For battery architectures that need a solid ion conductor with good contacting performance and high stability against electrochemical oxidation, polymerized ionic liquids (PIL) pose a valuable class of materials. The low conductivity of the binary PIL/ lithium salt system can be increased using a ternary ionic liquid acting as plasticiser. The conductive mechanism of the ternary system is however not fully understood. This work shows the shift in conduction mechanism for the ternary Li−/[1,3]PYR-/PDADMA-FSI system by increasing the lithium salt concentration and comparing the transfer mechanism to binary ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte analogues using pulsed field gradient (PFG) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), NMR relaxometry, Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques. Two conducting regimes were found which show a strong trade-off between conductivity and transference number. In the low lithium salt regime (≤35 wt% LiFSI), cluster diffusion of aggregated lithium is the dominating mechanism leading to low transference numbers (0.04–0.15 at room temperature (RT)). The high salt regime (≥50 wt% LiFSI) shows diffusion through free lithium ion hopping transfer, which has a stronger dependence on temperature and yields higher transference numbers (0.31 at RT). Increasing lithium salt concentration shows an inverse linear correlation with conductivity. The electrochemical characteristics of ternary IL/PIL/lithium salt are shown to be highly tuneable by varying the lithium salt fraction, while it maintains excellent characteristics like processability, stability and mechanical function. ... Read more

Solid-state batteries with lithium metal anodes are considered the next major technology leap with respect to today’s lithium-ion batteries, as they promise a significant increase in energy density. Expectations for solid-state batteries from the automotive and aviation sectors are high, but their implementation in industrial production remains challenging. Here, we report a solid-state lithium–metal battery enabled by a polymer electrolyte consisting of a poly(DMADAFSI) cationic polymer and LiFSI in Pyr13FSI as plasticizer. The polymer electrolyte is infiltrated and solidified in the pores of a commercial LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) cathode with up to 2.8 mAh cm–2 nominal areal capacity and in the pores of a 25 μm thin commercial polypropylene separator. Cathode and separator are finally laminated into a cell in combination with a commercial 20 μm thin lithium metal anode. Our demonstration of a solid-state polymer battery cycling at full nominal capacity employing exclusively commercially available components available at industrial scale represents a critical step forward toward the commercialization of a competitive all-solid-state battery technology. ... Read more