One of the most promising energy carriers for transport applications are hydrogen-based energy carriers. NaBH₄ is a hydrogen energy carrier and produces hydrogen bubbles when it is dissolved in water. The formation of hydrogen bubbles hinders experimental measurements of the thermodynamic and transport properties of aqueous NaBH₄ solutions at elevated temperatures. Accurate knowledge of these properties is essential for the NaBH₄ hydrolysis reactor modeling and design. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide the option to study the thermodynamic and transport properties of NaBH₄ aqueous solutions without hindering hydrogen bubble formation. In this work, a new force field is developed for BH₄^-, namely, the Delft force field of BH₄^- (DFF/BH₄^-), which, combined with additional force fields, can accurately describe experimental densities and viscosities of 0 to 5 m (mol salt/kg water) NaBH₄, 0 to 3 m NaB(OH)₄, and 1 m NaOH aqueous solutions at 295 K within 1.8% and 10.8% maximum deviation, respectively. Empirical fitting correlations are created for densities, viscosities, and self-diffusivities obtained from the MD simulations of 0 to 5 m NaBH₄, 0 to 5 m NaB(OH)₄, and 0 to 1 m NaOH aqueous solutions at 295-363 K for NaBH₄ hydrolysis reactor modeling and design purposes.

In this thesis, molecular simulations are performed to design and assess novel 2D materials for H2 storage applications (chapters 2-3) and to predict thermodynamic and transport properties of H2 in aqueous electrolyte solutions for storage and production of H2 (chapters 4-8). Both ab-initio and force field-based methods are used in this thesis.....

Accurate conductivity predictions of KOH(aq) are crucial for electrolysis applications. OH– is transferred in water by the Grotthuss transfer mechanism, thereby increasing its mobility compared to that of other ions. Classical and ab initio molecular dynamics struggle to capture this enhanced mobility due to limitations in computational costs or in capturing chemical reactions. Most studies to date have provided only qualitative descriptions of the structure during Grotthuss transfer, without quantitative results for the transfer rate and the resulting transport properties. Here, machine learning molecular dynamics is used to investigate 50,000 transfer events. Analysis confirmed earlier works that Grotthuss transfer requires a reduction in accepted and a slight increase in donated hydrogen bonds to the hydroxide, indicating that hydrogen-bond rearrangements are rate-limiting. The computed self-diffusion coefficients and electrical conductivities are consistent with experiments for a wide temperature range, outperforming classical interatomic force fields and earlier AIMD simulations.

Non-polarizable force fields fail to accurately predict free energies of aqueous electrolytes without compromising the predictive ability for densities and transport properties. A new approach is presented in which (1) TIP4P/2005 water and scaled charge force fields are used to describe the interactions in the liquid phase and (2) an additional Effective Charge Surface (ECS) is used to compute free energies at zero additional computational expense. The ECS is obtained using a single temperature-independent charge scaling parameter per species. Thereby, the chemical potential of water and the free energies of hydration of various aqueous salts (e.g., NaCl and LiCl) are accurately described (deviations less than 5% from experiments), in sharp contrast to calculations where the ECS is omitted (deviations larger than 20%). This approach enables accurate predictions of free energies of aqueous electrolyte solutions using non-polarizable force fields, without compromising liquid-phase properties.

Continuous Fractional Component Monte Carlo (CFCMC) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed to calculate the solubilities and self-diffusion coefficients of four light n-alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, and n-butane) in aqueous NaCl solutions as well as the thermodynamic properties of their corresponding hydrate crystals. Correction factors k_ij to the Lorentz-Berthelot combining rules for alkane groups (CH₃) and water are optimized (k_ij = 1.04) by fitting excess chemical potentials to experimental data at 1 bar and 298.15 K. Using these values of k_ij, we calculate the solubilities of the four alkanes in aqueous NaCl solutions with different molalities (0-6) mol/kg at different temperatures (278.15-308.15) K and pressures (1, 100, 200, 300) bar. The diffusion coefficients of the four alkanes in NaCl solutions (0-6) mol/kg are calculated at different temperatures (278.15-308.15) K and 1 bar and corrected for the finite-size effects. The lattice parameters of the corresponding hydrates with different guest molecules are computed using MD simulations at different temperatures (150-290) K and pressures (5-700) MPa. Isothermal compressibilities at 287.15 K and thermal expansion coefficients at 14.5 MPa for the corresponding hydrates are calculated. We present an extensive collection of thermodynamic data related to gas hydrates that contribute to a fundamental understanding of natural gas hydrate science.

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria (VLE) of hydrogen (H₂) and aqueous electrolyte (KOH and NaCl) solutions are central to numerous industrial applications such as alkaline electrolysis and underground hydrogen storage. Continuous fractional component Monte Carlo simulations are performed to compute the VLE of H₂ and aqueous electrolyte solutions at 298-423 K, 10-400 bar, 0-8 mol KOH/kg water, and 0-6 mol NaCl/kg water. The densities and activities of water in aqueous KOH and NaCl solutions are accurately modeled (within 2% deviation from experiments) using the non-polarizable Madrid-2019 Na⁺/Cl⁻ ion force fields for NaCl and the Madrid-Transport K⁺ and Delft Force Field of OH⁻ for KOH, combined with the TIP4P/2005 water force field. A free energy correction (independent of pressure, salt type, and salt molality) is applied to the computed infinite dilution excess chemical potentials of H₂ and water, resulting in accurate predictions (within 5% of experiments) for the solubilities of H₂ in water and the saturated vapor pressures of water for a temperature range of 298-363 K. The compositions of water and H₂ are computed using an iterative scheme from the liquid phase excess chemical potentials and densities, in which the gas phase fugacities are computed using the GERG-2008 equation of state. For the first time, the VLE of H₂ and aqueous KOH/NaCl systems are accurately captured with respect to experiments (i.e., for both the liquid and gas phase compositions) without compromising the liquid phase properties or performing any refitting of force fields.

Hydrogen is a clean-burning fuel that can be converted to other forms. of energy without generating any greenhouse gases. Currently, hydrogen is stored either by compression to high pressure (>700 bar) or cryogenic cooling to liquid form (<23 K). Therefore, it is essential to develop safe, reliable, and energy-efficient storage technology that can store hydrogen at lower pressures and temperatures. In this work, we systematically designed 2902 Mg-alkoxide-functionalized covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) and performed high-throughput (HT) computational screening for hydrogen storage applications at 111, 231, and 296 K. To accurately model the interaction between Mg-alkoxide sites and molecular hydrogen, we performed MP2 calculations to compute the hydrogen binding energy for different types of functionalized models, and the data were subsequently used to fit modified-Morse force field (FF) parameters. Using the developed FF models, we conducted HT grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations to compute hydrogen uptakes for both original and functionalized COFs. The generated data were subsequently used to evaluate the materials’ gravimetric and volumetric storage performance at various temperatures (111, 231, and 296 K). Finally, we developed machine learning (ML) models to predict the hydrogen storage performance of functionalized structures based on the features of the original structures. The developed model showed excellent performance with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.061 wt % and 0.456 g/L for predicting the gravimetric and volumetric deliverable capacities, enabling a quick evaluation of structures in a hypothetical COF database. The screening results demonstrated that the Mg-alkoxide functionalization yields greater improvements in volumetric H2 storage capacities for COFs with smaller pores compared to those with larger (mesoporous) pores.

Sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) has a high hydrogen (H₂ ) gravimetric capacity of 10.7 wt %. NaBH₄ releases H₂ through a hydrolysis reaction in which aqueous NaB(OH)₄ is formed as a byproduct. NaB(OH)₄ strongly influences the thermophysical properties of aqueous solutions (i.e., densities, viscosities, and electrical conductivities) and the hydrolysis reaction kinetics and conversion of NaBH₄. Here, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed to compute viscosities, electrical conductivities, and self-diffusivities of H₂ , Na⁺, and B(OH)₄^- for a temperature and concentration range of 298-353 K and 0-5 mol NaB(OH)₄/kg water, respectively. Continuous fractional component Monte Carlo (CFCMC) simulations are used to compute the solubilities of H₂ and activities of water in aqueous NaB(OH)₄ solutions for the same temperature and concentration range. A new force field is developed (Delft force field of B(OH)₄^-: DFF/B(OH)₄^-) in which B(OH)₄^- is modeled as a tetrahedral structure with a scaled charge of −0.85. The OH group in B(OH)₄^- is modeled as a single interaction site. This force field is based on TIP4P/2005 water and the Madrid-2019 Na⁺ force field. The MD simulations can accurately capture the densities and viscosities within 2.5% deviation from available experimental data at 298 K up to a concentration of 5 mol NaB(OH)₄/kg water. The computed electrical conductivities deviate by ca. 10% from experimental data at 298 K for the same concentration range. Based on the molecular simulations results, engineering equations are developed for shear viscosities, self-diffusivities of H₂, Na⁺, and B(OH)₄^-, and solubilities of H₂, which can be used to design and model NaBH₄ hydrolysis reactors.

In this work, we computed electrical conductivities under ambient conditions of aqueous NaCl and KCl solutions by using the Einstein-Helfand equation. Common force fields (charge q = ±1 e) do not reproduce the experimental values of electrical conductivities, viscosities, and diffusion coefficients. Recently, we proposed the idea of using different charges to describe the potential energy surface (PES) and the dipole moment surface (DMS). In this work, we implement this concept. The equilibrium trajectories required to evaluate electrical conductivities (within linear response theory) were obtained by using scaled charges (with the value q = ±0.75 e) to describe the PES. The potential parameters were those of the Madrid-Transport force field, which accurately describe viscosities and diffusion coefficients of these ionic solutions. However, integer charges were used to compute the conductivities (thus describing the DMS). The basic idea is that although the scaled charge describes the ion-water interaction better, the integer charge reflects the value of the charge that is transported due to the electric field. The agreement obtained with experiments is excellent, as for the first time electrical conductivities (and the other transport properties) of NaCl and KCl electrolyte solutions are described with high accuracy for the whole concentration range up to their solubility limit. Finally, we propose an easy way to obtain a rough estimate of the actual electrical conductivity of the potential model under consideration using the approximate Nernst-Einstein equation, which neglects correlations between different ions.

Data for several key thermodynamic and transport properties needed for technologies using hydrogen (H₂), such as underground H₂ storage and H₂O electrolysis are scarce or completely missing. Force field-based Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Continuous Fractional Component Monte Carlo (CFCMC) simulations are carried out in this work to cover this gap. Extensive new data sets are provided for (a) interfacial tensions of H₂ gas in contact with aqueous NaCl solutions for temperatures of (298 to 523) K, pressures of (1 to 600) bar, and molalities of (0 to 6) mol NaCl/kg H₂O, (b) self-diffusivities of infinitely diluted H₂ in aqueous NaCl solutions for temperatures of (298 to 723) K, pressures of (1 to 1000) bar, and molalities of (0 to 6) mol NaCl/kg H₂O, and (c) solubilities of H₂ in aqueous NaCl solutions for temperatures of (298 to 363) K, pressures of (1 to 1000) bar, and molalities of (0 to 6) mol NaCl/kg H₂O. The force fields used are the TIP4P/2005 for H₂O, the Madrid-2019 and the Madrid-Transport for NaCl, and the Vrabec and Marx for H₂. Excellent agreement between the simulation results and available experimental data is found with average deviations lower than 10%.

The thermophysical properties of aqueous electrolyte solutions are of interest for applications such as water electrolyzers and fuel cells. Molecular dynamics (MD) and continuous fractional component Monte Carlo (CFCMC) simulations are used to calculate densities, transport properties (i.e., self-diffusivities and dynamic viscosities), and solubilities of H2 and O2 in aqueous sodium and potassium hydroxide (NaOH and KOH) solutions for a wide electrolyte concentration range (0-8 mol/kg). Simulations are carried out for a temperature and pressure range of 298-353 K and 1-100 bar, respectively. The TIP4P/2005 water model is used in combination with a newly parametrized OH- force field for NaOH and KOH. The computed dynamic viscosities at 298 K for NaOH and KOH solutions are within 5% from the reported experimental data up to an electrolyte concentration of 6 mol/kg. For most of the thermodynamic conditions (especially at high concentrations, pressures, and temperatures) experimental data are largely lacking. We present an extensive collection of new data and engineering equations for H2 and O2 self-diffusivities and solubilities in NaOH and KOH solutions, which can be used for process design and optimization of efficient alkaline electrolyzers and fuel cells.

In heterogeneous catalysis, reactivity and selectivity are not only influenced by chemical processes occurring on catalytic surfaces but also by physical transport phenomena in the bulk fluid and fluid near the reactive surfaces. Because these processes take place at a large range of time and length scales, it is a challenge to model catalytic reactors, especially when dealing with complex surface reactions that cannot be reduced to simple mean-field boundary conditions. As a particle-based mesoscale method, Stochastic Rotation Dynamics (SRD) is well suited for studying problems that include both microscale effects on surfaces and transport phenomena in fluids. In this work, we demonstrate how to simulate heterogeneous catalytic reactors by coupling an SRD fluid with a catalytic surface on which complex surface reactions are explicitly modeled. We provide a theoretical background for modeling different stages of heterogeneous surface reactions. After validating the simulation method for surface reactions with mean-field assumptions, we apply the method to non-mean-field reactions in which surface species interact with each other through a Monte Carlo scheme, leading to island formation on the catalytic surface. We show the potential of the method by simulating a more complex three-step reaction mechanism with reactant dissociation.

Lithium (Li) dopants have garnered attention as a means to enhance hydrogen (H₂) binding energies and capacities in 2D boron-based materials. However, it is unclear if and how these dopants affect H₂ dissociation and chemisorption. Using density functional theory (DFT) and nudged elastic band (NEB) calculations, reaction pathways for H₂ dissociation on borophene-hydride and striped-borophene are investigated in the presence of Li dopants. Our results indicate that tuning the Li-loading can increase the reversibility and the rate of dehydrogenation for both borophene-hydride and striped borophene. In particular, for Li-doped borophene-hydride, the heat of reaction for H₂ release is reduced by more than 85% compared to the pristine structure (1.97 eV/H₂). Our results signify that Li-doping can considerably change the H₂ chemisorption properties of striped-borophene and borophene-hydride, and can lead to promising materials for H₂ storage.

Two-dimensional (2D) boron-based materials are receiving much attention as H2 storage media due to the low atomic mass of boron and the stability of decorating alkali metals on the surface, which enhance interactions with H2. This work investigates the suitability of Li, Na, and K decorations on 2D honeycomb borophene oxide (B2O) for H2 storage, using dispersion corrected density functional theory (DFT-D2). A high theoretical gravimetric density of 8.3 wt % H2 is achieved for the Li-decorated B2O structure. At saturation, each Li binds to two H2 with an average binding energy of -0.24 eV/H2. Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations at temperatures of 100, 300, and 500 K demonstrate the stability of the Li-decorated structure and the H2 desorption behavior at different temperatures. Our findings indicate that Li-decorated 2D B2O is a promising material for reversible H2 storage and recommend experimental investigation of 2D B2O as a potential H2 storage medium.