Het beperken van overstromingsrisico’s is een grote maatschappelijke uitdaging, met name voor landen waar de dreiging van het water altijd dichtbij is. De groei van de economische activiteiten en het aantal inwoners van Nederland hebben aan de basis gestaan van het vaststellen van nieuwe overstromingsnormen. De ambitie is aan deze nieuwe veiligheidsnormen te voldoen door de komende 30 jaar zo’n twee derde van de 3.500 kilometer aan primaire waterkeringen te versterken, onder de vlag van het hoogwaterbeschermingsprogramma (HWBP). Het onderzoeksprogramma All-Risk, dat tussen 2017 en 2021 is uitgevoerd, heeft als doel bij te dragen aan de implementatie van de nieuwe risicobenadering. Na vijf jaar onderzoek presenteren we in dit boek de All-Risk resultaten voor dijkprofessionals en alle anderen die geïnteresseerd zijn in waterveiligheid. Het boek begint met de kansen en uitdagingen van de technische en juridische implementatie van de nieuwe Nederlandse risicogebaseerde benadering. Daarna behandelt elk hoofdstuk één van de vijf All-Risk onderzoekthema's. Hierin staan de belangrijkste uitkomsten van 15 PhD projecten, uitgevoerd aan vijf universiteiten samen met meer dan 30 partners van de overheid, onderzoeksinstituten, NGO's en de private sector. Elk hoofdstuk bevat verder verhaallijnen (storylines) over toepassingen in casestudies en wordt afgesloten met reflecties uit webinardiscussies met vertegenwoordigers uit onderzoek en praktijk.@en

Without our dikes and dunes, 60% of the Netherlands would flood on a regular basis. This area is home to 9 million people. The latest report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, February 2022) underlines the importance of reinforcing water safety. Sea levels are rising and extreme weather is becoming increasingly common. The Flood Protection Programme, the largest Dutch water safety operation since the Delta Works, will help us minimise the likelihood of flooding. New knowledge and innovation are urgently needed The Dutch dikes have stood firm for more than 1,000 years. After disasters in 1916 and 1953, storm surge barriers and dams have been added to the network of protective dikes. Following the floods in 1993 and 1995, the Room for the River programme was implemented. New knowledge of flood risks led to the introduction of new, often stricter standards for flood defences in 2017.@en

Without our dikes and dunes, 60% of the Netherlands would flood on a regular basis. This area is home to 9 million people. The latest report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, February 2022) underlines the importance of reinforcing water safety. Sea levels are rising and extreme weather is becoming increasingly common. The Flood Protection Programme, the largest Dutch water safety operation since the Delta Works, will help us minimise the likelihood of flooding. New knowledge and innovation are urgently needed The Dutch dikes have stood firm for more than 1,000 years. After disasters in 1916 and 1953, storm surge barriers and dams have been added to the network of protective dikes. Following the floods in 1993 and 1995, the Room for the River programme was implemented. New knowledge of flood risks led to the introduction of new, often stricter standards for flood defences in 2017.@en

Climate change is intensifying severe weather and flood hazards, putting riverfront residents at growing risk. Although existing public flood defences like dikes and nature-based solutions offer protection, recent events like those in Limburg in 2021 highlight the need to address flood risk at the homeowner level. With the expectation that homeowners must accept some flood risk, engaging them is crucial to tackling climate change's escalating impacts. Therefore, homeowners should implement private flood measures, but many fail to recognize the urgency. In the Netherlands, where a shared responsibility approach to flood risk management is evolving, provincial governments must engage homeowners to prepare for increasing flood risk. To do this, governments need insights into homeowners' preferences and motivations regarding public and private flood protection measures. This research addresses this need through a serious game and examines homeowner profiles and factors influencing private flood protection adoption. The study begins with a literature review, incorporating theories like the Tiebout model and the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). The serious game "Where We Move" is selected, and techniques such as latent class analysis, ANOVA, and T-tests are used to determine homeowner profiles and influences on private flood measure adoption. Three homeowner attitude profiles emerge: "Cautious Optimists," "Informed Preparers," and "Cautious Realists." These profiles reflect different knowledge levels and future flood expectations. Optimists are less likely to adopt private measures, suggesting that increasing knowledge, particularly about climate change's impact on floods, could heighten perceived threats and drive greater adoption. Preferences for private measures are influenced by environmental benefits, personal advantages like aesthetics, and societal benefits. Financial means affect the type of measure chosen, with wealthier individuals opting for more expensive options. However, income levels do not impact the inclination to protect against flooding, highlighting that financial capabilities influence the measure's cost but not the protective response. The level of public flood protection affects homeowners' residency choices. Generally, "grey" solutions like dikes are preferred, but low-income homeowners prioritize well-protected areas, even at a higher cost. High-income homeowners choose cheaper dike area houses and allocate their savings elsewhere. Information about the risk reduction effect significantly influences private measure adoption, affecting homeowners' coping abilities. This aligns with research showing that informed decision-making leads to increased adoption. Homeowners are motivated when they perceive high threat levels, possess coping abilities, and take ownership of the risk. Flood experience influences the type of measure but not the adoption rate. To address homeowners' lack of urgency, the study suggests improving communication strategies to emphasize how private measures reduce risks. Subsidies and collaborative initiatives can narrow the gap between high and low-income homeowners. Future research should explore intangible factors like psychological stress and denial and consider cost-effectiveness, familiarity, knowledge levels, and perspectives on future flooding. While this research provides valuable insights, it acknowledges limitations in sample variation and size adequacy and doesn't delve into nuanced factors like psychological stress. Future research can build on these insights, refining flood risk mitigation strategies for safer and more resilient communities in the face of flooding.

Recent Conflict Early Warning Systems have found little evidence of predictive power of drought indicators for conflict prediction. However, this may result from the context-specificity of the drought-conflict relationship, as stressed in the more recent climate-conflict literature. The present thesis assesses the local role of meteorological drought indicators for communal conflict prediction in North-Western Kenya, as a region where the narrative of resource-scarcity driven conflicts exists. A local-scale literature review on conflict dynamics followed by a fixed-effects logistic regression modelling approach stress the importance of the spatial dimension when analysing drought-conflict relationships. The role of cross-border transhumance in linking climate variability to conflict occurrence is stressed by the lower confidence intervals and more significant effects when moving the regression analysis from the spatial delimitation of administrative units to the agency level of ethnic groups. Differences in between ethnic groups in the obtained patterns of conflict behaviour in response to drought or water abundance are explained by their migratory behaviour along with a differentiated account of their relative drought vulnerability. The lack of any considerable role of drought in the subsequently built quasi-replication of the WPS Global Early Warning Tool, is therefore assigned to the mismatch of administrative units as the spatial unit of analysis in a pastoralist area, where herders frequently move their cattle to the other side of the border. It is advocated for an ethnic-group centered approach to predicting conflict, which relaxes assumptions on spatial containment of conflict events. However, whether this alternative model specification leads to a greater role of drought indicators in conflict prediction and better overall predictions, needs to be assessed in future work.

Transdisciplinary (TD) research plays a crucial role in addressing the complex challenges of climate adaptation. Despite popularisation of TD research, ambiguity remains in the specific implementation of this approach. As more projects aim to adopt TD approaches, more clarity is needed to structure the organisation and implementation of TD projects. This study aims to provide insight from practice on how challenges and successes can be addressed in TD projects. Through an in-depth investigation of three TD projects, this research explores the key components of TD projects, identifies main challenges and successes, and elicits stakeholders' suggested improvements. The study consists of a comprehensive analysis of literature, expert interviews, interview data, and focus group discussions. A theoretical framework is developed to define TD concepts and relationships, addressing the issue of diffuse definitions. The research highlights the importance of shared understanding among stakeholders, particularly in addressing cultural challenges and achieving inclusiveness. Stakeholders' differing perspectives on successes and challenges are observed, leading to the identification of common themes across projects. The results underscore the significance of existing relationships and collaboration in TD projects, contributing to successful outcomes. However, certain challenges, such as inflexible institutional regulations, are also shared across cases. The analysis highlights the need for more explicit reflection on successes and structured approaches for envisioning improvements. The study also reveals a divide between participants based on their backgrounds, suggesting the importance of promoting knowledge integration among diverse stakeholders. Overall, this study contributes to the advancement of TD research in climate adaptation, empowering stakeholders to navigate complex challenges and foster sustainable solutions.