Three-dimensional (3D) cameras used for gait assessment obviate the need for bodily markers or sensors, making them particularly interesting for clinical applications. Due to their limited field of view, their application has predominantly focused on evaluating gait patterns within short walking distances. However, assessment of gait consistency requires testing over a longer walking distance. The aim of this study is to validate the accuracy for gait assessment of a previously developed method that determines walking spatiotemporal parameters and kinematics measured with a 3D camera mounted on a mobile robot base (ROBOGait). Walking parameters measured with this system were compared with measurements with Xsens IMUs. The experiments were performed on a non-linear corridor of approximately 50 m, resembling the environment of a conventional rehabilitation facility. Eleven individuals exhibiting normal motor function were recruited to walk and to simulate gait patterns representative of common neurological conditions: Cerebral Palsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Cerebellar Ataxia. Generalized estimating equations were used to determine statistical differences between the measurement systems and between walking conditions. When comparing walking parameters between paired measures of the systems, significant differences were found for eight out of 18 descriptors: range of motion (ROM) of trunk and pelvis tilt, maximum knee flexion in loading response, knee position at toe-off, stride length, step time, cadence; and stance duration. When analyzing how ROBOGait can distinguish simulated pathological gait from physiological gait, a mean accuracy of 70.4%, a sensitivity of 49.3%, and a specificity of 74.4% were found when compared with the Xsens system. The most important gait abnormalities related to the clinical conditions were successfully detected by ROBOGait. The descriptors that best distinguished simulated pathological walking from normal walking in both systems were step width and stride length. This study underscores the promising potential of 3D cameras and encourages exploring their use in clinical gait analysis.

Trunk motor control is essential for the proper functioning of the upper extremities and is an important predictor of gait capacity in children with delayed development. Early diagnosis and intervention could increase the trunk motor capabilities in later life, but current tools used to assess the level of trunk motor control are largely subjective and many lack the sensitivity to accurately monitor development and the effects of therapy. Inertial measurement units could yield an objective quantitative assessment that is inexpensive and easy-to-implement. We hypothesized that root mean square of jerk, a proxy for movement smoothness, could be used to distinguish age and thereby presumed motor development. We attached a sensor to the trunks of six young children with no known developmental deficits. Root mean square of jerk decreases with age, up to 24 months, and is correlated to a more established method, i.e., center-of-pressure velocity, as well as other standard inertial measurement unit outputs. This metric therefore shows potential as a method to differentiate trunk motor control levels.

Sensory-motor impairments due to age or neurological diseases can influence a person's ability to maintain balance, and increase the risk of falls. Recently, wearable Control Moment Gyroscopes (CMGs) have proven to provide effective balance support. Here, we show a new design of a Series-Elastic Control Moment Gyroscope (SECMG) enhanced by an additional passive degree of freedom, namely a second, orthogonal gimbal that is supported by a (visco)elastic element. The design mainly aims to reject disturbances originating from human movement and render a low remaining impedance, as well as to provide more accurate torque sensing, based on angular deflection of the compliant element. Evaluation of the torque tracking performance with regards to a classic rigid Single-Gimbal Control Moment Gyroscope (SGCMG) showed that the device equally exceeds the bandwidth requirements for its application in human augmentation. However, characterization of our current compliant construction also revealed some backlash occluding the torque-deflection relation. In the future, the SECMG could be evaluated in experiments with humans, to validate its predicted low remaining impedance.

One important aspect of gait stability is the control of whole-body centroidal angular momentum H. We recently showed that if sensory-motor impairments affect a person's balance control, control of H can be assisted by control moment gyroscopes (CMGs). However, the effect of CMG technology inherently depends on the size and weight of these actuators, and on the speed of the flywheels they contain. These factors all pose challenges for wearable applications. Here, we show that it is possible to design CMGs light enough for wearable applications, while generating meaningful output torques. Our CMG, weighing 1.187 kg, can exert a peak torque of 15 N m with a torque-tracking bandwidth of 18 Hz. These results are partly due to an integrated model of components and partly to advancements in flywheel velocity control, allowing the speed to safely reach 20 000 rpm. These actuators open up new pathways of building wearable assistive devices for clinical applications.

To affect functional relevant task-space gait parameters such as foot placement or progression angle, conventional lower-limb robotic gait rehabilitation devices require active control and synchronization of their actuators. As an alternative, we propose the use of gyroscopic actuators, portable actuators that have the ability to generate torques that are caused by and therefore intrinsically synchronized with the swing motion of the legs. Here we investigate the kinematic and kinetic effects at hip-joint level of self-induced gyroscopic torques of a shank-worn gyroscopic actuator. Preliminary results show the wearer’s swing leg motion can induce gyroscopic effects that significantly alter the kinematics of the hip-joint (p< 0.05 ) for both tested conditions in hip-joint endo/exo rotation and ab/ad-duction.

Gyroscopic actuators are appealing for wearable applications due to their ability to provide overground balance support without obstructing the legs. Multiple wearable robots using this actuation principle have been proposed, but none has yet been evaluated with humans. Here we use the GyBAR, a backpack-like prototype portable robot, to investigate the hypothesis that the balance of both healthy and chronic stroke subjects can be augmented through moments applied to the upper body. We quantified balance performance in terms of each participant’s ability to walk or remain standing on a narrow support surface oriented to challenge stability in either the frontal or the sagittal plane. By comparing candidate balance controllers, it was found that effective assistance did not require regulation to a reference posture. A rotational viscous field increased the distance healthy participants could walk along a 30mm-wide beam by a factor of 2.0, compared to when the GyBAR was worn but inactive. The same controller enabled individuals with chronic stroke to remain standing for a factor of 2.5 longer on a narrow block. Due to its wearability and versatility of control, the GyBAR could enable new therapy interventions for training and rehabilitation.

Balancing the upper body is pivotal for upright and efficient gait. While models have identified potentially useful characteristics of biarticular thigh muscles for postural control of the upper body, experimental evidence for their specific role is lacking. Based on theoretical findings, we hypothesised that biarticular muscle activity would increase strongly in response to upper-body perturbations. To test this hypothesis, we used a novel Angular Momentum Perturbator (AMP) that, in contrast to existing methods, perturbs the upper-body posture with only minimal effect on Centre of Mass (CoM) excursions. The impulse-like AMP torques applied to the trunk of subjects resulted in upper-body pitch deflections of up to 17° with only small CoM excursions below 2 cm. Biarticular thigh muscles (biceps femoris long head and rectus femoris) showed the strongest increase in muscular activity (mid- and long-latency reflexes, starting 100 ms after perturbation onset) of all eight measured leg muscles which highlights the importance of biarticular muscles for restoring upper-body balance. These insights could be used for improving technological aids like rehabilitation or assistive devices, and the effectiveness of physical training for fall prevention e.g. for elderly people.

We recently proposed the theoretical idea of a wearable balancing aid, consisting of a set of control moment gyroscopes (CMGs) contained into a backpacklike orthopedic corset. Even though similar solutions have been reported in the literature, important considerations in the synthesis and design of the actuators remained to be addressed. These include design requirements such as aerodynamic behavior of the spinning flywheel, induced dynamics by the wearer's motion, and stresses in the inner components due to the generated gyroscopic moment. In this paper, we describe the design and evaluation of a single CMG, addressing in detail the aforementioned requirements. In addition, given the application of the device in human balance, the design follows the European directives for medical electrical equipment. The developed system was tested in a dedicated balance test bench showing good agreement with the expected flywheel speed, and calculated power requirements in the actuators and output gyroscopic moment. The device was capable of producing a peak gyroscopic moment of approximately 70 N·m with a total CMG mass of about 10 kg.

Gyroscopic actuation is appealing for wearable applications due to its ability to impart free moments on a body without exoskeletal structures on the joints.We recently proposed an unobtrusive balancing aid consisting of multiple parallelmounted control moment gyroscopes (CMGs) contained within a backpack-like orthopedic corset. Using conventional CMG control techniques, geometric singularities result in a number of performance issues, including either unintended oscillations or freezing of the gimbals at certain alignments, which are typically mitigated by the addition of redundant actuators or by allowing errors in the generated moment; however, because of the minimalistic design of the proposed device and focus on accurate moment tracking, a new methodology is required. In this paper, a control scheme is proposed for non-redundant CMG systems in which oscillations at saturated states are avoided and all remaining singularities are efficiently escaped by exploiting the system geometry; due to its use of classification-specific singularity proximity measures that account for the command moment orientation, it is named the directional singularity-robust (DSR) control law. The performance of this control law is assessed in both simulations and hardware testing. The proposed method is suitable for a wide range of CMG systems, including both balancing and aerospace applications.