Assessing real-world emissions from buses and taxis is vital to comprehend their impact on urban air quality. Such vehicles differ significantly from the majority of the fleet owing to their higher mileage rates. However, few studies have focused on specifically assessing the emissions from this segment of the vehicle fleet. In this context, this study evaluated the real-world emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from in-use buses and taxis in Dublin, Ireland, using crossroad remote sensing technology. The remote sensing system was deployed at strategic locations throughout the city to capture on-road emissions from passing vehicles. The collected data included vehicle related information such as emission standard, make, and mileage, and pollutants including NOx. Based on this data, analysis was aimed to understand the impact of Euro emission standard, ambient temperature, mileage, and make of the vehicle on NOx emissions. The results reveal that the average emissions from taxis reduce by 37% from Euro 5 to Euro 6b, and average emissions from Euro 6 buses are 87% lower compared to Euro 5. The trends in emission factors (EFs) of buses and taxis were similar during summer and winter sampling. Moreover, on comparing the emissions from the top five taxi manufacturers, different trends in the emission factors were observed. Finally, the study found that the effect of vehicle mileage on emissions was unclear for both buses and taxis. In any case, these findings provide valuable insights into the real-world emission performance of the existing fleet of buses and taxis in Dublin and highlight the need for targeted measures to reduce emissions from these vehicles. The results can assist policymakers and urban planners in formulating evidence-based strategies to improve air quality in Dublin and other cities facing similar challenges.@en

Interdigitated back contact (IBC) crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells are attracting a lot of attention because of their capability to reach world record conversion efficiency. Because of the relatively complex contact pattern, their design and optimization typically require advanced numerical simulation tools. In this work, a TCAD-based simulation platform has been developed to account accurately and in detail the optical and passivation mechanisms of front texturization. Its validation has been carried out with respect to a novel homo-junction IBC c-Si solar cell based on ion implantation and epitaxial growth, comparing measured and simulated reflectance, transmittance, internal quantum efficiency, external quantum efficiency spectra, and current density–voltage characteristics. As a result of the calibration process, the opto-electrical losses of the investigated device have been identified quantitatively and qualitatively. Then, an optimization study about the optimal front surface field (FSF) doping, front-side texturing morphology, and rear side geometry has been performed. The proposed simulation platform can be potentially deployed to model other solar cell architectures than homo-junction IBC devices (e.g., passivated emitter rear cell, passivated emitter rear locally diffused cell, hetero-IBC cell). Simulation results show that a not-smoothed pyramid-textured front interface and an optimal FSF doping are mandatory to minimize both the optical and the recombination losses in the considered IBC cell and, consequently, to maximize the conversion efficiency. Similarly, it has been showed that recombination losses are affected more by the doping profile rather than the surface smoothing. Moreover, the performed investigation reveals that the optimal FSF doping is almost independent from the front texturing morphology and FSF passivation quality. According to this result, it has been demonstrated that an IBC cell featuring an optimal FSF doping does not exhibit a significant efficiency improvement when the FSF passivation quality strongly improves, proving that IBC cell designs based on low-doped FSF require a very outstanding passivation quality to be competitive. Deploying an optimization algorithm, the adoption of an optimized rear side geometry can potentially lead to an efficiency improvement of about 1%abs as compared with the reference IBC solar cell. Further, by improving both emitter and c-Si bulk quality, a 22.84% efficient solar cell for 280-μm thick c-Si bulk was simulated.@en

This paper presents a detailed analysis on the impact of the emitter contact geometry on the performance of back contact-back junction (BC-BJ) c-Si solar cells by means of a TCAD-based electro-optical model. BC-BJ c-Si solar cells featuring a conventional linear-contact (LC) scheme and an advanced point-contact (PC) pattern are considered. In addition, the introduction of a selective emitter (SE) design in the PC structure and the effect of including multiple contacts in the emitter region of the considered BC-BJ solar cells are also investigated.@en

This paper presents a detailed analysis on the impact of the emitter contact geometry on the performance of back contact-back junction (BC-BJ) c-Si solar cells by means of a TCAD-based electro-optical model. BC-BJ c-Si solar cells featuring a conventional linear-contact (LC) scheme and an advanced point-contact (PC) pattern are considered. In addition, the introduction of a selective emitter (SE) design in the PC structure and the effect of including multiple contacts in the emitter region of the considered BC-BJ solar cells are also investigated.@en

This paper presents a detailed analysis on the impact of the emitter contact geometry on the performance of back contact-back junction (BC-BJ) c-Si solar cells by means of a TCAD-based electro-optical model. BC-BJ c-Si solar cells featuring a conventional linear-contact (LC) scheme and an advanced point-contact (PC) pattern are considered. In addition, the introduction of a selective emitter (SE) design in the PC structure and the effect of including multiple contacts in the emitter region of the considered BC-BJ solar cells are also investigated.@en

This paper presents a detailed analysis on the impact of the emitter contact geometry on the performance of back contact-back junction (BC-BJ) c-Si solar cells by means of a TCAD-based electro-optical model. BC-BJ c-Si solar cells featuring a conventional linear-contact (LC) scheme and an advanced point-contact (PC) pattern are considered. In addition, the introduction of a selective emitter (SE) design in the PC structure and the effect of including multiple contacts in the emitter region of the considered BC-BJ solar cells are also investigated.@en

This paper presents a detailed analysis on the impact of the emitter contact geometry on the performance of back contact-back junction (BC-BJ) c-Si solar cells by means of a TCAD-based electro-optical model. BC-BJ c-Si solar cells featuring a conventional linear-contact (LC) scheme and an advanced point-contact (PC) pattern are considered. In addition, the introduction of a selective emitter (SE) design in the PC structure and the effect of including multiple contacts in the emitter region of the considered BC-BJ solar cells are also investigated.@en

This paper presents a detailed analysis on the impact of the emitter contact geometry on the performance of back contact-back junction (BC-BJ) c-Si solar cells by means of a TCAD-based electro-optical model. BC-BJ c-Si solar cells featuring a conventional linear-contact (LC) scheme and an advanced point-contact (PC) pattern are considered. In addition, the introduction of a selective emitter (SE) design in the PC structure and the effect of including multiple contacts in the emitter region of the considered BC-BJ solar cells are also investigated.@en