Hilde Remøy
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1
Flexibility in corporate office real estate
A leasehold occupier's perspective
Today’s corporations operate in a context of uncertainty, shaped by geopolitical instability, economic volatility, organizational change and evolving workplace practices. Within Corporate Real Estate Management (CREM), flexibility is increasingly relevant for managing the recurring mismatch between organizational demand and building supply. Although the literature on flexibility in the built environment has predominantly focused on the physical adaptability of buildings, this emphasis does not fully reflect the reality of conventional leasehold occupiers, whose ability to alter the asset itself is limited.
As a response, this research examines how corporate office occupiers under conventional leaseholds understand and operationalize flexibility at the asset level within CREM. It adopts a qualitative research design combining a literature review with semi-structured interviews conducted across three phases: at the market level, with industry consultants; at the case level, within a multi-tenant office building in Amsterdam; and at a comparative level, interviewing occupiers in other multi-tenant office settings. The empirical material was analyzed through thematic analysis using a primarily deductive coding framework, refined
with inductive insights from the interviews.
The findings show that flexibility is driven primarily by uncertainty, but that occupiers do not treat it as a single concept. Instead, flexibility is understood through five interrelated dimensions: Legal, Financial, Physical, Organizational and Building Offering flexibility. Among these, Legal and Financial flexibility emerge as the dominant mechanisms through which occupiers manage risk, secure incentives and respond to changing business conditions, often through trade-offs between lease length and financial contributions. Physical flexibility is mainly understood at the level of the leased premises through layout, floor distribution, and Activity-Based Working, while Organizational and Building Offering Flexibility help occupiers absorb fluctuations in attendance and changing space requirements.
By moving beyond a building-centric view, this research contributes to an occupier and asset-level perspective of flexibility in leased office environments. It shows that flexibility is not a fixed property of the building, but a context-dependent combination of contractual, financial, spatial, organizational and service-based mechanisms shaped by business characteristics, building conditions and market context. These insights support more informed CREM decision-making for occupiers, advisors and landlords working with existing multi-tenant office stock. ...
As a response, this research examines how corporate office occupiers under conventional leaseholds understand and operationalize flexibility at the asset level within CREM. It adopts a qualitative research design combining a literature review with semi-structured interviews conducted across three phases: at the market level, with industry consultants; at the case level, within a multi-tenant office building in Amsterdam; and at a comparative level, interviewing occupiers in other multi-tenant office settings. The empirical material was analyzed through thematic analysis using a primarily deductive coding framework, refined
with inductive insights from the interviews.
The findings show that flexibility is driven primarily by uncertainty, but that occupiers do not treat it as a single concept. Instead, flexibility is understood through five interrelated dimensions: Legal, Financial, Physical, Organizational and Building Offering flexibility. Among these, Legal and Financial flexibility emerge as the dominant mechanisms through which occupiers manage risk, secure incentives and respond to changing business conditions, often through trade-offs between lease length and financial contributions. Physical flexibility is mainly understood at the level of the leased premises through layout, floor distribution, and Activity-Based Working, while Organizational and Building Offering Flexibility help occupiers absorb fluctuations in attendance and changing space requirements.
By moving beyond a building-centric view, this research contributes to an occupier and asset-level perspective of flexibility in leased office environments. It shows that flexibility is not a fixed property of the building, but a context-dependent combination of contractual, financial, spatial, organizational and service-based mechanisms shaped by business characteristics, building conditions and market context. These insights support more informed CREM decision-making for occupiers, advisors and landlords working with existing multi-tenant office stock. ...
Today’s corporations operate in a context of uncertainty, shaped by geopolitical instability, economic volatility, organizational change and evolving workplace practices. Within Corporate Real Estate Management (CREM), flexibility is increasingly relevant for managing the recurring mismatch between organizational demand and building supply. Although the literature on flexibility in the built environment has predominantly focused on the physical adaptability of buildings, this emphasis does not fully reflect the reality of conventional leasehold occupiers, whose ability to alter the asset itself is limited.
As a response, this research examines how corporate office occupiers under conventional leaseholds understand and operationalize flexibility at the asset level within CREM. It adopts a qualitative research design combining a literature review with semi-structured interviews conducted across three phases: at the market level, with industry consultants; at the case level, within a multi-tenant office building in Amsterdam; and at a comparative level, interviewing occupiers in other multi-tenant office settings. The empirical material was analyzed through thematic analysis using a primarily deductive coding framework, refined
with inductive insights from the interviews.
The findings show that flexibility is driven primarily by uncertainty, but that occupiers do not treat it as a single concept. Instead, flexibility is understood through five interrelated dimensions: Legal, Financial, Physical, Organizational and Building Offering flexibility. Among these, Legal and Financial flexibility emerge as the dominant mechanisms through which occupiers manage risk, secure incentives and respond to changing business conditions, often through trade-offs between lease length and financial contributions. Physical flexibility is mainly understood at the level of the leased premises through layout, floor distribution, and Activity-Based Working, while Organizational and Building Offering Flexibility help occupiers absorb fluctuations in attendance and changing space requirements.
By moving beyond a building-centric view, this research contributes to an occupier and asset-level perspective of flexibility in leased office environments. It shows that flexibility is not a fixed property of the building, but a context-dependent combination of contractual, financial, spatial, organizational and service-based mechanisms shaped by business characteristics, building conditions and market context. These insights support more informed CREM decision-making for occupiers, advisors and landlords working with existing multi-tenant office stock.
As a response, this research examines how corporate office occupiers under conventional leaseholds understand and operationalize flexibility at the asset level within CREM. It adopts a qualitative research design combining a literature review with semi-structured interviews conducted across three phases: at the market level, with industry consultants; at the case level, within a multi-tenant office building in Amsterdam; and at a comparative level, interviewing occupiers in other multi-tenant office settings. The empirical material was analyzed through thematic analysis using a primarily deductive coding framework, refined
with inductive insights from the interviews.
The findings show that flexibility is driven primarily by uncertainty, but that occupiers do not treat it as a single concept. Instead, flexibility is understood through five interrelated dimensions: Legal, Financial, Physical, Organizational and Building Offering flexibility. Among these, Legal and Financial flexibility emerge as the dominant mechanisms through which occupiers manage risk, secure incentives and respond to changing business conditions, often through trade-offs between lease length and financial contributions. Physical flexibility is mainly understood at the level of the leased premises through layout, floor distribution, and Activity-Based Working, while Organizational and Building Offering Flexibility help occupiers absorb fluctuations in attendance and changing space requirements.
By moving beyond a building-centric view, this research contributes to an occupier and asset-level perspective of flexibility in leased office environments. It shows that flexibility is not a fixed property of the building, but a context-dependent combination of contractual, financial, spatial, organizational and service-based mechanisms shaped by business characteristics, building conditions and market context. These insights support more informed CREM decision-making for occupiers, advisors and landlords working with existing multi-tenant office stock.
The social side of adaptive reuse
The role of sociocultural aspects in adaptive reuse decision-making
Buildings are required to respond to societal challenges such as urbanisation and climate change, for which adaptive reuse poses a solution. Additionally, sociocultural aspects are regarded as more and more important. Although these sociocultural aspects are broadly recognised as relevant, little is known about their role in the adaptive reuse decision-making process of developers, and even less about the challenges they face when incorporating sociocultural aspects. The aim of this study is therefore to examine the role of sociocultural aspects in adaptive reuse decision-making, from the perspective of Dutch developers.
The research combines a literature review with semi-structured interviews with eight developers working on adaptive reuse project. Based on the literature review, six categories of sociocultural aspects were determined: accessibility, amenities, community, identity, inclusivity and urban context. Interview findings were analysed through qualitative coding and subsequently validated with seven of the interviewed developers and a participation advisor.
The findings show that sociocultural aspects are present in developers' decision-making process but decisions regarding sociocultural aspects are often made implicit, in comparison to the explicit decisions related to technical, legal and economic aspects. Identity emerged as the most influential category, guiding concept development throughout both phases, yet is consistently described as difficult to grasp. Challenges include the absence of adaptive reuse-specific legislation, the intangible nature of sociocultural criteria, inconsistent interpretations of inclusivity, and the tendency to lose focus as financial and technical concerns dominate.
In response, a six-step framework was developed to give identity a structured and visible role in the decision-making process, integrating building and neighbourhood analysis across temporal dimensions and incorporating structured resident engagement. Validated positively by practitioners, the framework offers a concrete approach to get a grasp on the identity. ...
The research combines a literature review with semi-structured interviews with eight developers working on adaptive reuse project. Based on the literature review, six categories of sociocultural aspects were determined: accessibility, amenities, community, identity, inclusivity and urban context. Interview findings were analysed through qualitative coding and subsequently validated with seven of the interviewed developers and a participation advisor.
The findings show that sociocultural aspects are present in developers' decision-making process but decisions regarding sociocultural aspects are often made implicit, in comparison to the explicit decisions related to technical, legal and economic aspects. Identity emerged as the most influential category, guiding concept development throughout both phases, yet is consistently described as difficult to grasp. Challenges include the absence of adaptive reuse-specific legislation, the intangible nature of sociocultural criteria, inconsistent interpretations of inclusivity, and the tendency to lose focus as financial and technical concerns dominate.
In response, a six-step framework was developed to give identity a structured and visible role in the decision-making process, integrating building and neighbourhood analysis across temporal dimensions and incorporating structured resident engagement. Validated positively by practitioners, the framework offers a concrete approach to get a grasp on the identity. ...
Buildings are required to respond to societal challenges such as urbanisation and climate change, for which adaptive reuse poses a solution. Additionally, sociocultural aspects are regarded as more and more important. Although these sociocultural aspects are broadly recognised as relevant, little is known about their role in the adaptive reuse decision-making process of developers, and even less about the challenges they face when incorporating sociocultural aspects. The aim of this study is therefore to examine the role of sociocultural aspects in adaptive reuse decision-making, from the perspective of Dutch developers.
The research combines a literature review with semi-structured interviews with eight developers working on adaptive reuse project. Based on the literature review, six categories of sociocultural aspects were determined: accessibility, amenities, community, identity, inclusivity and urban context. Interview findings were analysed through qualitative coding and subsequently validated with seven of the interviewed developers and a participation advisor.
The findings show that sociocultural aspects are present in developers' decision-making process but decisions regarding sociocultural aspects are often made implicit, in comparison to the explicit decisions related to technical, legal and economic aspects. Identity emerged as the most influential category, guiding concept development throughout both phases, yet is consistently described as difficult to grasp. Challenges include the absence of adaptive reuse-specific legislation, the intangible nature of sociocultural criteria, inconsistent interpretations of inclusivity, and the tendency to lose focus as financial and technical concerns dominate.
In response, a six-step framework was developed to give identity a structured and visible role in the decision-making process, integrating building and neighbourhood analysis across temporal dimensions and incorporating structured resident engagement. Validated positively by practitioners, the framework offers a concrete approach to get a grasp on the identity.
The research combines a literature review with semi-structured interviews with eight developers working on adaptive reuse project. Based on the literature review, six categories of sociocultural aspects were determined: accessibility, amenities, community, identity, inclusivity and urban context. Interview findings were analysed through qualitative coding and subsequently validated with seven of the interviewed developers and a participation advisor.
The findings show that sociocultural aspects are present in developers' decision-making process but decisions regarding sociocultural aspects are often made implicit, in comparison to the explicit decisions related to technical, legal and economic aspects. Identity emerged as the most influential category, guiding concept development throughout both phases, yet is consistently described as difficult to grasp. Challenges include the absence of adaptive reuse-specific legislation, the intangible nature of sociocultural criteria, inconsistent interpretations of inclusivity, and the tendency to lose focus as financial and technical concerns dominate.
In response, a six-step framework was developed to give identity a structured and visible role in the decision-making process, integrating building and neighbourhood analysis across temporal dimensions and incorporating structured resident engagement. Validated positively by practitioners, the framework offers a concrete approach to get a grasp on the identity.
Parameterising Participation
An explorative mixed-method approach towards the potential of parametric design within participatory practices
The persistent challenges of the Dutch housing market cannot be resolved through new built alone. Transformation is widely proposed as a complementary solution, yet procedural obstacles hinder numerous projects. Appropriate participation has the potential to address these challenges, as it correlates with public support and the risk of conflict during permit procedures. While traditional design shows limitations in incorporating participatory outcomes, parametric design presents potential to address these shortcomings. This research therefore examines under what conditions parametric design could improve participatory quality in project development.
The study employs a mixed-method empirical approach, and the IAP2 spectrum and Arnstein's ladder of participation served as analytical frameworks to conjunctively examine traditional and parametric design-based participation processes in multiple development projects addressing the broader built environment. The findings first and foremost reveal that participatory quality is not reflected by the absence of formal objections alone. Its value lies in residents adding local knowledge and feeling genuinely heard, informed and respected, aspects that can be fostered before a design even exists. The research therefore demonstrates that quality does not primarily depend on the employed design method, but on the initiator to intentionally involve residents meaningfully.
Parametric design however does present itself as the most capable instrument. It enables earlier resident involvement, bridging the gap between technical expertise and emotional experience, and addressing community concerns before fundamental decisions are fixed. This suggests it is not the design method, but the way it is implemented. Intrinsic motivation therefore remains the primary condition for participatory quality, with parametric design as its most constructive tool.
...
The study employs a mixed-method empirical approach, and the IAP2 spectrum and Arnstein's ladder of participation served as analytical frameworks to conjunctively examine traditional and parametric design-based participation processes in multiple development projects addressing the broader built environment. The findings first and foremost reveal that participatory quality is not reflected by the absence of formal objections alone. Its value lies in residents adding local knowledge and feeling genuinely heard, informed and respected, aspects that can be fostered before a design even exists. The research therefore demonstrates that quality does not primarily depend on the employed design method, but on the initiator to intentionally involve residents meaningfully.
Parametric design however does present itself as the most capable instrument. It enables earlier resident involvement, bridging the gap between technical expertise and emotional experience, and addressing community concerns before fundamental decisions are fixed. This suggests it is not the design method, but the way it is implemented. Intrinsic motivation therefore remains the primary condition for participatory quality, with parametric design as its most constructive tool.
...
The persistent challenges of the Dutch housing market cannot be resolved through new built alone. Transformation is widely proposed as a complementary solution, yet procedural obstacles hinder numerous projects. Appropriate participation has the potential to address these challenges, as it correlates with public support and the risk of conflict during permit procedures. While traditional design shows limitations in incorporating participatory outcomes, parametric design presents potential to address these shortcomings. This research therefore examines under what conditions parametric design could improve participatory quality in project development.
The study employs a mixed-method empirical approach, and the IAP2 spectrum and Arnstein's ladder of participation served as analytical frameworks to conjunctively examine traditional and parametric design-based participation processes in multiple development projects addressing the broader built environment. The findings first and foremost reveal that participatory quality is not reflected by the absence of formal objections alone. Its value lies in residents adding local knowledge and feeling genuinely heard, informed and respected, aspects that can be fostered before a design even exists. The research therefore demonstrates that quality does not primarily depend on the employed design method, but on the initiator to intentionally involve residents meaningfully.
Parametric design however does present itself as the most capable instrument. It enables earlier resident involvement, bridging the gap between technical expertise and emotional experience, and addressing community concerns before fundamental decisions are fixed. This suggests it is not the design method, but the way it is implemented. Intrinsic motivation therefore remains the primary condition for participatory quality, with parametric design as its most constructive tool.
The study employs a mixed-method empirical approach, and the IAP2 spectrum and Arnstein's ladder of participation served as analytical frameworks to conjunctively examine traditional and parametric design-based participation processes in multiple development projects addressing the broader built environment. The findings first and foremost reveal that participatory quality is not reflected by the absence of formal objections alone. Its value lies in residents adding local knowledge and feeling genuinely heard, informed and respected, aspects that can be fostered before a design even exists. The research therefore demonstrates that quality does not primarily depend on the employed design method, but on the initiator to intentionally involve residents meaningfully.
Parametric design however does present itself as the most capable instrument. It enables earlier resident involvement, bridging the gap between technical expertise and emotional experience, and addressing community concerns before fundamental decisions are fixed. This suggests it is not the design method, but the way it is implemented. Intrinsic motivation therefore remains the primary condition for participatory quality, with parametric design as its most constructive tool.
Making pops work
Sustainable governance and management for value creation in dutch cities
Privately Owned Public Spaces (POPS) are becoming increasingly prominent within Dutch urban redevelopment processes as municipalities rely more heavily on private actors to deliver publicly accessible space in contexts of densification and land scarcity (Buitelaar & Bregman, 2016; Van Melik et al., 2009). While existing POPS research primarily focuses on ownership structures, design quality, and privatisation debates, limited attention has been paid to how governance and management shape the long-term functioning and experienced quality of these spaces, especially in the Dutch context. In particular, it remains unclear which agreements and arrangements allow municipalities to protect public values once responsibility for daily operation rests largely with private actors. This thesis addresses this gap by examining how public values are embedded within the governance and management of Dutch POPS and how these arrangements relate to experienced public space quality. The study adopts a qualitative multiple-case study approach, analysing five Dutch POPS in Amsterdam and Rotterdam through semi-structured interviews, document analysis, structured observations, and user surveys. The research combines the Public Space Governance Framework (Zamanifard et al., 2018), Carmona’s (2019) place value framework, and Mehta’s (2014) Public Space Index to examine the relationships between governance mechanisms, management practices, public values, and public space quality. Public space quality is assessed through inclusiveness, meaningful activities, comfort, safety, and pleasurability. The findings demonstrate that the quality and publicness of Dutch POPS are not determined by ownership or spatial design alone, but by the extent to which public values are institutionally embedded and continuously reproduced through governance and management practices over time. Cases characterised by clear governance responsibilities, active long -term stewardship, transparent access conditions, and consistent activation strategies achieved higher levels of actualised public space quality. In contrast, fragmented governance arrangements and commercially dominant management approaches were associated with lower inclusiveness and weaker safeguarding of public values. The research further shows that management practices function as the key operational mechanism through which governance ambitions are either sustained or gradually eroded in everyday use. By linking governance, management, public values, and experienced public space quality within a single analytical framework, the study contributes to the academic debate on hybrid public space governance and provides practical insights for municipalities, developers, and asset managers seeking to safeguard public values in increasingly privatised urban environments.
...
Privately Owned Public Spaces (POPS) are becoming increasingly prominent within Dutch urban redevelopment processes as municipalities rely more heavily on private actors to deliver publicly accessible space in contexts of densification and land scarcity (Buitelaar & Bregman, 2016; Van Melik et al., 2009). While existing POPS research primarily focuses on ownership structures, design quality, and privatisation debates, limited attention has been paid to how governance and management shape the long-term functioning and experienced quality of these spaces, especially in the Dutch context. In particular, it remains unclear which agreements and arrangements allow municipalities to protect public values once responsibility for daily operation rests largely with private actors. This thesis addresses this gap by examining how public values are embedded within the governance and management of Dutch POPS and how these arrangements relate to experienced public space quality. The study adopts a qualitative multiple-case study approach, analysing five Dutch POPS in Amsterdam and Rotterdam through semi-structured interviews, document analysis, structured observations, and user surveys. The research combines the Public Space Governance Framework (Zamanifard et al., 2018), Carmona’s (2019) place value framework, and Mehta’s (2014) Public Space Index to examine the relationships between governance mechanisms, management practices, public values, and public space quality. Public space quality is assessed through inclusiveness, meaningful activities, comfort, safety, and pleasurability. The findings demonstrate that the quality and publicness of Dutch POPS are not determined by ownership or spatial design alone, but by the extent to which public values are institutionally embedded and continuously reproduced through governance and management practices over time. Cases characterised by clear governance responsibilities, active long -term stewardship, transparent access conditions, and consistent activation strategies achieved higher levels of actualised public space quality. In contrast, fragmented governance arrangements and commercially dominant management approaches were associated with lower inclusiveness and weaker safeguarding of public values. The research further shows that management practices function as the key operational mechanism through which governance ambitions are either sustained or gradually eroded in everyday use. By linking governance, management, public values, and experienced public space quality within a single analytical framework, the study contributes to the academic debate on hybrid public space governance and provides practical insights for municipalities, developers, and asset managers seeking to safeguard public values in increasingly privatised urban environments.
Abstract (Platte tekst, max. 500 woorden) - Cities and urban areas are increasingly recognised as key drivers for sustainable urban transformations (SUTs). However, progress remains slow due to complex pressures, conflicting stakeholder interests, and institutional constraints. Collaboration is essential for driving SUTs, with institutional entrepreneurs playing a crucial role in promoting institutional change and sustainable development. However, limited research has explored how institutional entrepreneurs can influence stakeholder collaborations within existing urban contexts towards SUTs. Therefore, this research addresses the question: ‘How can institutional entrepreneurs influence collaboration between stakeholders towards sustainable urban transformations?’
A qualitative research design was adopted, combining a literature review that resulted in a conceptual framework with a single case study of the Energy Hub Amsterdam Southeast, an initiative that qualifies as a SUT collaboration. Interviews with involved stakeholders revealed various barriers and enablers in the SUT collaboration, categorised around the framework’s eleven collaborative success variables and supplemented by an additional variable, the institutional context. The empirical research also identified concrete interventions that the institutional entrepreneurs, as well as externally commissioned coordinators and facilitators, can apply to address these barriers and leverage enablers, thereby creating favourable conditions for establishing the SUT.
These insights were synthesised into a set of practical guidelines, refined and validated through an expert meeting. The guidelines are intended to serve as a source of inspiration for institutional entrepreneurs, coordinators and facilitators to refine their practices, reflect on encountered barriers and enablers, assess intuition, and identify blind spots, while continuing to test, refine, and update them as a living document. The findings demonstrate that institutional entrepreneurs can influence stakeholder collaborations towards SUTs by acting as proactive visionary frontrunners, driven by their belief in the need for collective transformation, who inspire participation, align and engage stakeholders, mediate between experts and participants, safeguard the collective ambition, and maintain and strengthen trust and relationships, by use of the various interventions outlined in the guidelines. ...
A qualitative research design was adopted, combining a literature review that resulted in a conceptual framework with a single case study of the Energy Hub Amsterdam Southeast, an initiative that qualifies as a SUT collaboration. Interviews with involved stakeholders revealed various barriers and enablers in the SUT collaboration, categorised around the framework’s eleven collaborative success variables and supplemented by an additional variable, the institutional context. The empirical research also identified concrete interventions that the institutional entrepreneurs, as well as externally commissioned coordinators and facilitators, can apply to address these barriers and leverage enablers, thereby creating favourable conditions for establishing the SUT.
These insights were synthesised into a set of practical guidelines, refined and validated through an expert meeting. The guidelines are intended to serve as a source of inspiration for institutional entrepreneurs, coordinators and facilitators to refine their practices, reflect on encountered barriers and enablers, assess intuition, and identify blind spots, while continuing to test, refine, and update them as a living document. The findings demonstrate that institutional entrepreneurs can influence stakeholder collaborations towards SUTs by acting as proactive visionary frontrunners, driven by their belief in the need for collective transformation, who inspire participation, align and engage stakeholders, mediate between experts and participants, safeguard the collective ambition, and maintain and strengthen trust and relationships, by use of the various interventions outlined in the guidelines. ...
Abstract (Platte tekst, max. 500 woorden) - Cities and urban areas are increasingly recognised as key drivers for sustainable urban transformations (SUTs). However, progress remains slow due to complex pressures, conflicting stakeholder interests, and institutional constraints. Collaboration is essential for driving SUTs, with institutional entrepreneurs playing a crucial role in promoting institutional change and sustainable development. However, limited research has explored how institutional entrepreneurs can influence stakeholder collaborations within existing urban contexts towards SUTs. Therefore, this research addresses the question: ‘How can institutional entrepreneurs influence collaboration between stakeholders towards sustainable urban transformations?’
A qualitative research design was adopted, combining a literature review that resulted in a conceptual framework with a single case study of the Energy Hub Amsterdam Southeast, an initiative that qualifies as a SUT collaboration. Interviews with involved stakeholders revealed various barriers and enablers in the SUT collaboration, categorised around the framework’s eleven collaborative success variables and supplemented by an additional variable, the institutional context. The empirical research also identified concrete interventions that the institutional entrepreneurs, as well as externally commissioned coordinators and facilitators, can apply to address these barriers and leverage enablers, thereby creating favourable conditions for establishing the SUT.
These insights were synthesised into a set of practical guidelines, refined and validated through an expert meeting. The guidelines are intended to serve as a source of inspiration for institutional entrepreneurs, coordinators and facilitators to refine their practices, reflect on encountered barriers and enablers, assess intuition, and identify blind spots, while continuing to test, refine, and update them as a living document. The findings demonstrate that institutional entrepreneurs can influence stakeholder collaborations towards SUTs by acting as proactive visionary frontrunners, driven by their belief in the need for collective transformation, who inspire participation, align and engage stakeholders, mediate between experts and participants, safeguard the collective ambition, and maintain and strengthen trust and relationships, by use of the various interventions outlined in the guidelines.
A qualitative research design was adopted, combining a literature review that resulted in a conceptual framework with a single case study of the Energy Hub Amsterdam Southeast, an initiative that qualifies as a SUT collaboration. Interviews with involved stakeholders revealed various barriers and enablers in the SUT collaboration, categorised around the framework’s eleven collaborative success variables and supplemented by an additional variable, the institutional context. The empirical research also identified concrete interventions that the institutional entrepreneurs, as well as externally commissioned coordinators and facilitators, can apply to address these barriers and leverage enablers, thereby creating favourable conditions for establishing the SUT.
These insights were synthesised into a set of practical guidelines, refined and validated through an expert meeting. The guidelines are intended to serve as a source of inspiration for institutional entrepreneurs, coordinators and facilitators to refine their practices, reflect on encountered barriers and enablers, assess intuition, and identify blind spots, while continuing to test, refine, and update them as a living document. The findings demonstrate that institutional entrepreneurs can influence stakeholder collaborations towards SUTs by acting as proactive visionary frontrunners, driven by their belief in the need for collective transformation, who inspire participation, align and engage stakeholders, mediate between experts and participants, safeguard the collective ambition, and maintain and strengthen trust and relationships, by use of the various interventions outlined in the guidelines.
Finding the balance
Transformations for housing associations in the Netherlands
Despite the housing shortage in the Netherlands, one of the possible solutions -the transformations of non-residential buildings into housing- is on the decline (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 2025). Even when the office market is oversaturated (Remøy et al. 2024). At the same time the government is looking to housing associations to create the much needed affordable housing, but the housing associations struggle to find new developments (Remøy et al. 2024). Transformations of already existing buildings can be sustainable solution to that problem. Surprisingly there is a research gap on the role of housing associations regarding transformations. There is literature on both housing associations and transformations, but research is lacking on how transformations are seen by housing associations. The literature on transformations is mostly focused on for-profit development. But there are differences between housing associations and other developers. This is mostly reflected in their valuation of projects (Hoomans, 2019).
Therefore, this thesis will focus on the differences in driving values between non-profit and for-profit organisations. This study will use a qualitative research method. The instruments in this research used are interviews and an expert panel. The interviews are used to create an understanding of both the assessment process and the prioritisation of different values regarding transformation projects. The findings of the interviews are cross-analysed to find the overlapping, missing and conflicting driving values between the parties, while the focus group discussion with a heterogeneous group tests the findings of the analysis.
These results give insight in the driving values for transformations by housing associations. From this a conceptual valuation tool is presented for housing associations when considering a transformation project. Further recommendations to policymakers are also made as the driving values can be used for promoting transformations. ...
Therefore, this thesis will focus on the differences in driving values between non-profit and for-profit organisations. This study will use a qualitative research method. The instruments in this research used are interviews and an expert panel. The interviews are used to create an understanding of both the assessment process and the prioritisation of different values regarding transformation projects. The findings of the interviews are cross-analysed to find the overlapping, missing and conflicting driving values between the parties, while the focus group discussion with a heterogeneous group tests the findings of the analysis.
These results give insight in the driving values for transformations by housing associations. From this a conceptual valuation tool is presented for housing associations when considering a transformation project. Further recommendations to policymakers are also made as the driving values can be used for promoting transformations. ...
Despite the housing shortage in the Netherlands, one of the possible solutions -the transformations of non-residential buildings into housing- is on the decline (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 2025). Even when the office market is oversaturated (Remøy et al. 2024). At the same time the government is looking to housing associations to create the much needed affordable housing, but the housing associations struggle to find new developments (Remøy et al. 2024). Transformations of already existing buildings can be sustainable solution to that problem. Surprisingly there is a research gap on the role of housing associations regarding transformations. There is literature on both housing associations and transformations, but research is lacking on how transformations are seen by housing associations. The literature on transformations is mostly focused on for-profit development. But there are differences between housing associations and other developers. This is mostly reflected in their valuation of projects (Hoomans, 2019).
Therefore, this thesis will focus on the differences in driving values between non-profit and for-profit organisations. This study will use a qualitative research method. The instruments in this research used are interviews and an expert panel. The interviews are used to create an understanding of both the assessment process and the prioritisation of different values regarding transformation projects. The findings of the interviews are cross-analysed to find the overlapping, missing and conflicting driving values between the parties, while the focus group discussion with a heterogeneous group tests the findings of the analysis.
These results give insight in the driving values for transformations by housing associations. From this a conceptual valuation tool is presented for housing associations when considering a transformation project. Further recommendations to policymakers are also made as the driving values can be used for promoting transformations.
Therefore, this thesis will focus on the differences in driving values between non-profit and for-profit organisations. This study will use a qualitative research method. The instruments in this research used are interviews and an expert panel. The interviews are used to create an understanding of both the assessment process and the prioritisation of different values regarding transformation projects. The findings of the interviews are cross-analysed to find the overlapping, missing and conflicting driving values between the parties, while the focus group discussion with a heterogeneous group tests the findings of the analysis.
These results give insight in the driving values for transformations by housing associations. From this a conceptual valuation tool is presented for housing associations when considering a transformation project. Further recommendations to policymakers are also made as the driving values can be used for promoting transformations.
As Long as it Lasts
Improving the adaptive reuse process through strategy application in mixed-use areas in The Netherlands
Adaptive reuse (AR) is becoming increasingly significant within the construction sector, particularly in mixed-use urban areas where adaptation is essential to meet circular economy objectives and evolving user needs. As existing buildings are expected to undergo multiple adaptations throughout their lifecycle, the complexity of such projects continues to increase. While previous studies have explored the complexity of the AR process and identified a range of contributing factors, there remains a lack of clarity regarding the application and significance of these individual factors.
The aim of this research is to develop a set of strategies to enhance the adaptive reuse process in mixed-use areas within the Netherlands. A final list of fourteen strategies determined to be most effective is proposed. The list can function as a checklist to support clients in making informed decisions and conducting contract documents.
To address the research questions, a literature review and a two-round Delphi study is employed. The literature review establishes the theoretical foundation, examining the concepts of adaptive reuse processes, strategy, strategic management, and effectiveness. This literature study is foundational to the initial compilation of a list of strategies relevant to AR. The Delphi study engages twelve experts across two phases. In the first round, a survey is conducted to preliminarily prioritise the strategies identified in the literature, followed by semi-structured interviews to further contextualise and enrich the findings. The second round involves a second survey to validate the prioritised list and incorporate additional strategies identified during the interviews. Among the experts there are multiple stakeholders from three completed AR projects in The Netherlands, to contextualise the findings.
This research results in an enriched, prioritised, and validated set of fourteen strategies. The list provides clients in AR with guidance on which strategies are most critical, when they should be implemented, how they function within the process, and which stakeholders are involved. All information is visualised by the means of the AR process.
Ultimately, the study offers insights into the effectiveness of strategies in adaptive reuse and delivers a list of strategies, compiled to enhance clarity and decision-making for clients. This information is to be used for agreements and to compile contracts with other stakeholders of the AR project. The list’s success is contingent upon collaboration and knowledge exchange, and it holds considerable potential to support future adaptive reuse initiatives when used in conjunction with complementary resources.
...
The aim of this research is to develop a set of strategies to enhance the adaptive reuse process in mixed-use areas within the Netherlands. A final list of fourteen strategies determined to be most effective is proposed. The list can function as a checklist to support clients in making informed decisions and conducting contract documents.
To address the research questions, a literature review and a two-round Delphi study is employed. The literature review establishes the theoretical foundation, examining the concepts of adaptive reuse processes, strategy, strategic management, and effectiveness. This literature study is foundational to the initial compilation of a list of strategies relevant to AR. The Delphi study engages twelve experts across two phases. In the first round, a survey is conducted to preliminarily prioritise the strategies identified in the literature, followed by semi-structured interviews to further contextualise and enrich the findings. The second round involves a second survey to validate the prioritised list and incorporate additional strategies identified during the interviews. Among the experts there are multiple stakeholders from three completed AR projects in The Netherlands, to contextualise the findings.
This research results in an enriched, prioritised, and validated set of fourteen strategies. The list provides clients in AR with guidance on which strategies are most critical, when they should be implemented, how they function within the process, and which stakeholders are involved. All information is visualised by the means of the AR process.
Ultimately, the study offers insights into the effectiveness of strategies in adaptive reuse and delivers a list of strategies, compiled to enhance clarity and decision-making for clients. This information is to be used for agreements and to compile contracts with other stakeholders of the AR project. The list’s success is contingent upon collaboration and knowledge exchange, and it holds considerable potential to support future adaptive reuse initiatives when used in conjunction with complementary resources.
...
Adaptive reuse (AR) is becoming increasingly significant within the construction sector, particularly in mixed-use urban areas where adaptation is essential to meet circular economy objectives and evolving user needs. As existing buildings are expected to undergo multiple adaptations throughout their lifecycle, the complexity of such projects continues to increase. While previous studies have explored the complexity of the AR process and identified a range of contributing factors, there remains a lack of clarity regarding the application and significance of these individual factors.
The aim of this research is to develop a set of strategies to enhance the adaptive reuse process in mixed-use areas within the Netherlands. A final list of fourteen strategies determined to be most effective is proposed. The list can function as a checklist to support clients in making informed decisions and conducting contract documents.
To address the research questions, a literature review and a two-round Delphi study is employed. The literature review establishes the theoretical foundation, examining the concepts of adaptive reuse processes, strategy, strategic management, and effectiveness. This literature study is foundational to the initial compilation of a list of strategies relevant to AR. The Delphi study engages twelve experts across two phases. In the first round, a survey is conducted to preliminarily prioritise the strategies identified in the literature, followed by semi-structured interviews to further contextualise and enrich the findings. The second round involves a second survey to validate the prioritised list and incorporate additional strategies identified during the interviews. Among the experts there are multiple stakeholders from three completed AR projects in The Netherlands, to contextualise the findings.
This research results in an enriched, prioritised, and validated set of fourteen strategies. The list provides clients in AR with guidance on which strategies are most critical, when they should be implemented, how they function within the process, and which stakeholders are involved. All information is visualised by the means of the AR process.
Ultimately, the study offers insights into the effectiveness of strategies in adaptive reuse and delivers a list of strategies, compiled to enhance clarity and decision-making for clients. This information is to be used for agreements and to compile contracts with other stakeholders of the AR project. The list’s success is contingent upon collaboration and knowledge exchange, and it holds considerable potential to support future adaptive reuse initiatives when used in conjunction with complementary resources.
The aim of this research is to develop a set of strategies to enhance the adaptive reuse process in mixed-use areas within the Netherlands. A final list of fourteen strategies determined to be most effective is proposed. The list can function as a checklist to support clients in making informed decisions and conducting contract documents.
To address the research questions, a literature review and a two-round Delphi study is employed. The literature review establishes the theoretical foundation, examining the concepts of adaptive reuse processes, strategy, strategic management, and effectiveness. This literature study is foundational to the initial compilation of a list of strategies relevant to AR. The Delphi study engages twelve experts across two phases. In the first round, a survey is conducted to preliminarily prioritise the strategies identified in the literature, followed by semi-structured interviews to further contextualise and enrich the findings. The second round involves a second survey to validate the prioritised list and incorporate additional strategies identified during the interviews. Among the experts there are multiple stakeholders from three completed AR projects in The Netherlands, to contextualise the findings.
This research results in an enriched, prioritised, and validated set of fourteen strategies. The list provides clients in AR with guidance on which strategies are most critical, when they should be implemented, how they function within the process, and which stakeholders are involved. All information is visualised by the means of the AR process.
Ultimately, the study offers insights into the effectiveness of strategies in adaptive reuse and delivers a list of strategies, compiled to enhance clarity and decision-making for clients. This information is to be used for agreements and to compile contracts with other stakeholders of the AR project. The list’s success is contingent upon collaboration and knowledge exchange, and it holds considerable potential to support future adaptive reuse initiatives when used in conjunction with complementary resources.
CoLab Milan
Public Library as a Platform for Collective Creation
The Collaborative Library is a civic space for everyone, a place where individual growth contributes to collective well-being. This development is never solitary; it unfolds with and through others, by collaborating, learning from one another, and being seen.
Architecturally, this idea is expressed through visibility: open sightlines, layered spatial connections, and the transparent character of the building. The exposure of creative work further enhances this openness, allowing users to see and be inspired by the work of others.
In this way, the design encourages communities to actively participate and engage with the Collaborative Library as a shared space of learning, creation, and belonging. ...
Architecturally, this idea is expressed through visibility: open sightlines, layered spatial connections, and the transparent character of the building. The exposure of creative work further enhances this openness, allowing users to see and be inspired by the work of others.
In this way, the design encourages communities to actively participate and engage with the Collaborative Library as a shared space of learning, creation, and belonging. ...
The Collaborative Library is a civic space for everyone, a place where individual growth contributes to collective well-being. This development is never solitary; it unfolds with and through others, by collaborating, learning from one another, and being seen.
Architecturally, this idea is expressed through visibility: open sightlines, layered spatial connections, and the transparent character of the building. The exposure of creative work further enhances this openness, allowing users to see and be inspired by the work of others.
In this way, the design encourages communities to actively participate and engage with the Collaborative Library as a shared space of learning, creation, and belonging.
Architecturally, this idea is expressed through visibility: open sightlines, layered spatial connections, and the transparent character of the building. The exposure of creative work further enhances this openness, allowing users to see and be inspired by the work of others.
In this way, the design encourages communities to actively participate and engage with the Collaborative Library as a shared space of learning, creation, and belonging.
Circular construction as a strategic answer?
The role of flexibility and remountability in the IFR construction method for making Defense real estate future-proof
The strategic management of real estate portfolios has become increasingly complex due to global challenges such as climate change, scarcity of raw materials, and changing organizational needs. For large-scale portfolios, such as those of the Ministry of Defense (MvD), these challenges are increased by strict operational requirements, financial constraints, and sustainability objectives. This thesis examines the role of the IFR construction method as a tool to enhance the flexibility and resilience of large-scale real estate portfolios.
The research follows a qualitative, exploratory approach. The central question is: To what extent does the F(lexibility) and R(emountability) in the IFR construction method provide a solution to the challenges of Defense real estate, such as political and economic fluctuations and increasing sustainability requirements? Interviews revealed that “flexibility” is treated as a broad, complex, and often ambiguous concept, lacking a shared definition among advisors, managers, and needs assessors.
Semi-structured interviews with stakeholders within the Rijksvastgoedbedrijf (RVB) and the Ministry of Defense (MvD) form the core of the data collection. It appears that ‘flexibility’ is interpreted much broader and more complex in practice than the original hypothesis suggested, ranging from product-focused physical adaptability to process-oriented standardization and rapid operational reconfiguration. This diversity exposed a clear gap between strategic ambition and practical implementation.
These insights have led to a reorientation of the literature study and the development of a new conceptual framework that maps the different dimensions of flexibility in relation to portfolio management. The framework places emphasis on the physical adaptability of buildings as a prerequisite for strategic flexibility, while showing that organizational capacity and TCO-based management are essential to unlock real value.
This framework is tested in a focus group to validate its applicability and relevance. The results not only provide a better understanding of the role of F and R in Defense real estate, demonstrating how IFR can offer strategic advantages in cost control, adaptive capacity, and material reuse, but also guide how circular building principles can be strategically employed in response to political, economic, and sustainability challenges. The study highlights that long-term benefits, financial resilience, operational response, and reduced material waste, emerge only when physical flexibility is paired with agile organizational structures and clear strategic vision.
The findings underscore the crucial role of circular building in achieving long-term resilience in real estate portfolios. Ultimately, the research shows that the strategic value of remountable construction depends not merely on flexible building design, but on integrated portfolio governance that embeds flexibility at organizational, process, and product levels.
This thesis contributes to the broader concept of circular economy by demonstrating how circularity can transform real estate management into a strategic instrument for resilience and sustainability. ...
The research follows a qualitative, exploratory approach. The central question is: To what extent does the F(lexibility) and R(emountability) in the IFR construction method provide a solution to the challenges of Defense real estate, such as political and economic fluctuations and increasing sustainability requirements? Interviews revealed that “flexibility” is treated as a broad, complex, and often ambiguous concept, lacking a shared definition among advisors, managers, and needs assessors.
Semi-structured interviews with stakeholders within the Rijksvastgoedbedrijf (RVB) and the Ministry of Defense (MvD) form the core of the data collection. It appears that ‘flexibility’ is interpreted much broader and more complex in practice than the original hypothesis suggested, ranging from product-focused physical adaptability to process-oriented standardization and rapid operational reconfiguration. This diversity exposed a clear gap between strategic ambition and practical implementation.
These insights have led to a reorientation of the literature study and the development of a new conceptual framework that maps the different dimensions of flexibility in relation to portfolio management. The framework places emphasis on the physical adaptability of buildings as a prerequisite for strategic flexibility, while showing that organizational capacity and TCO-based management are essential to unlock real value.
This framework is tested in a focus group to validate its applicability and relevance. The results not only provide a better understanding of the role of F and R in Defense real estate, demonstrating how IFR can offer strategic advantages in cost control, adaptive capacity, and material reuse, but also guide how circular building principles can be strategically employed in response to political, economic, and sustainability challenges. The study highlights that long-term benefits, financial resilience, operational response, and reduced material waste, emerge only when physical flexibility is paired with agile organizational structures and clear strategic vision.
The findings underscore the crucial role of circular building in achieving long-term resilience in real estate portfolios. Ultimately, the research shows that the strategic value of remountable construction depends not merely on flexible building design, but on integrated portfolio governance that embeds flexibility at organizational, process, and product levels.
This thesis contributes to the broader concept of circular economy by demonstrating how circularity can transform real estate management into a strategic instrument for resilience and sustainability. ...
The strategic management of real estate portfolios has become increasingly complex due to global challenges such as climate change, scarcity of raw materials, and changing organizational needs. For large-scale portfolios, such as those of the Ministry of Defense (MvD), these challenges are increased by strict operational requirements, financial constraints, and sustainability objectives. This thesis examines the role of the IFR construction method as a tool to enhance the flexibility and resilience of large-scale real estate portfolios.
The research follows a qualitative, exploratory approach. The central question is: To what extent does the F(lexibility) and R(emountability) in the IFR construction method provide a solution to the challenges of Defense real estate, such as political and economic fluctuations and increasing sustainability requirements? Interviews revealed that “flexibility” is treated as a broad, complex, and often ambiguous concept, lacking a shared definition among advisors, managers, and needs assessors.
Semi-structured interviews with stakeholders within the Rijksvastgoedbedrijf (RVB) and the Ministry of Defense (MvD) form the core of the data collection. It appears that ‘flexibility’ is interpreted much broader and more complex in practice than the original hypothesis suggested, ranging from product-focused physical adaptability to process-oriented standardization and rapid operational reconfiguration. This diversity exposed a clear gap between strategic ambition and practical implementation.
These insights have led to a reorientation of the literature study and the development of a new conceptual framework that maps the different dimensions of flexibility in relation to portfolio management. The framework places emphasis on the physical adaptability of buildings as a prerequisite for strategic flexibility, while showing that organizational capacity and TCO-based management are essential to unlock real value.
This framework is tested in a focus group to validate its applicability and relevance. The results not only provide a better understanding of the role of F and R in Defense real estate, demonstrating how IFR can offer strategic advantages in cost control, adaptive capacity, and material reuse, but also guide how circular building principles can be strategically employed in response to political, economic, and sustainability challenges. The study highlights that long-term benefits, financial resilience, operational response, and reduced material waste, emerge only when physical flexibility is paired with agile organizational structures and clear strategic vision.
The findings underscore the crucial role of circular building in achieving long-term resilience in real estate portfolios. Ultimately, the research shows that the strategic value of remountable construction depends not merely on flexible building design, but on integrated portfolio governance that embeds flexibility at organizational, process, and product levels.
This thesis contributes to the broader concept of circular economy by demonstrating how circularity can transform real estate management into a strategic instrument for resilience and sustainability.
The research follows a qualitative, exploratory approach. The central question is: To what extent does the F(lexibility) and R(emountability) in the IFR construction method provide a solution to the challenges of Defense real estate, such as political and economic fluctuations and increasing sustainability requirements? Interviews revealed that “flexibility” is treated as a broad, complex, and often ambiguous concept, lacking a shared definition among advisors, managers, and needs assessors.
Semi-structured interviews with stakeholders within the Rijksvastgoedbedrijf (RVB) and the Ministry of Defense (MvD) form the core of the data collection. It appears that ‘flexibility’ is interpreted much broader and more complex in practice than the original hypothesis suggested, ranging from product-focused physical adaptability to process-oriented standardization and rapid operational reconfiguration. This diversity exposed a clear gap between strategic ambition and practical implementation.
These insights have led to a reorientation of the literature study and the development of a new conceptual framework that maps the different dimensions of flexibility in relation to portfolio management. The framework places emphasis on the physical adaptability of buildings as a prerequisite for strategic flexibility, while showing that organizational capacity and TCO-based management are essential to unlock real value.
This framework is tested in a focus group to validate its applicability and relevance. The results not only provide a better understanding of the role of F and R in Defense real estate, demonstrating how IFR can offer strategic advantages in cost control, adaptive capacity, and material reuse, but also guide how circular building principles can be strategically employed in response to political, economic, and sustainability challenges. The study highlights that long-term benefits, financial resilience, operational response, and reduced material waste, emerge only when physical flexibility is paired with agile organizational structures and clear strategic vision.
The findings underscore the crucial role of circular building in achieving long-term resilience in real estate portfolios. Ultimately, the research shows that the strategic value of remountable construction depends not merely on flexible building design, but on integrated portfolio governance that embeds flexibility at organizational, process, and product levels.
This thesis contributes to the broader concept of circular economy by demonstrating how circularity can transform real estate management into a strategic instrument for resilience and sustainability.
Since the financial crisis of 2008, National Statistical Institutes (NSIs) have worked to develop commercial real estate (CRE) indicators for official statistics. These indicators are considered essential in financial stability monitoring and may help contain the consequences of future crises or even prevent future crises. However, progress at NSIs to develop these indicators has been slow due to challenges like low observation numbers and high heterogeneity. This dissertation addresses these challenges by exploring data issues and suggesting methodological improvements.
The first three studies focus on data challenges regarding share deals and portfolio sales. Both are real estate trading constructions that are specific to CRE. The results show that share deals and portfolio sales significantly differ from the rest of the market. Therefore, under specific circumstances, CRE indicators could benefit from including these trading types. The final two studies focus on methodological challenges regarding index construction methods and the role of sustainability in real estate pricing. The results show that, by combining established techniques, it is possible to construct price indices that meet official statistics’ standards. Furthermore, the results uncover a complex relationship between sustainability and prices: while energy efficiency generally involves price premiums, others aspects like health and environment display a discount for low sustainable properties.
Overall, this dissertation contributes to the legislative framework that is currently being developed for EU countries to publish official statistics for commercial real estate and adds to the academic discussion by presenting innovative techniques for data analyses and index construction. ...
The first three studies focus on data challenges regarding share deals and portfolio sales. Both are real estate trading constructions that are specific to CRE. The results show that share deals and portfolio sales significantly differ from the rest of the market. Therefore, under specific circumstances, CRE indicators could benefit from including these trading types. The final two studies focus on methodological challenges regarding index construction methods and the role of sustainability in real estate pricing. The results show that, by combining established techniques, it is possible to construct price indices that meet official statistics’ standards. Furthermore, the results uncover a complex relationship between sustainability and prices: while energy efficiency generally involves price premiums, others aspects like health and environment display a discount for low sustainable properties.
Overall, this dissertation contributes to the legislative framework that is currently being developed for EU countries to publish official statistics for commercial real estate and adds to the academic discussion by presenting innovative techniques for data analyses and index construction. ...
Since the financial crisis of 2008, National Statistical Institutes (NSIs) have worked to develop commercial real estate (CRE) indicators for official statistics. These indicators are considered essential in financial stability monitoring and may help contain the consequences of future crises or even prevent future crises. However, progress at NSIs to develop these indicators has been slow due to challenges like low observation numbers and high heterogeneity. This dissertation addresses these challenges by exploring data issues and suggesting methodological improvements.
The first three studies focus on data challenges regarding share deals and portfolio sales. Both are real estate trading constructions that are specific to CRE. The results show that share deals and portfolio sales significantly differ from the rest of the market. Therefore, under specific circumstances, CRE indicators could benefit from including these trading types. The final two studies focus on methodological challenges regarding index construction methods and the role of sustainability in real estate pricing. The results show that, by combining established techniques, it is possible to construct price indices that meet official statistics’ standards. Furthermore, the results uncover a complex relationship between sustainability and prices: while energy efficiency generally involves price premiums, others aspects like health and environment display a discount for low sustainable properties.
Overall, this dissertation contributes to the legislative framework that is currently being developed for EU countries to publish official statistics for commercial real estate and adds to the academic discussion by presenting innovative techniques for data analyses and index construction.
The first three studies focus on data challenges regarding share deals and portfolio sales. Both are real estate trading constructions that are specific to CRE. The results show that share deals and portfolio sales significantly differ from the rest of the market. Therefore, under specific circumstances, CRE indicators could benefit from including these trading types. The final two studies focus on methodological challenges regarding index construction methods and the role of sustainability in real estate pricing. The results show that, by combining established techniques, it is possible to construct price indices that meet official statistics’ standards. Furthermore, the results uncover a complex relationship between sustainability and prices: while energy efficiency generally involves price premiums, others aspects like health and environment display a discount for low sustainable properties.
Overall, this dissertation contributes to the legislative framework that is currently being developed for EU countries to publish official statistics for commercial real estate and adds to the academic discussion by presenting innovative techniques for data analyses and index construction.
Circular and Adaptable Building Transformation
Reconceptualization, Practice Exploration, Framework Co‑Development and Implementation
Existing buildings are changing assets, altered in response to various external or internal triggers for change. Often, change can occur in the form of adaptive reuse – also known as building transformation. Therefore, promoting adaptability in transformation is necessary to cope with the inevitability of building changes. Building transformation is considered an effective practice contributing to the circular economy (CE) and building adaptability as a prerequisite for circular design. However, previous research pointed out that building stakeholders lack knowledge about the alignment between CE and adaptive reuse.
This study aims to provide building and real estate practitioners with a guiding framework for promoting circularity and adaptability in adaptive reuse projects. A quadrant research design was used in this study to develop and apply the framework in practice. The four components of this research are four stepwise studies, namely theoretical – an integrative literature review, empirical – multiple case studies, participatory – framework co-development, and actionable – framework implementation.
First, the integrative literature review contributed to theoretically conceptualizing the underlying concept of this research – the circular building adaptability (CBA), which brings together circularity and adaptability. Second, the multiple case studies contributed to extracting lessons learned about applicable CBA strategies in adaptive reuse and their enabling and inhibiting factors. Third, the participatory study contributed to co-developing a descriptive framework for CBA in adaptive reuse (CBA-AR). Finally, the action research study contributed to testing and improving the usability and effectiveness of the CBA-AR framework based on observing, acting, and reflecting on a case project.
...
This study aims to provide building and real estate practitioners with a guiding framework for promoting circularity and adaptability in adaptive reuse projects. A quadrant research design was used in this study to develop and apply the framework in practice. The four components of this research are four stepwise studies, namely theoretical – an integrative literature review, empirical – multiple case studies, participatory – framework co-development, and actionable – framework implementation.
First, the integrative literature review contributed to theoretically conceptualizing the underlying concept of this research – the circular building adaptability (CBA), which brings together circularity and adaptability. Second, the multiple case studies contributed to extracting lessons learned about applicable CBA strategies in adaptive reuse and their enabling and inhibiting factors. Third, the participatory study contributed to co-developing a descriptive framework for CBA in adaptive reuse (CBA-AR). Finally, the action research study contributed to testing and improving the usability and effectiveness of the CBA-AR framework based on observing, acting, and reflecting on a case project.
...
Existing buildings are changing assets, altered in response to various external or internal triggers for change. Often, change can occur in the form of adaptive reuse – also known as building transformation. Therefore, promoting adaptability in transformation is necessary to cope with the inevitability of building changes. Building transformation is considered an effective practice contributing to the circular economy (CE) and building adaptability as a prerequisite for circular design. However, previous research pointed out that building stakeholders lack knowledge about the alignment between CE and adaptive reuse.
This study aims to provide building and real estate practitioners with a guiding framework for promoting circularity and adaptability in adaptive reuse projects. A quadrant research design was used in this study to develop and apply the framework in practice. The four components of this research are four stepwise studies, namely theoretical – an integrative literature review, empirical – multiple case studies, participatory – framework co-development, and actionable – framework implementation.
First, the integrative literature review contributed to theoretically conceptualizing the underlying concept of this research – the circular building adaptability (CBA), which brings together circularity and adaptability. Second, the multiple case studies contributed to extracting lessons learned about applicable CBA strategies in adaptive reuse and their enabling and inhibiting factors. Third, the participatory study contributed to co-developing a descriptive framework for CBA in adaptive reuse (CBA-AR). Finally, the action research study contributed to testing and improving the usability and effectiveness of the CBA-AR framework based on observing, acting, and reflecting on a case project.
This study aims to provide building and real estate practitioners with a guiding framework for promoting circularity and adaptability in adaptive reuse projects. A quadrant research design was used in this study to develop and apply the framework in practice. The four components of this research are four stepwise studies, namely theoretical – an integrative literature review, empirical – multiple case studies, participatory – framework co-development, and actionable – framework implementation.
First, the integrative literature review contributed to theoretically conceptualizing the underlying concept of this research – the circular building adaptability (CBA), which brings together circularity and adaptability. Second, the multiple case studies contributed to extracting lessons learned about applicable CBA strategies in adaptive reuse and their enabling and inhibiting factors. Third, the participatory study contributed to co-developing a descriptive framework for CBA in adaptive reuse (CBA-AR). Finally, the action research study contributed to testing and improving the usability and effectiveness of the CBA-AR framework based on observing, acting, and reflecting on a case project.
Bridging the fit-out gap
Exploring the relationship between tenants and landlords to enable circular practices in office buildings
Sustainable development faces substantial challenges, with the built environment emerging as a major contributor to resource consumption. Office retrofitting, commonly known as changing the office fit out, is a common process in corporate real estate and accentuates these challenges due to its linear model of extraction, production, consumption, and disposal of building materials. This model leads to considerable waste and greenhouse gas emissions. This research examines the inefficiencies of the current linear model and explores transitioning to a circular office fit-out, which aims to minimise resource use and waste. The study focuses on the tenant-landlord relationship in corporate real estate, as these stakeholders are crucial for enabling circular fit-outs. The research question addressed is: “How can the tenant-landlord relationship facilitate the process from a traditional to a circular fit-out in office buildings?” Mixed methods, including literature review, case study documentation, and interviews, were used. What was found was that the relationship can enable circular practices if the stakeholders show positive behaviour, expertise, commitment, share information and communicate well, have a promoting business strategy around the fit-out product, and are pushed by society. Furthermore, the lease agreement showed to be crucial, and could enable circular practices even more than the actual fit-out design. Although these mentioned relationship determinants and arrangements are important, the research showed it is important to recognise the stakeholders individual responsibility towards circular practices. The research concludes with recommendations towards each stakeholder.
...
Sustainable development faces substantial challenges, with the built environment emerging as a major contributor to resource consumption. Office retrofitting, commonly known as changing the office fit out, is a common process in corporate real estate and accentuates these challenges due to its linear model of extraction, production, consumption, and disposal of building materials. This model leads to considerable waste and greenhouse gas emissions. This research examines the inefficiencies of the current linear model and explores transitioning to a circular office fit-out, which aims to minimise resource use and waste. The study focuses on the tenant-landlord relationship in corporate real estate, as these stakeholders are crucial for enabling circular fit-outs. The research question addressed is: “How can the tenant-landlord relationship facilitate the process from a traditional to a circular fit-out in office buildings?” Mixed methods, including literature review, case study documentation, and interviews, were used. What was found was that the relationship can enable circular practices if the stakeholders show positive behaviour, expertise, commitment, share information and communicate well, have a promoting business strategy around the fit-out product, and are pushed by society. Furthermore, the lease agreement showed to be crucial, and could enable circular practices even more than the actual fit-out design. Although these mentioned relationship determinants and arrangements are important, the research showed it is important to recognise the stakeholders individual responsibility towards circular practices. The research concludes with recommendations towards each stakeholder.
Investing in change
Exploring the financial feasibility of convertible office buildings
This research investigates the financial feasibility of the design of new office buildings for future residential conversion in response to rising office vacancy rates (8%) and a housing shortage of approximately 400,500 homes in the Netherlands. Conversion is understood as the transformation of a building's function while preserving its structure, offering potential cost, time, and environmental benefits. However, the technical, functional, and legal challenges of converting existing buildings complicate their conversion. Although most buildings will require adaptation in the future, designing specifically for conversion remains uncommon due to financial uncertainties.
Existing research has explored the technical and functional aspects of convertible buildings, but little attention has been given to the financial feasibility of the design of buildings with future conversion potential. This gap limits investors' ability to assess whether convertible building designs offer financial advantages. This research aims to bridge that gap by evaluating the associated costs and benefits of the design of convertible buildings and their impact on financial feasibility.
The findings suggest that while convertible buildings require higher initial investments – due to enhanced structural features and design costs – they significantly lower long-term vacancy risks, improving rental income potential and allowing for favourable financing conditions. Sustainability benefits may also yield premiums that enhance property values and reduce tax liabilities, though their realisation is debated. The convertible design approach permits a lower discount rate, mitigating the time value of money effects on future cash flows. Financial feasibility does not solely depend on whether a building is converted; most factors remain relevant regardless of if the conversion actually takes place. The research concludes that designing for convertibility reduces long-term risks and enhances flexibility in adapting to market changes, though its financial feasibility varies based on market conditions and investor profiles.
This exploratory qualitative research contributes to filling a knowledge gap in the financial aspects of convertible building design, offering insights for investors, developers, and owners of office properties. It makes use of literature review, interviews with different stakeholders and a sensitivity analysis in form of a DCF model. The generalisability and validity of the findings may be limited because of its geographic focus on the Dutch market, the qualitative nature of data collection, and reliance on assumptions in the sensitivity analysis. ...
Existing research has explored the technical and functional aspects of convertible buildings, but little attention has been given to the financial feasibility of the design of buildings with future conversion potential. This gap limits investors' ability to assess whether convertible building designs offer financial advantages. This research aims to bridge that gap by evaluating the associated costs and benefits of the design of convertible buildings and their impact on financial feasibility.
The findings suggest that while convertible buildings require higher initial investments – due to enhanced structural features and design costs – they significantly lower long-term vacancy risks, improving rental income potential and allowing for favourable financing conditions. Sustainability benefits may also yield premiums that enhance property values and reduce tax liabilities, though their realisation is debated. The convertible design approach permits a lower discount rate, mitigating the time value of money effects on future cash flows. Financial feasibility does not solely depend on whether a building is converted; most factors remain relevant regardless of if the conversion actually takes place. The research concludes that designing for convertibility reduces long-term risks and enhances flexibility in adapting to market changes, though its financial feasibility varies based on market conditions and investor profiles.
This exploratory qualitative research contributes to filling a knowledge gap in the financial aspects of convertible building design, offering insights for investors, developers, and owners of office properties. It makes use of literature review, interviews with different stakeholders and a sensitivity analysis in form of a DCF model. The generalisability and validity of the findings may be limited because of its geographic focus on the Dutch market, the qualitative nature of data collection, and reliance on assumptions in the sensitivity analysis. ...
This research investigates the financial feasibility of the design of new office buildings for future residential conversion in response to rising office vacancy rates (8%) and a housing shortage of approximately 400,500 homes in the Netherlands. Conversion is understood as the transformation of a building's function while preserving its structure, offering potential cost, time, and environmental benefits. However, the technical, functional, and legal challenges of converting existing buildings complicate their conversion. Although most buildings will require adaptation in the future, designing specifically for conversion remains uncommon due to financial uncertainties.
Existing research has explored the technical and functional aspects of convertible buildings, but little attention has been given to the financial feasibility of the design of buildings with future conversion potential. This gap limits investors' ability to assess whether convertible building designs offer financial advantages. This research aims to bridge that gap by evaluating the associated costs and benefits of the design of convertible buildings and their impact on financial feasibility.
The findings suggest that while convertible buildings require higher initial investments – due to enhanced structural features and design costs – they significantly lower long-term vacancy risks, improving rental income potential and allowing for favourable financing conditions. Sustainability benefits may also yield premiums that enhance property values and reduce tax liabilities, though their realisation is debated. The convertible design approach permits a lower discount rate, mitigating the time value of money effects on future cash flows. Financial feasibility does not solely depend on whether a building is converted; most factors remain relevant regardless of if the conversion actually takes place. The research concludes that designing for convertibility reduces long-term risks and enhances flexibility in adapting to market changes, though its financial feasibility varies based on market conditions and investor profiles.
This exploratory qualitative research contributes to filling a knowledge gap in the financial aspects of convertible building design, offering insights for investors, developers, and owners of office properties. It makes use of literature review, interviews with different stakeholders and a sensitivity analysis in form of a DCF model. The generalisability and validity of the findings may be limited because of its geographic focus on the Dutch market, the qualitative nature of data collection, and reliance on assumptions in the sensitivity analysis.
Existing research has explored the technical and functional aspects of convertible buildings, but little attention has been given to the financial feasibility of the design of buildings with future conversion potential. This gap limits investors' ability to assess whether convertible building designs offer financial advantages. This research aims to bridge that gap by evaluating the associated costs and benefits of the design of convertible buildings and their impact on financial feasibility.
The findings suggest that while convertible buildings require higher initial investments – due to enhanced structural features and design costs – they significantly lower long-term vacancy risks, improving rental income potential and allowing for favourable financing conditions. Sustainability benefits may also yield premiums that enhance property values and reduce tax liabilities, though their realisation is debated. The convertible design approach permits a lower discount rate, mitigating the time value of money effects on future cash flows. Financial feasibility does not solely depend on whether a building is converted; most factors remain relevant regardless of if the conversion actually takes place. The research concludes that designing for convertibility reduces long-term risks and enhances flexibility in adapting to market changes, though its financial feasibility varies based on market conditions and investor profiles.
This exploratory qualitative research contributes to filling a knowledge gap in the financial aspects of convertible building design, offering insights for investors, developers, and owners of office properties. It makes use of literature review, interviews with different stakeholders and a sensitivity analysis in form of a DCF model. The generalisability and validity of the findings may be limited because of its geographic focus on the Dutch market, the qualitative nature of data collection, and reliance on assumptions in the sensitivity analysis.
Sufficient housing supply is one of the most significant issues in the Dutch housing market. The Dutch government aims to realise 15.000 dwellings a year by transforming vacant commercial real estate. However, a discrepancy can be noted between the number of buildings that developers have been willing to transform in the past decade and what the Dutch government deems feasible regarding the transformation of commercial real estate going into the future - a transformation dip. Next to that, office buildings with an energy label worse than C are not allowed to be used as office buildings anymore in 2023 unless they are renovated. This forms an interesting starting point as building owners are required to reassess the potential of the building and choose between different strategies, such as transformation, to prolong the lifespan. Thus, the goal of this thesis is to explore possibilities for bridging the gap between the number of buildings transformed annually on a national scale and the public transformation goals by applying a tool-the Conversion Meter- which aims to locate potential buildings in a city and asses their conversion potential. The Dutch city of The Hague is chosen as a case to apply this method, and the office stock with an energy label worse than C is chosen for the population. The following research question is answered during this thesis: To what extent can the number of office-to-housing conversions in the Netherlands be increased to meet the public goal of realising 15.000 dwellings through transformation a year? Buildings were selected out of an online real estate database using a set of preselected filters- office building in The Hague, with a minimum size of 3000m², not a listed monument and an energy label worse than C. 26 buildings were analysed, and it was determined that approximately 43% of the buildings analysed have a transformation potential based on the results of the Conversion Meter (9 out of 21 buildings-5 buildings discounted) and approximately 29% was deemed to have transformation potential based on the results of the Conversion Meter and the discussions with the expert panel (6 out of 21 buildings). In The Hague, more buildings could be found if smaller buildings are assessed too, as most of the buildings predicted to become economically obsolete (buildings energy label G) are smaller than 500m². Next to that, the normative approach of the Conversion Meter now discriminates against buildings in business parks due to a lack of facilities and location. However, as cities expand, some business parks have become engulfed by the city. The Binckhorst in The Hague is an example of a business park that will be transformed into a mixed-use area where buildings are found. Areas like these in cities provide great opportunities for adding more dwellings through transformation.
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Sufficient housing supply is one of the most significant issues in the Dutch housing market. The Dutch government aims to realise 15.000 dwellings a year by transforming vacant commercial real estate. However, a discrepancy can be noted between the number of buildings that developers have been willing to transform in the past decade and what the Dutch government deems feasible regarding the transformation of commercial real estate going into the future - a transformation dip. Next to that, office buildings with an energy label worse than C are not allowed to be used as office buildings anymore in 2023 unless they are renovated. This forms an interesting starting point as building owners are required to reassess the potential of the building and choose between different strategies, such as transformation, to prolong the lifespan. Thus, the goal of this thesis is to explore possibilities for bridging the gap between the number of buildings transformed annually on a national scale and the public transformation goals by applying a tool-the Conversion Meter- which aims to locate potential buildings in a city and asses their conversion potential. The Dutch city of The Hague is chosen as a case to apply this method, and the office stock with an energy label worse than C is chosen for the population. The following research question is answered during this thesis: To what extent can the number of office-to-housing conversions in the Netherlands be increased to meet the public goal of realising 15.000 dwellings through transformation a year? Buildings were selected out of an online real estate database using a set of preselected filters- office building in The Hague, with a minimum size of 3000m², not a listed monument and an energy label worse than C. 26 buildings were analysed, and it was determined that approximately 43% of the buildings analysed have a transformation potential based on the results of the Conversion Meter (9 out of 21 buildings-5 buildings discounted) and approximately 29% was deemed to have transformation potential based on the results of the Conversion Meter and the discussions with the expert panel (6 out of 21 buildings). In The Hague, more buildings could be found if smaller buildings are assessed too, as most of the buildings predicted to become economically obsolete (buildings energy label G) are smaller than 500m². Next to that, the normative approach of the Conversion Meter now discriminates against buildings in business parks due to a lack of facilities and location. However, as cities expand, some business parks have become engulfed by the city. The Binckhorst in The Hague is an example of a business park that will be transformed into a mixed-use area where buildings are found. Areas like these in cities provide great opportunities for adding more dwellings through transformation.
The implementation of adaptability as a tool for future proof buildings in the Netherlands
An action plan for clients to influence the implementation of adaptability in development projects
We have to change. We have to take a second look at our daily patterns. The construction sector is responsible for 36% of the world’s final energy use and 39% of energy and process-related carbon dioxide emission (IEA, 2019). 30% of this emission is due to building construction. Therefore, it is important to start to limit the carbon emission from construction processes. An efficient and sustainable way to limit the emissions is to develop buildings that are adaptable to any function or user, with the least effort and minor transformations to the building. Additionally, according to Manewa et al. (2016) buildings are continuously confronted with internal and external environmental changes to which they must respond. Those changes happen unpredictably and with many uncertainties. Buildings that are not able to react to those changes will be prematurely obsoleted, require extensive transformations, or need to be demolished, neither of which will result in a built environment that is sustainable (Manewa et al., 2016). Therefore, by not being able to adapt to the changing society and future demands, we are not building to last.
Even though several strategies have been developed and research has been conducted on the concept of adaptability, the transition from knowledge to implementation seems out of reach. Those studies mainly focus on the implementation of adaptability on the building level and not on the building as a “life cycle process”. Only a number of books and studies also examine the cooperation of the various parties in developing the proposed strategies. From this problem statement, the following research question is formulated: “What are the criteria for developing an adaptable building, and how can clients influence the implementation of these criteria in development projects?”. To answer this question, a literature review is conducted from which a list of adaptability criteria is developed. Additionally, the criteria are compared to existing Dutch cases through a case study with a cross-case analysis, and the roles and influences of parties involved in the development of adaptable buildings are established through interviews. The findings from the empirical research are used to develop an action plan which is validated by an expert panel. The action plan can be used by clients or other stakeholders as a guideline for developing adaptable buildings in the Netherlands. It can also be used to motivate and inspire other stakeholders or to start the discussion about the concept, and develop a more sustainable built environment. ...
Even though several strategies have been developed and research has been conducted on the concept of adaptability, the transition from knowledge to implementation seems out of reach. Those studies mainly focus on the implementation of adaptability on the building level and not on the building as a “life cycle process”. Only a number of books and studies also examine the cooperation of the various parties in developing the proposed strategies. From this problem statement, the following research question is formulated: “What are the criteria for developing an adaptable building, and how can clients influence the implementation of these criteria in development projects?”. To answer this question, a literature review is conducted from which a list of adaptability criteria is developed. Additionally, the criteria are compared to existing Dutch cases through a case study with a cross-case analysis, and the roles and influences of parties involved in the development of adaptable buildings are established through interviews. The findings from the empirical research are used to develop an action plan which is validated by an expert panel. The action plan can be used by clients or other stakeholders as a guideline for developing adaptable buildings in the Netherlands. It can also be used to motivate and inspire other stakeholders or to start the discussion about the concept, and develop a more sustainable built environment. ...
We have to change. We have to take a second look at our daily patterns. The construction sector is responsible for 36% of the world’s final energy use and 39% of energy and process-related carbon dioxide emission (IEA, 2019). 30% of this emission is due to building construction. Therefore, it is important to start to limit the carbon emission from construction processes. An efficient and sustainable way to limit the emissions is to develop buildings that are adaptable to any function or user, with the least effort and minor transformations to the building. Additionally, according to Manewa et al. (2016) buildings are continuously confronted with internal and external environmental changes to which they must respond. Those changes happen unpredictably and with many uncertainties. Buildings that are not able to react to those changes will be prematurely obsoleted, require extensive transformations, or need to be demolished, neither of which will result in a built environment that is sustainable (Manewa et al., 2016). Therefore, by not being able to adapt to the changing society and future demands, we are not building to last.
Even though several strategies have been developed and research has been conducted on the concept of adaptability, the transition from knowledge to implementation seems out of reach. Those studies mainly focus on the implementation of adaptability on the building level and not on the building as a “life cycle process”. Only a number of books and studies also examine the cooperation of the various parties in developing the proposed strategies. From this problem statement, the following research question is formulated: “What are the criteria for developing an adaptable building, and how can clients influence the implementation of these criteria in development projects?”. To answer this question, a literature review is conducted from which a list of adaptability criteria is developed. Additionally, the criteria are compared to existing Dutch cases through a case study with a cross-case analysis, and the roles and influences of parties involved in the development of adaptable buildings are established through interviews. The findings from the empirical research are used to develop an action plan which is validated by an expert panel. The action plan can be used by clients or other stakeholders as a guideline for developing adaptable buildings in the Netherlands. It can also be used to motivate and inspire other stakeholders or to start the discussion about the concept, and develop a more sustainable built environment.
Even though several strategies have been developed and research has been conducted on the concept of adaptability, the transition from knowledge to implementation seems out of reach. Those studies mainly focus on the implementation of adaptability on the building level and not on the building as a “life cycle process”. Only a number of books and studies also examine the cooperation of the various parties in developing the proposed strategies. From this problem statement, the following research question is formulated: “What are the criteria for developing an adaptable building, and how can clients influence the implementation of these criteria in development projects?”. To answer this question, a literature review is conducted from which a list of adaptability criteria is developed. Additionally, the criteria are compared to existing Dutch cases through a case study with a cross-case analysis, and the roles and influences of parties involved in the development of adaptable buildings are established through interviews. The findings from the empirical research are used to develop an action plan which is validated by an expert panel. The action plan can be used by clients or other stakeholders as a guideline for developing adaptable buildings in the Netherlands. It can also be used to motivate and inspire other stakeholders or to start the discussion about the concept, and develop a more sustainable built environment.
Reimagining industrial heritage
Facilitating tomorrow's manufacturing industry towards a circular city
For many years, the concept of adaptive reuse of buildings has been researched. A focus on heritage and specifically the implementation of circular economy frameworks is however relatively new. Adaptive reuse of heritage is often concerned a circular strategy for its material reuse. However, there are many more dimensions to circularity in adaptive reuse, ranging from socio-economic values in urban environments to buildings facilitating and stimulating the circular economy by their new functions. Urban manufacturing is one of the functions that can benefit of the added values of industrial heritage. In return, urban manufacturing can provide several values to its urban context and contribute to development of the circular city due to ongoing developments in this sector. The next generation of manufacturers can be well integrated in urban areas contribute to realising circular ambitions, but several principles should be applied to realise this and create balanced urban development. To date, integration of circular economy and adaptive reuse of heritage frameworks is limited and fragmented. An overarching conceptual framework for adaptive reuse in a multidimensional way is missing, and current research often avoids practical solutions and guidelines that can be used by developers and planners. This research aims to provide these frameworks to combine the potentials and values of both heritage and the urban manufacturing industry through adaptive reuse. The main research question: ‘How can industrial heritage facilitate the developing urban manufacturing industry?’ is answered by executing a literature review, interviews, a questionnaire, studying different cases of heritage adaptive reuse, and providing a new framework for assessment and development of industrial heritage for facilitating the urban manufacturing industry.
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For many years, the concept of adaptive reuse of buildings has been researched. A focus on heritage and specifically the implementation of circular economy frameworks is however relatively new. Adaptive reuse of heritage is often concerned a circular strategy for its material reuse. However, there are many more dimensions to circularity in adaptive reuse, ranging from socio-economic values in urban environments to buildings facilitating and stimulating the circular economy by their new functions. Urban manufacturing is one of the functions that can benefit of the added values of industrial heritage. In return, urban manufacturing can provide several values to its urban context and contribute to development of the circular city due to ongoing developments in this sector. The next generation of manufacturers can be well integrated in urban areas contribute to realising circular ambitions, but several principles should be applied to realise this and create balanced urban development. To date, integration of circular economy and adaptive reuse of heritage frameworks is limited and fragmented. An overarching conceptual framework for adaptive reuse in a multidimensional way is missing, and current research often avoids practical solutions and guidelines that can be used by developers and planners. This research aims to provide these frameworks to combine the potentials and values of both heritage and the urban manufacturing industry through adaptive reuse. The main research question: ‘How can industrial heritage facilitate the developing urban manufacturing industry?’ is answered by executing a literature review, interviews, a questionnaire, studying different cases of heritage adaptive reuse, and providing a new framework for assessment and development of industrial heritage for facilitating the urban manufacturing industry.
The Circular Influencer
A research into the impact of incentives in the circular strategic decision-making processes within project management stakeholders
The increasing significance of the circular economy in the real estate construction industry is driven by evolving environmental, social, political, and economic factors. While there is increasing pressure for a national transition to a circular building economy, the sector continues to confront numerous challenges, risks, and uncertainties. To promote pro-circular decision-making among project management stakeholders, this research investigates how incentives need to be implemented in order to be an effective strategy to encourage project management stakeholders in making pro circular project decisions.
During the research an overall research strategy, the systemic design toolkit, has been used. This method integrates systems thinking with a human-centered, multi-stakeholder focus, by addressing the intricate social, economic, and environmental aspects of the issue at hand. The study comprises two sections: a theoretical segment employing quantitative research and an empirical segment employing qualitative research.
The theoretical phase explores the interorganizational dynamics that influence circular decision-making, delves into the roles and perspectives of project management stakeholders, and examines the concept of incentives. The empirical phase starts with semi-structured interviews to gain insights into the behavior, intentions, interrelationships, interests, and influence of relevant actors involved in decision-making processes. Subsequently, unstructured brainstorming and validation interviews are conducted to identify and develop effective incentives within the financial, social, and moral clusters.
The research findings provide empirical evidence that incentives can serve as a viable strategy for motivating project management stakeholders to make pro-circular strategic project decisions. These incentives are integrated into a comprehensive incentive scheme, outlined in the concluding section of the findings. Through the adoption of these incentives, stakeholders can be effectively motivated to embrace circular principles and actively contribute to the establishment of a circular building economy. Additionally, some key variables have been identified as influential factors in the success of the incentives: the involvement of supplying stakeholders and the targeted audience, as well as a thorough understanding of the rationale behind circular project rejection, the prevailing power dynamics, and the degree of stakeholder involvement throughout the various design phases. ...
During the research an overall research strategy, the systemic design toolkit, has been used. This method integrates systems thinking with a human-centered, multi-stakeholder focus, by addressing the intricate social, economic, and environmental aspects of the issue at hand. The study comprises two sections: a theoretical segment employing quantitative research and an empirical segment employing qualitative research.
The theoretical phase explores the interorganizational dynamics that influence circular decision-making, delves into the roles and perspectives of project management stakeholders, and examines the concept of incentives. The empirical phase starts with semi-structured interviews to gain insights into the behavior, intentions, interrelationships, interests, and influence of relevant actors involved in decision-making processes. Subsequently, unstructured brainstorming and validation interviews are conducted to identify and develop effective incentives within the financial, social, and moral clusters.
The research findings provide empirical evidence that incentives can serve as a viable strategy for motivating project management stakeholders to make pro-circular strategic project decisions. These incentives are integrated into a comprehensive incentive scheme, outlined in the concluding section of the findings. Through the adoption of these incentives, stakeholders can be effectively motivated to embrace circular principles and actively contribute to the establishment of a circular building economy. Additionally, some key variables have been identified as influential factors in the success of the incentives: the involvement of supplying stakeholders and the targeted audience, as well as a thorough understanding of the rationale behind circular project rejection, the prevailing power dynamics, and the degree of stakeholder involvement throughout the various design phases. ...
The increasing significance of the circular economy in the real estate construction industry is driven by evolving environmental, social, political, and economic factors. While there is increasing pressure for a national transition to a circular building economy, the sector continues to confront numerous challenges, risks, and uncertainties. To promote pro-circular decision-making among project management stakeholders, this research investigates how incentives need to be implemented in order to be an effective strategy to encourage project management stakeholders in making pro circular project decisions.
During the research an overall research strategy, the systemic design toolkit, has been used. This method integrates systems thinking with a human-centered, multi-stakeholder focus, by addressing the intricate social, economic, and environmental aspects of the issue at hand. The study comprises two sections: a theoretical segment employing quantitative research and an empirical segment employing qualitative research.
The theoretical phase explores the interorganizational dynamics that influence circular decision-making, delves into the roles and perspectives of project management stakeholders, and examines the concept of incentives. The empirical phase starts with semi-structured interviews to gain insights into the behavior, intentions, interrelationships, interests, and influence of relevant actors involved in decision-making processes. Subsequently, unstructured brainstorming and validation interviews are conducted to identify and develop effective incentives within the financial, social, and moral clusters.
The research findings provide empirical evidence that incentives can serve as a viable strategy for motivating project management stakeholders to make pro-circular strategic project decisions. These incentives are integrated into a comprehensive incentive scheme, outlined in the concluding section of the findings. Through the adoption of these incentives, stakeholders can be effectively motivated to embrace circular principles and actively contribute to the establishment of a circular building economy. Additionally, some key variables have been identified as influential factors in the success of the incentives: the involvement of supplying stakeholders and the targeted audience, as well as a thorough understanding of the rationale behind circular project rejection, the prevailing power dynamics, and the degree of stakeholder involvement throughout the various design phases.
During the research an overall research strategy, the systemic design toolkit, has been used. This method integrates systems thinking with a human-centered, multi-stakeholder focus, by addressing the intricate social, economic, and environmental aspects of the issue at hand. The study comprises two sections: a theoretical segment employing quantitative research and an empirical segment employing qualitative research.
The theoretical phase explores the interorganizational dynamics that influence circular decision-making, delves into the roles and perspectives of project management stakeholders, and examines the concept of incentives. The empirical phase starts with semi-structured interviews to gain insights into the behavior, intentions, interrelationships, interests, and influence of relevant actors involved in decision-making processes. Subsequently, unstructured brainstorming and validation interviews are conducted to identify and develop effective incentives within the financial, social, and moral clusters.
The research findings provide empirical evidence that incentives can serve as a viable strategy for motivating project management stakeholders to make pro-circular strategic project decisions. These incentives are integrated into a comprehensive incentive scheme, outlined in the concluding section of the findings. Through the adoption of these incentives, stakeholders can be effectively motivated to embrace circular principles and actively contribute to the establishment of a circular building economy. Additionally, some key variables have been identified as influential factors in the success of the incentives: the involvement of supplying stakeholders and the targeted audience, as well as a thorough understanding of the rationale behind circular project rejection, the prevailing power dynamics, and the degree of stakeholder involvement throughout the various design phases.
The Future of Our Past
Current implementation of circular economy strategies in the adaptive reuse of heritage buildings and mitigating remaining barriers
The construction industry imposes significant pressure on the natural environment, making it essential to transition to the circular economy. A step towards this goal is the adaptive reuse of existing buildings, more specifically, heritage buildings. Adaptive reuse of heritage is a difficult procedure that seeks to maintain the qualities of historic structures while modifying them for usage in the present and the future.
The aim of this research is to identify what circular economy strategies are implemented in de adaptive reuse of heritage buildings, find out what barriers still exist, and how these can potentially be mitigated. This in order to help the transition towards the circular economy.
To achieve this, literature review will provide a better understanding of the terms circularity and adaptive reuse within the context of the built environment and heritage, the literature study will also offer the potential barriers for circular heritage renovation. Case studies will explore what strategies are already implemented in adaptive reuse of heritage buildings, and barriers are experienced in the process. Finally a focus group discussion will be conducted in order to find out how these practical barriers can be mitigated in order to move towards the circular economy.
The findings reveal that there is a gap between the strategies implemented in projects and the comprehensive understanding of circular economy . The majority of implemented strategies are related to sustainability, such as reusing and using circular building materials. Barriers to implementation include ambiguities, financial constraints, lack of experience, routine practices, rules and certification, as well as a lack of urgency and social acceptance. To address these challenges, the Circular Economy Strategies for Adaptive Reuse (CESAR) model is developed as a planning and assessment tool.
Furthermore, the study provides advice for stakeholders involved in adaptive reuse projects, emphasizing the importance of collaboration, early involvement of the contractor, and integration of circular economy requirements.
...
The aim of this research is to identify what circular economy strategies are implemented in de adaptive reuse of heritage buildings, find out what barriers still exist, and how these can potentially be mitigated. This in order to help the transition towards the circular economy.
To achieve this, literature review will provide a better understanding of the terms circularity and adaptive reuse within the context of the built environment and heritage, the literature study will also offer the potential barriers for circular heritage renovation. Case studies will explore what strategies are already implemented in adaptive reuse of heritage buildings, and barriers are experienced in the process. Finally a focus group discussion will be conducted in order to find out how these practical barriers can be mitigated in order to move towards the circular economy.
The findings reveal that there is a gap between the strategies implemented in projects and the comprehensive understanding of circular economy . The majority of implemented strategies are related to sustainability, such as reusing and using circular building materials. Barriers to implementation include ambiguities, financial constraints, lack of experience, routine practices, rules and certification, as well as a lack of urgency and social acceptance. To address these challenges, the Circular Economy Strategies for Adaptive Reuse (CESAR) model is developed as a planning and assessment tool.
Furthermore, the study provides advice for stakeholders involved in adaptive reuse projects, emphasizing the importance of collaboration, early involvement of the contractor, and integration of circular economy requirements.
...
The construction industry imposes significant pressure on the natural environment, making it essential to transition to the circular economy. A step towards this goal is the adaptive reuse of existing buildings, more specifically, heritage buildings. Adaptive reuse of heritage is a difficult procedure that seeks to maintain the qualities of historic structures while modifying them for usage in the present and the future.
The aim of this research is to identify what circular economy strategies are implemented in de adaptive reuse of heritage buildings, find out what barriers still exist, and how these can potentially be mitigated. This in order to help the transition towards the circular economy.
To achieve this, literature review will provide a better understanding of the terms circularity and adaptive reuse within the context of the built environment and heritage, the literature study will also offer the potential barriers for circular heritage renovation. Case studies will explore what strategies are already implemented in adaptive reuse of heritage buildings, and barriers are experienced in the process. Finally a focus group discussion will be conducted in order to find out how these practical barriers can be mitigated in order to move towards the circular economy.
The findings reveal that there is a gap between the strategies implemented in projects and the comprehensive understanding of circular economy . The majority of implemented strategies are related to sustainability, such as reusing and using circular building materials. Barriers to implementation include ambiguities, financial constraints, lack of experience, routine practices, rules and certification, as well as a lack of urgency and social acceptance. To address these challenges, the Circular Economy Strategies for Adaptive Reuse (CESAR) model is developed as a planning and assessment tool.
Furthermore, the study provides advice for stakeholders involved in adaptive reuse projects, emphasizing the importance of collaboration, early involvement of the contractor, and integration of circular economy requirements.
The aim of this research is to identify what circular economy strategies are implemented in de adaptive reuse of heritage buildings, find out what barriers still exist, and how these can potentially be mitigated. This in order to help the transition towards the circular economy.
To achieve this, literature review will provide a better understanding of the terms circularity and adaptive reuse within the context of the built environment and heritage, the literature study will also offer the potential barriers for circular heritage renovation. Case studies will explore what strategies are already implemented in adaptive reuse of heritage buildings, and barriers are experienced in the process. Finally a focus group discussion will be conducted in order to find out how these practical barriers can be mitigated in order to move towards the circular economy.
The findings reveal that there is a gap between the strategies implemented in projects and the comprehensive understanding of circular economy . The majority of implemented strategies are related to sustainability, such as reusing and using circular building materials. Barriers to implementation include ambiguities, financial constraints, lack of experience, routine practices, rules and certification, as well as a lack of urgency and social acceptance. To address these challenges, the Circular Economy Strategies for Adaptive Reuse (CESAR) model is developed as a planning and assessment tool.
Furthermore, the study provides advice for stakeholders involved in adaptive reuse projects, emphasizing the importance of collaboration, early involvement of the contractor, and integration of circular economy requirements.
The circular business case
Exploring the role of the business case in creating financially feasible and circular biobased housing developments
The construction industry has a significant environmental impact, consumes a large amount of scarce resources, generates a lot of waste, and causes a lot of emissions such as CO2 which contribute to global warming and are all reasons of great concern. A significant portion of these negative environmental impacts are caused by the building sector and attendant linear construction process. Developments with biobased materials as a circular strategy help encounter this. However, this implementation is still lacking in the building industry and the linear to a circular economy transition is still in the early stages. Moreover, real estate developers are struggling to make their business cases for circular projects financially feasible, as costs are a significant barrier. To research and understand how current circular biobased business cases are adapted and if they are future proof or use temporary measures, the following main research question is used: How are business cases adapted in order to create financially feasible and circular biobased housing developments? To answer this question, a literature study, case studies and interviews are done with the aim to gain insights into current complications and possible solutions in the business case of biobased housing developments. As well as gather perspectives from identified stakeholders & experts on these or alternative opportunities to help and speed up the transition to biobased houses. Results show that the business cases were not drastically adapted to fit the circular strategy, but temporary emergency measures were found to help realise the projects. These were: less profit for the parties involved, investors paying extra and for construction stored carbon credits, lower land price or more focus on sustainability and less on price by municipalities, subsidies, and building only partly with biobased materials and partly with e.g. concrete and bricks. It can be concluded that the traditional business case is not fitted for biobased construction as a circular economy strategy, which also contributes to why the wider necessary shift to such strategies stays out. But also that developers and other parties are willing and working on limiting the environmental impact of the building industry.
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The construction industry has a significant environmental impact, consumes a large amount of scarce resources, generates a lot of waste, and causes a lot of emissions such as CO2 which contribute to global warming and are all reasons of great concern. A significant portion of these negative environmental impacts are caused by the building sector and attendant linear construction process. Developments with biobased materials as a circular strategy help encounter this. However, this implementation is still lacking in the building industry and the linear to a circular economy transition is still in the early stages. Moreover, real estate developers are struggling to make their business cases for circular projects financially feasible, as costs are a significant barrier. To research and understand how current circular biobased business cases are adapted and if they are future proof or use temporary measures, the following main research question is used: How are business cases adapted in order to create financially feasible and circular biobased housing developments? To answer this question, a literature study, case studies and interviews are done with the aim to gain insights into current complications and possible solutions in the business case of biobased housing developments. As well as gather perspectives from identified stakeholders & experts on these or alternative opportunities to help and speed up the transition to biobased houses. Results show that the business cases were not drastically adapted to fit the circular strategy, but temporary emergency measures were found to help realise the projects. These were: less profit for the parties involved, investors paying extra and for construction stored carbon credits, lower land price or more focus on sustainability and less on price by municipalities, subsidies, and building only partly with biobased materials and partly with e.g. concrete and bricks. It can be concluded that the traditional business case is not fitted for biobased construction as a circular economy strategy, which also contributes to why the wider necessary shift to such strategies stays out. But also that developers and other parties are willing and working on limiting the environmental impact of the building industry.
creating social value through adaptive reuse
A study into social sustainability in adaptive reuse
While urban development is essential to keep our cities alive, existing buildings and structures are essential for communities to thrive. Moreover, this development needs to minimise construction waste and pollution, which means that it is illogical to demolish existing buildings that contain valuable resources. However, transformation is often more expensive than new construction. Additionally, in academic literature a hiatus exists regarding the social side of
sustainable development. Therefore, this research sheds light on the effectivity and costs of social sustainable measures in architecture to facilitate their implementation by answering the following research question: “How is social sustainability included in the practice of adaptive reuse architecture and how does it impact the costs?“
The results show several social sustainability benefits regarding adaptive reuse. However, the results confirm a hesitance amongst practitioners regarding its execution as well, thanks to unpredictable costs and a lack of expertise. Therefore, evidence suggests reducing uncertainty, by means of minimising change in favour of social sustainability. In turn, social sustainability and adaptive reuse issue several economic benefits that promote their further integration in development of the built environment, but are in need of further research. ...
sustainable development. Therefore, this research sheds light on the effectivity and costs of social sustainable measures in architecture to facilitate their implementation by answering the following research question: “How is social sustainability included in the practice of adaptive reuse architecture and how does it impact the costs?“
The results show several social sustainability benefits regarding adaptive reuse. However, the results confirm a hesitance amongst practitioners regarding its execution as well, thanks to unpredictable costs and a lack of expertise. Therefore, evidence suggests reducing uncertainty, by means of minimising change in favour of social sustainability. In turn, social sustainability and adaptive reuse issue several economic benefits that promote their further integration in development of the built environment, but are in need of further research. ...
While urban development is essential to keep our cities alive, existing buildings and structures are essential for communities to thrive. Moreover, this development needs to minimise construction waste and pollution, which means that it is illogical to demolish existing buildings that contain valuable resources. However, transformation is often more expensive than new construction. Additionally, in academic literature a hiatus exists regarding the social side of
sustainable development. Therefore, this research sheds light on the effectivity and costs of social sustainable measures in architecture to facilitate their implementation by answering the following research question: “How is social sustainability included in the practice of adaptive reuse architecture and how does it impact the costs?“
The results show several social sustainability benefits regarding adaptive reuse. However, the results confirm a hesitance amongst practitioners regarding its execution as well, thanks to unpredictable costs and a lack of expertise. Therefore, evidence suggests reducing uncertainty, by means of minimising change in favour of social sustainability. In turn, social sustainability and adaptive reuse issue several economic benefits that promote their further integration in development of the built environment, but are in need of further research.
sustainable development. Therefore, this research sheds light on the effectivity and costs of social sustainable measures in architecture to facilitate their implementation by answering the following research question: “How is social sustainability included in the practice of adaptive reuse architecture and how does it impact the costs?“
The results show several social sustainability benefits regarding adaptive reuse. However, the results confirm a hesitance amongst practitioners regarding its execution as well, thanks to unpredictable costs and a lack of expertise. Therefore, evidence suggests reducing uncertainty, by means of minimising change in favour of social sustainability. In turn, social sustainability and adaptive reuse issue several economic benefits that promote their further integration in development of the built environment, but are in need of further research.