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N.D.M. Abrahamse
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Hydrogen Import Supply Chains
A study on the influence of various supply chain configurations on the cost price of hydrogen for different hydrogen carriers, considering the entire supply chain from export terminal to end-user
Master thesis
(2021)
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N.D.M. Abrahamse, M. van Koningsveld, A.J.M. van Wijk, P. Taneja, Randolf Weterings, Martijn Coopman
Hydrogen produced by electrolysis of water, powered by renewable energy, is seen as the key to enabling the energy transition and creating a new green economy. The result will be a trade market for low-carbon hydrogen where the trade routes will be determined by natural, technical, cost and geopolitical factors. However, to transport or store hydrogen, it must be compressed, liquefied or attached to a carrier due to its low energy density per unit volume. The challenge of this is that the transport of hydrogen is expensive and still at an exploratory stage. More research is needed into the most cost-effective opportunities for the emerging hydrogen transport supply chains. The main objective of this research is to develop a method that provides insight into the effects of hydrogen supply chain configurations on the cost price of hydrogen at the end-use location. The method should provide a better understanding of the influence of different distances and required volumes on the supply chain structure and on the type of hydrogen transport. In addition, by connecting supply chains, it should become clear how the interaction of supply chains affects the cost and throughput. Eventually, it is concluded that if the overseas distance is made variable, DBT will be the most economical option for shorter oversea distances and that for longer oversea distances MCH and ammonia will be the most cost-effective options. This tipping point is around 3500 - 4500 nm (6500 - 8400 km), depending on the volume of the supply chain, the distance to the end user and whether the supply chain configuration is centralized or decentralized. The centralized option will be more cost effective than the decentralized option for all the carriers. It can also be concluded that the cost price of each carrier will approach a some what constant value at large supply chain volumes. From the sensitivity analysis, it can be concluded that the eventual cost price is very sensitive to the WACC and to the price at which the hydrogen is purchased in the export country. In addition, the cost price of LH2 is highly sensitive to the number of storage tanks. All hydrogen carrier options are also relatively sensitive to the energy price.
...
Hydrogen produced by electrolysis of water, powered by renewable energy, is seen as the key to enabling the energy transition and creating a new green economy. The result will be a trade market for low-carbon hydrogen where the trade routes will be determined by natural, technical, cost and geopolitical factors. However, to transport or store hydrogen, it must be compressed, liquefied or attached to a carrier due to its low energy density per unit volume. The challenge of this is that the transport of hydrogen is expensive and still at an exploratory stage. More research is needed into the most cost-effective opportunities for the emerging hydrogen transport supply chains. The main objective of this research is to develop a method that provides insight into the effects of hydrogen supply chain configurations on the cost price of hydrogen at the end-use location. The method should provide a better understanding of the influence of different distances and required volumes on the supply chain structure and on the type of hydrogen transport. In addition, by connecting supply chains, it should become clear how the interaction of supply chains affects the cost and throughput. Eventually, it is concluded that if the overseas distance is made variable, DBT will be the most economical option for shorter oversea distances and that for longer oversea distances MCH and ammonia will be the most cost-effective options. This tipping point is around 3500 - 4500 nm (6500 - 8400 km), depending on the volume of the supply chain, the distance to the end user and whether the supply chain configuration is centralized or decentralized. The centralized option will be more cost effective than the decentralized option for all the carriers. It can also be concluded that the cost price of each carrier will approach a some what constant value at large supply chain volumes. From the sensitivity analysis, it can be concluded that the eventual cost price is very sensitive to the WACC and to the price at which the hydrogen is purchased in the export country. In addition, the cost price of LH2 is highly sensitive to the number of storage tanks. All hydrogen carrier options are also relatively sensitive to the energy price.
Student report
(2019)
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Bram Holland, Noor Abrahamse, Evelien van den Brekel, Joost van der Voort Maarschalk, Oscar Keunen, Pauline Janssen, Thom Bogaard, Julia Gebert, Erik Mosselman
The goal of this study is to examine the feasibility of this solution, from a water quality and hydraulic point of view. Firstly, the current state of the three water bodies was investigated and a stakeholder analysis was conducted to look into the social and political context. Secondly, the effect of the solution on the water quality in the WL and TLR was researched. The most important water quality parameters were qualitatively discussed and after that, the quantitatively changes in the WL were modelled. A convection-diffusion model was set up for different parameter concentrations in R. The initial parameter concentrations were gathered by field measurements and extensive online research. The water quality assessment shows that the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), turbidity and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentrations in the RR have a better value than in the WL. The model itself shows for every parameter that after 100 days of mixing the water is not completely mixed in the WL. The water in the TLR is flushed with WL water and its quality is therefore more or less equal to WL water. It is concluded that the proposed solution improves the water quality in the WL and the TLR. However, long and frequent mixing is necessary for the WL water to reach the RR water quality level. Thirdly, a hydraulic analysis was carried out by investigating the hydrological and geometrical characteristics of the three water bodies. Thereafter, the hydraulic impact was examined by comparing six different flushing scenarios.The flow, water depth and sediment transport rates for different time intervals were modelled in R over the distance of the TLR. A Multi Criteria Analysis was done to interpret the results on the consequences in the TLR. The outcome of the optimum scenario is when the gate has an opening height of 5%. The total transported sediment volume is significantly larger in this scenario, which is beneficial. From a hydraulic perspective the proposed solution is feasible for all water bodies. However, more extensive research on for example the impact on the hydraulics in the TLR is needed to get more conclusive results. As a spin-off, our project (co-)developed educational tools that can be used within the HUNRE curriculum and as awareness raising activities in Hanoi with citizens, schools and the like. Fieldwork with Vietnamese students was conducted to start with building a data base on water quality of the water bodies in Hanoi. The tools that are created are manuals, instruction videos and an introduction lecture. Furthermore, the database, that is built, can be extended with more fieldwork in the future. The extent to which the educational tools and the database integrate in the study program of HUNRE remains unsure, however the awareness among Vietnamese students on the importance of water quality has increased. Furthermore, the OKP project strives to realize the integration of the educational tools in the future. Therefore, this research objective is expected to be achieved.
...
The goal of this study is to examine the feasibility of this solution, from a water quality and hydraulic point of view. Firstly, the current state of the three water bodies was investigated and a stakeholder analysis was conducted to look into the social and political context. Secondly, the effect of the solution on the water quality in the WL and TLR was researched. The most important water quality parameters were qualitatively discussed and after that, the quantitatively changes in the WL were modelled. A convection-diffusion model was set up for different parameter concentrations in R. The initial parameter concentrations were gathered by field measurements and extensive online research. The water quality assessment shows that the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), turbidity and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentrations in the RR have a better value than in the WL. The model itself shows for every parameter that after 100 days of mixing the water is not completely mixed in the WL. The water in the TLR is flushed with WL water and its quality is therefore more or less equal to WL water. It is concluded that the proposed solution improves the water quality in the WL and the TLR. However, long and frequent mixing is necessary for the WL water to reach the RR water quality level. Thirdly, a hydraulic analysis was carried out by investigating the hydrological and geometrical characteristics of the three water bodies. Thereafter, the hydraulic impact was examined by comparing six different flushing scenarios.The flow, water depth and sediment transport rates for different time intervals were modelled in R over the distance of the TLR. A Multi Criteria Analysis was done to interpret the results on the consequences in the TLR. The outcome of the optimum scenario is when the gate has an opening height of 5%. The total transported sediment volume is significantly larger in this scenario, which is beneficial. From a hydraulic perspective the proposed solution is feasible for all water bodies. However, more extensive research on for example the impact on the hydraulics in the TLR is needed to get more conclusive results. As a spin-off, our project (co-)developed educational tools that can be used within the HUNRE curriculum and as awareness raising activities in Hanoi with citizens, schools and the like. Fieldwork with Vietnamese students was conducted to start with building a data base on water quality of the water bodies in Hanoi. The tools that are created are manuals, instruction videos and an introduction lecture. Furthermore, the database, that is built, can be extended with more fieldwork in the future. The extent to which the educational tools and the database integrate in the study program of HUNRE remains unsure, however the awareness among Vietnamese students on the importance of water quality has increased. Furthermore, the OKP project strives to realize the integration of the educational tools in the future. Therefore, this research objective is expected to be achieved.