PJ
P.B. Janssen
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1
Towards a nature-based solution for the Brouwersdam beach in the Netherlands
Following the Building with Nature approach to counteract long-term erosion of a recreational beach as a consequence of large-scale morphological changes in a closed-off outer delta
Master thesis
(2021)
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P.B. Janssen, S.G.J. Aarninkhof, M.C. Onderwater, F.M. d'Hont, M. Lazar, P. van Sante
Since the Brouwersdam was built as part of the Delta plan, the Grevelingen outer delta undergoes large-scale morphological changes. These changes led to the formation of a shoal adjacent to the dam, which is referred to as the Brouwersdam beach. The beach has been eroding and shifting towards the northeast ever since. The beach has no safety function, as the hinterland is protected from flooding by the Brouwersdam. However, the beach has a large recreational value, which will decrease if no human interventions are taken. Consequently, many stakeholders demand the preservation of the beach. For the Municipality of Schouwen-Duiveland, the loss of recreational value of the beach is estimated to decrease the yearly financial benefits by 0.8 to 5.4 million euro. Hence, their interest in the preservation of the beach is large and therefore they have commissioned this study. This study aims to design nature-based solutions for the ongoing erosion and coastline shift to which the Brouwersdam beach is subjected. The design approach of this research is based on the Building with Nature (BwN) design steps. A thorough analysis of the physical, ecological and social system is followed by the set-up of a Program of Requirements (PoR) for the design. Insight in the physical system is partly obtained by a modelling study in Delft3D-WAVE and UNIBEST-CL+. Based on the PoR, designs are identified, evaluated and selected iteratively. The design iterations, based on the systems’ insights and the PoR, led to the creation of three Nature-based Solutions. The alternative solutions include the creation of a shellfish habitat by making structures of layered brushwood fascine mattresses filled with shells or other hard substratum. The shellfish reef, in which mainly Japanese oysters are expected to settle, provides many ecosystem services such as enhancing biodiversity. Moreover, the structures can be constructed CO2-neutral. The different configurations of the solutions, ensuring coastal protection, are: A groyne configuration, creating multiple pocket beaches, of 1 straight groyne and 4 L-shaped groynes with an orientation slightly tilted towards the west, i.e., the dominant wave direction (Solution A) ; A straight groyne with a west-east orientation, combined with a sediment beach fill between the current coastline and the groyne (Solution C) ; A fishtail groyne, which is a structure with a slightly curved, shore-normal groyne arm and a shore-parallel breakwater arm (Solution E). These solutions were compared with frequent nourishing (solution F) and to the reference situation, i.e. taking no action. The assessment of the solutions by means of a Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA), based on the categories functionality, costs, recreational value (water and beach recreation separately), ecological value and aesthetics, led to the conclusion that the designs are equally feasible but score differently on the categories. The results of the MCA thus illustrate that the conclusion on the most feasible solution depends on priority. The study concludes that preserving the Brouwersdam beach in a nature-based way is feasible. The MCA tool can potentially support future decision-making processes following this study by clarifying the trade-offs between the different designed solutions. Further exploring the economic benefits of recreational functions will contribute to validating the weight factors in these categories. The results of this study contribute to the discussion on the preservation of the Brouwersdam beach and to the strive for knowledge on ecosystem-based projects within the field of hydraulic engineering.
...
Since the Brouwersdam was built as part of the Delta plan, the Grevelingen outer delta undergoes large-scale morphological changes. These changes led to the formation of a shoal adjacent to the dam, which is referred to as the Brouwersdam beach. The beach has been eroding and shifting towards the northeast ever since. The beach has no safety function, as the hinterland is protected from flooding by the Brouwersdam. However, the beach has a large recreational value, which will decrease if no human interventions are taken. Consequently, many stakeholders demand the preservation of the beach. For the Municipality of Schouwen-Duiveland, the loss of recreational value of the beach is estimated to decrease the yearly financial benefits by 0.8 to 5.4 million euro. Hence, their interest in the preservation of the beach is large and therefore they have commissioned this study. This study aims to design nature-based solutions for the ongoing erosion and coastline shift to which the Brouwersdam beach is subjected. The design approach of this research is based on the Building with Nature (BwN) design steps. A thorough analysis of the physical, ecological and social system is followed by the set-up of a Program of Requirements (PoR) for the design. Insight in the physical system is partly obtained by a modelling study in Delft3D-WAVE and UNIBEST-CL+. Based on the PoR, designs are identified, evaluated and selected iteratively. The design iterations, based on the systems’ insights and the PoR, led to the creation of three Nature-based Solutions. The alternative solutions include the creation of a shellfish habitat by making structures of layered brushwood fascine mattresses filled with shells or other hard substratum. The shellfish reef, in which mainly Japanese oysters are expected to settle, provides many ecosystem services such as enhancing biodiversity. Moreover, the structures can be constructed CO2-neutral. The different configurations of the solutions, ensuring coastal protection, are: A groyne configuration, creating multiple pocket beaches, of 1 straight groyne and 4 L-shaped groynes with an orientation slightly tilted towards the west, i.e., the dominant wave direction (Solution A) ; A straight groyne with a west-east orientation, combined with a sediment beach fill between the current coastline and the groyne (Solution C) ; A fishtail groyne, which is a structure with a slightly curved, shore-normal groyne arm and a shore-parallel breakwater arm (Solution E). These solutions were compared with frequent nourishing (solution F) and to the reference situation, i.e. taking no action. The assessment of the solutions by means of a Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA), based on the categories functionality, costs, recreational value (water and beach recreation separately), ecological value and aesthetics, led to the conclusion that the designs are equally feasible but score differently on the categories. The results of the MCA thus illustrate that the conclusion on the most feasible solution depends on priority. The study concludes that preserving the Brouwersdam beach in a nature-based way is feasible. The MCA tool can potentially support future decision-making processes following this study by clarifying the trade-offs between the different designed solutions. Further exploring the economic benefits of recreational functions will contribute to validating the weight factors in these categories. The results of this study contribute to the discussion on the preservation of the Brouwersdam beach and to the strive for knowledge on ecosystem-based projects within the field of hydraulic engineering.
Student report
(2019)
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Bram Holland, Noor Abrahamse, Evelien van den Brekel, Joost van der Voort Maarschalk, Oscar Keunen, Pauline Janssen, Thom Bogaard, Julia Gebert, Erik Mosselman
The goal of this study is to examine the feasibility of this solution, from a water quality and hydraulic point of view. Firstly, the current state of the three water bodies was investigated and a stakeholder analysis was conducted to look into the social and political context. Secondly, the effect of the solution on the water quality in the WL and TLR was researched. The most important water quality parameters were qualitatively discussed and after that, the quantitatively changes in the WL were modelled. A convection-diffusion model was set up for different parameter concentrations in R. The initial parameter concentrations were gathered by field measurements and extensive online research. The water quality assessment shows that the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), turbidity and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentrations in the RR have a better value than in the WL. The model itself shows for every parameter that after 100 days of mixing the water is not completely mixed in the WL. The water in the TLR is flushed with WL water and its quality is therefore more or less equal to WL water. It is concluded that the proposed solution improves the water quality in the WL and the TLR. However, long and frequent mixing is necessary for the WL water to reach the RR water quality level. Thirdly, a hydraulic analysis was carried out by investigating the hydrological and geometrical characteristics of the three water bodies. Thereafter, the hydraulic impact was examined by comparing six different flushing scenarios.The flow, water depth and sediment transport rates for different time intervals were modelled in R over the distance of the TLR. A Multi Criteria Analysis was done to interpret the results on the consequences in the TLR. The outcome of the optimum scenario is when the gate has an opening height of 5%. The total transported sediment volume is significantly larger in this scenario, which is beneficial. From a hydraulic perspective the proposed solution is feasible for all water bodies. However, more extensive research on for example the impact on the hydraulics in the TLR is needed to get more conclusive results. As a spin-off, our project (co-)developed educational tools that can be used within the HUNRE curriculum and as awareness raising activities in Hanoi with citizens, schools and the like. Fieldwork with Vietnamese students was conducted to start with building a data base on water quality of the water bodies in Hanoi. The tools that are created are manuals, instruction videos and an introduction lecture. Furthermore, the database, that is built, can be extended with more fieldwork in the future. The extent to which the educational tools and the database integrate in the study program of HUNRE remains unsure, however the awareness among Vietnamese students on the importance of water quality has increased. Furthermore, the OKP project strives to realize the integration of the educational tools in the future. Therefore, this research objective is expected to be achieved.
...
The goal of this study is to examine the feasibility of this solution, from a water quality and hydraulic point of view. Firstly, the current state of the three water bodies was investigated and a stakeholder analysis was conducted to look into the social and political context. Secondly, the effect of the solution on the water quality in the WL and TLR was researched. The most important water quality parameters were qualitatively discussed and after that, the quantitatively changes in the WL were modelled. A convection-diffusion model was set up for different parameter concentrations in R. The initial parameter concentrations were gathered by field measurements and extensive online research. The water quality assessment shows that the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), turbidity and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentrations in the RR have a better value than in the WL. The model itself shows for every parameter that after 100 days of mixing the water is not completely mixed in the WL. The water in the TLR is flushed with WL water and its quality is therefore more or less equal to WL water. It is concluded that the proposed solution improves the water quality in the WL and the TLR. However, long and frequent mixing is necessary for the WL water to reach the RR water quality level. Thirdly, a hydraulic analysis was carried out by investigating the hydrological and geometrical characteristics of the three water bodies. Thereafter, the hydraulic impact was examined by comparing six different flushing scenarios.The flow, water depth and sediment transport rates for different time intervals were modelled in R over the distance of the TLR. A Multi Criteria Analysis was done to interpret the results on the consequences in the TLR. The outcome of the optimum scenario is when the gate has an opening height of 5%. The total transported sediment volume is significantly larger in this scenario, which is beneficial. From a hydraulic perspective the proposed solution is feasible for all water bodies. However, more extensive research on for example the impact on the hydraulics in the TLR is needed to get more conclusive results. As a spin-off, our project (co-)developed educational tools that can be used within the HUNRE curriculum and as awareness raising activities in Hanoi with citizens, schools and the like. Fieldwork with Vietnamese students was conducted to start with building a data base on water quality of the water bodies in Hanoi. The tools that are created are manuals, instruction videos and an introduction lecture. Furthermore, the database, that is built, can be extended with more fieldwork in the future. The extent to which the educational tools and the database integrate in the study program of HUNRE remains unsure, however the awareness among Vietnamese students on the importance of water quality has increased. Furthermore, the OKP project strives to realize the integration of the educational tools in the future. Therefore, this research objective is expected to be achieved.