We use a database of direct numerical simulations to evaluate parametrizations for energy dissipation rate in stably stratified flows. We show that shear-based formulations are more appropriate for stable boundary layers than commonly used buoyancy-based formulations. As part of the derivations, we explore several length scales of turbulence and investigate their dependence on local stability.

The influence of space-charge layers on the ionic charge transport over cathode-solid electrolyte interfaces in all-solid-state batteries remains unclear because of the difficulty to unravel it from other contributions to the ion transport over the interfaces. Here, we reveal the effect of the space-charge layers by systematically tuning the space-charge layer on and off between Li _xV ₂O ₅ and Li _1.5Al _0.5Ge _1.5(PO ₃) ₄ (LAGP), by changing the Li _xV ₂O ₅ potential and selectively measuring the ion transport over the interface by two-dimensional (2D) NMR exchange. The activation energy is demonstrated to be 0.315 eV for lithium-ion exchange over the space-charge-free interface, which increases dramatically to 0.515 eV for the interface with a space-charge layer. Comparison with a space-charge model indicates that the charge distribution due to the space-charge layer is responsible for the increased interface resistance. Thereby, the present work provides selective and quantitative insight into the effect of space-charge layers over electrode-electrolyte interfaces on ionic transport.

In this study, we explore several integral and outer length scales of turbulence which can be formulated by using the dissipation of temperature fluctuations (χ) and other relevant variables. Our analyses directly lead to simple yet non-trivial parameterizations for both spatially-averaged χ¯ and the structure parameter of temperature (CT2). For our purposes, we make use of high-fidelity data from direct numerical simulations of stratified channel flows.

Kolmogorov's 1941 hypothesis on local isotropy is only applicable for scales smaller than the outer length scales (OLS). By utilizing data from direct numerical simulations and wind tunnel experiments, we quantify OLS in stratified flows.