results in a more effective and therefore faster initiation phase. Eventually this can help to accelerate the construction of the needed dwellings. So, you have to collaborate to accelerate.

Dutch real estate developers are being pressured to obtain a more sustainable corporate strategy to guarantee competitiveness and continuity of their firm. Even though this contextual pressure is being recognized by Dutch real estate developers, it is often not translated to practice. This is remarkable because studies over time have proven that sustainability has the potential lead to an enhanced competitiveness. This study aims to provide a deeper understanding of what is withholding Dutch real estate developers to implement a sustainable corporate strategy, and what the impact is of sustainable development activities is on the competitiveness of such a party. To test this, a literature study was performed to provide insight on the barriers that are present for real estate developers to become more sustainable, how the competitiveness of a Dutch real estate developer can be measured, and which alternatives Dutch real estate developers can implement to become more sustainable. A survey was distributed amongst Dutch real estate developers to determine to what extent certain barriers are withholding them from becoming more sustainable and determine the current position in regards to sustainability. The results show that Dutch real estate developers, amongst some individual barriers from other categories, are mostly being kept from becoming more sustainable due to financial barriers. This is causing Dutch real estate developers to find themselves in a reactive position towards the sustainability laws and regulations set by the government and not proactively operating to become more sustainable. By giving insight towards how sustainability can improve the competitiveness, this problem can be alleviated. Through semi-structured interviews the impact of sustainable development activities on the competitiveness of Dutch real estate developers was measured. The results in general show that sustainability does contribute to the competitiveness of Dutch real estate developers. The order of impact of the sustainable development activities that were found is (1) green product development, (2) green profiling and marketing strategy, (3) green supply chain management, (4) green human resource management, and (5) green facility management. The last phase of this research provides a preliminary design of a corporate decision tool to act as a stepping stone for further research to eventually allow Dutch real estate developers to effectively prioritize between sustainable alternatives.

Due to climate change, the built environment will have to deal with rising surface water levels in the future. We could cope with this situation by making our buildings adaptable to changing water levels and develop floating urbanisation. Although quite a few floating projects have been realised in the Netherlands they are mostly of the smaller scale (1-20 buildings). To serve as a robust solution the floating urbanisation projects need to scale up. The aim of this research is to understand the preconditions that are needed to do so. The method used is mixed and combines literature research, case studies and a validation panel. The results have been grouped in seven themes: knowledge & skills, regulation & legislation, exploitation & economy, infrastructure & planning, technology & scale, environment & ecology and public perception. Topics within these themes that play an important role in the success of a project are developing parties with the required knowledge and skills, the presence of suitable legislation, an appropriate location and a bank willing to provide mortgages. The preconditions as they are now make the development of floating urbanisation in the Netherlands possible. Improving these conditions will make it easier to develop more floating urbanisation projects. If these improvements are needed on the short term or the long term depends on the context of that time.

Placemaking is currently a popular concept to implement for the revitalisation of urban areas, often connected to achieving various social goals in neighbourhoods. However, while the concept of placemaking has been in use for some decades, still a lot of confusion exists concerning the specifications of placemaking. This thesis analyses how participatory placemaking in public spaces is defined according to scientific studies regarding developed economic regions, to find out if multiple diverging concepts of participatory placemaking co-exist, muddying the term, or if only slight deviations in terminology exist. The research method consists of a semi-systematic literature review to map all the different ways participatory placemaking occurs in recent scientific material. The concepts of placemaking distilled from this literature review are validated by a focus group. With their feedback then being used to reflect on the findings from the literature review and fine-tune them. This resulted in the identification of five placemaking concepts: ‘Humanistic placemaking’, ‘Organic, aggregate over time placemaking’, ‘Creative placemaking’, ‘Strategic placemaking’, and ‘Tourism, economic placemaking’, along with their specific characteristics, that will help clear up future conversations regarding participatory placemaking among professionals. With multiple distinct placemaking concepts having been identified throughout this research, which are quite evenly represented in the literature about placemaking, it is even more clear that actors discussing placemaking together have a high chance of misunderstanding each other.

The WELL certificate offers advantages for healthcare housing development of the future. As a consequence, new and unknown challenges within the field of the built environment arise. Moreover, there are uncertainties within the behavioral responses of an ageing population and, among other things, the willingness and benefits to invest in a WELL certificate by an institutional investor and developer. There is a lack of extensive knowledge about the contribution of a WELL certificate to healthcare housing development. In this study, the relative preferences for a WELL certificate in healthcare housing were compared to an ageing population in Delft and The Hague. To establish this, a face-to-face interview in combination with a structured questionnaire was held. Based on the response of 23 respondents, the demographical, social (healthcare housing requirements and preferences) and economical dissimilarities are evaluated. Moreover, the preference for a WELL certificate is also estimated by the institutional investors. To establish this, also a face-to-face interview in combination with a questionnaire was held. Based on the response of 4 respondents, the interest to invest in healthcare housing, the healthcare housing requirements, the financial components and the interest in a WELL certificate are evaluated. At this moment it can be argued that the WELL v2 certificate creates more advantages than disadvantages for the different stakeholders during both the development and exploration phase in healthcare housing. On the other hand, based on the estimated results, it can be concluded that more recognition must arise about a WELL certificate by both the ageing population and institutional investor. The results show that there are differences regarding the preference for a WELL certificate between the ageing population and institutional investors. The ageing population with a higher education level, who exercise more than three times a week, who have a healthy eating pattern and who are more satisfied with the quality of their appartement, apartment complex and neighborhood are found to receive less utility for a WELL certificate. This effect is strong for both men and women. The higher educated ageing population living in social rental housing share this idea compared to the lower educated ageing population in social rental housing. The majority of the ageing population prefer a few WELL concepts, in particular the lower educated ageing population. Moreover, institutional investors claims that investing in healthcare housing is less risky compared to offices and regular housing developments. Nevertheless, not enough healthcare homes have been realized yet. Besides this, the institutional investors argue that a WELL certificate in healthcare housing does not improve the GRESB score. This argument is strong for all institutional investors: no distinction regarding professional position. Furthermore, institutional investors show a higher preference to implement all WELL concepts in contrast to the ageing population. The result shows more preference for a certificate: investors are eager when a certificate can be obtained. The estimation of the results increases the understanding of stated preferences of a few WELL concepts in healthcare housing development. To conclude, from a scientific perspective, this research contribute to the understanding of institutional investor and an ageing population choice behavior regarding WELL certificate in healthcare housing. In addition, it contribute to a potential ex-post study of an ageing population living in healthcare housing. Besides the scientific perspective, this research also contribute to the practical relevance were the behavior of two different social groups within the ageing population will be investigated regarding the social rental, free rental and owner-occupant sector. Additionally, this research contribute to the understanding of the current preferences for a WELL certificate complementing healthcare housing without a WELL certificate.

Real estate development faces numerous challenges due to the dynamic market, socio-economic developments, but also deep-rooted mentalities and practices in the sector. Real estate developers need to innovate at both a strategic and business level to overcome these challenges and remain marketable in the long term. This study explores this gap and offers a solution by answering the question: " How can the strategic and project levels of a developer be aligned to achieve a sustainable real estate development concept?". Using a design science research methodology that combines interviews, workshops and expert panels, the Sustainable Real Estate Development Canvas (SREDC) was developed and tested. The canvas harmonises the strategic view of the developer and the interests of the various stakeholders at project level to achieve a new and sustainable development concept. During the workshop, in which all stakeholders participated, a jointly developed development concept emerged as a result of the harmonisation of interests, which demonstrates the practicability and feasibility of the proposed canvas.