Auxiliary lift and/or thrust on a compound helicopter can introduce complex aerodynamic interactions between the auxiliary lift and thrust components and the main rotor. In this study high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics analyses were performed to capture the various aerodynamic interactions which are occurring for the Airbus RACER compound helicopter, featuring a box-wing design for auxiliary lift in cruise and wingtip-mounted lateral rotors in pusher configuration for auxiliary thrust in cruise and counter-torque in hover. Although the study was limited to a specific geometry, the effects and phenomena are expected to be to some extent applicable in general for compound helicopters and wingtip-mounted rotors in pusher configuration. A quantitative indication of the aerodynamic interaction effects could be established by leaving away different airframe components in the simulations. The downwash of the main rotor was found to cause a small negative angle of attack in cruise for the wings and lateral rotors and impinged directly on the lateral rotors in hover, resulting in moderate to very significant sinusoidally varying blade loading. The wing increased lateral rotor propulsive efficiency in cruise through its wingtip rotational flowfield and to a lesser extent through its wake. An upstream effect of the lateral rotors on the wing loading was also found. In hover the wing caused a net increase in left lateral rotor thrust as the deflection of the main rotor flow towards the rotor resulted in a local thrust decrease and the low momentum inflow to the rotor from the wake of the wing resulted in a local thrust increase. A small thrust decrease for the right lateral rotor was found due to the wing disturbing its slipstream as this rotor produced reversed thrust. In general, very significant aerodynamic interaction effects can be expected when a main rotor, lateral rotors and wing are in proximity to each other.

Wingtip-mounted propellers installed in a tractor configuration can decrease the wing induced drag by attenuating the wingtip vortex by the propeller slipstream. This paper presents an aerodynamic analysis of the propeller-wing interaction effects for the wingtip-mounted propeller configuration, including a comparison with a conventional configuration with the propeller mounted on the inboard part of the wing. Measurements were taken in a low-speed wind tunnel at Delft University of Technology, with two wing models and a low-speed propeller. Particle-image-velocimetry measurements downstream of a symmetric wing with integrated flap highlighted the swirl reductions characteristic of the wingtip-mounted propeller due to wingtip-vortex attenuation and swirl recovery. External-balance and surface-pressure measurements confirmed that this led to an induced-drag reduction with inboard-up propeller rotation. In a direct comparison with a conventional propeller-wing layout, the wingtip-mounted configuration showed a drag reduction of around 15% at a lift coefficient of 0.5 and a thrust coefficient of 0.12. This aerodynamic benefit increased upon increasing the wing lift coefficient and propeller thrust setting. An analysis of the wing performance showed that the aerodynamic benefit of the wingtip-mounted propeller was due to an increase of the wing's effective span-efficiency parameter.

The wingtip-mounted pusher propeller, which experiences a performance benefit from the interaction with the wingtip flowfield, is an interesting concept for distributed propulsion. This paper examines a propeller design framework and provides verification with RANS CFD simulations by analysing the wing of a 9-passenger commuter airplane with a wingtip-mounted propeller in pusher configuration. In the taken approach, a wingtip flowfield is extracted from a CFD simulation, circumferentially averaged and provided to a lower order propeller analysis and optimisation routine. Possible propulsive efficiency gains for the propeller due to installation are significant, up to 16% increase at low thrust levels, decreasing to approximately 7.5% at the highest thrust level, for a range of thrust from 5% up to 100% of the wing drag. These gains are found to be independent of propeller radius for thrust levels larger than 30% of the wing drag. Effectively, the propeller geometry is optimized for the required thrust and to a lesser degree for the non-uniformity in the flowfield. Propeller blade optimization and installation result in higher profile efficiency in the blade root sections and a more inboard thrust distribution.

Wingtip-mounted tractor propellers enhance aerodynamic performance by attenuating the wingtip vortex with the propeller slipstream and inducing a favorable upwash on the wing. However, the close coupling between propeller and wing means that wing performance may be degraded when the propeller produces negative thrust. This paper analyzes the aerodynamic interaction effects due to the wingtip-mounted propeller under such conditions, that occur when the propeller is windmilling or used for energy harvesting. Experiments in a low-speed wind tunnel and simulations with a RANS solver highlighted the drop in wing performance at negative thrust for the case with inboard-up rotation. The interaction phenomena are reversed compared to the beneficial propulsive case, since the inflow velocity and angle of attack are now reduced on the part of the wing washed by the slipstream. Because of the reversal of the swirl in the slipstream at negative thrust, the interaction is then favorable with outboard-up rotation. For the considered propeller, that was not optimized for operation at negative thrust, the energy-harvesting efficiency was about 10%. This can be improved for future designs by optimizing the blade geometry and pitch setting of the propeller.

In this paper we address a preliminary assessment of the performance effects of swirl recovery vanes (SRVs) in a installed and uninstalled tractor propeller arrangement. A numerical analysis was performed on a propeller and a propeller-wing configuration after the SRVs were optimized first in a separate process. The SRVs are essentially designed to recover the swirl in the rotor slipstream, thereby increasing the propulsive efficiency. To confirm the main flow effects of the SRVs, a separate windtunnel study was performed on a single-rotating propeller model in the large low-speed windtunnel. A steady RANS-based numerical analysis showed that the application of SRVs in a propeller-only model may lead to an increase of propulsive efficiency in the order of 2 %. In case of the SRVs in a representative tractor propeller-wing configuration, the positive effects are reduced due to the swirl recovery effect of the wing and the upwash effect in the SRV plane. The latter requires an optimization per SRV blade which was not performed in this particular study. In de experimental study performance data of the propeller were acquired with a rotating shaft balance. Furthermore, Particle Image Velocimetry PIV measurements in the slipstream of the propeller with and without SRVs substantiated the efficacy of the vanes in reducing the swirl in the propeller slipstream. Reductions of 50% in the swirl kinetic energy was observed at a medium thrust settings.