The growing global consumption of non-renewable resources is a significant societal concern. The shortage of primary raw materials and the decreasing availability of space for final waste disposal present an alarming situation. Improperly assigning materials to their recycling potential often results in high-potential materials being downgraded to lower potential uses. Transitioning to a Circular Economy, as proposed by the European Union (EU), offers an effective solution to this problem. A Circular Economy is an economic system designed from societal production and consumption patterns that maximizes the services derived from the linear flow of materials and energy between nature and society. It achieves this by utilizing cyclical material flows, renewable energy sources, and cascading energy flows. To ensure materials remain available indefinitely, they must be documented and registered while in use. The EU has proposed Material Passport for buildings which is an electronic set of data and evaluates the recycling potential and environmental impact of materials embedded in buildings.

Land Administration is the process of efficient management of land and its associated information, facilitating communication among various stakeholders both within one country and internationally. In this research, land administration is utilized because ownership information from the land administration can be applied to the registration of building materials. It also provides data on location and distance details. The registration methods used in land administration are well-suited to the concept of a material passport. Hence, this research combines the concepts of Circular Economy and Land Administration. The Land Administration Domain Model, LADM ISO19152–6 edition II contains six parts- Conceptual Model, Land Registration, Marine Georegulation, Valuation Information, Spatial Plan Information and Implementation. Building Materials registration has a lot of links to the Land Administration, like owner, valuation. Introducing the "Building Materials ISO 19152-7" standard can significantly contribute to the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM). It allows building materials registration to be aligned with (inter)national standards, ensuring consistency and improving the overall quality and reliability of land and property management. The main contribution of this study lies in evaluating the application of Building Materials and establishing a standardized Material Passport, including its basic requirements and conceptual information model. This research identifies and explores the connections between the Material Passport and its integration with the core LADM creating a multipurpose harmonized information model. ... Read more

A code list in Unified Modeling Language (UML), a simple list of values without any structure, can be employed as a simple data type to further capture the semantics of a domain. The code list values as used in international standards (e.g. ISO and OGC) are generally presented without definition, reference to the source of a definition, multi-lingual alternative term support and semantic relationships (e.g. hierarchical, associative). Moreover, managing, implementing, and maintaining UML code lists can be considered as a difficult task since they generally do not provide structured and semantically enriched values. This is also true in the case of ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), which is currently under systematic review and adding more content, meaning and structure to code list values could be considered an improvement. In last decade, there is a growing interest in representing terms as well as code list values using Semantic Web technologies (e.g. RDF, OWL, SKOS, SPARQL) and making them available on a registry (e.g. ISO/TC211 Geolexica, OGC Definitions Server, INSPIRE code list register, BARTOC), including land administration domain (e.g. CaLAThe, LandVoc). However, there is no joint understanding in structuring, extending and maintaining code list values, which may be achieved through an agreed metamodel. Such a metamodel should also provide insight into content, localisation (multi-lingual support), versioning and implementation. The aim of this study is to propose a framework (basically a metamodel) for structuring, extending, maintaining and implementing semantically enriched code lists, and to discuss the application of the proposed framework to be included in the revision of LADM. To achieve this aim, the requirements for refined code list values are firstly collected considering existing thesauri, vocabularies and standards. Subsequently, a metamodel is proposed for the refined code list. The proposed metamodel is applied to a code list of LADM as well as a part of a selected country profile. ... Read more

Standardization in land administration domain has been expanded to 3D and even 4D representations, adopting a multipurpose character, in order to become the foundation of a sustainable and smart economic development. At the moment, although the potential benefits of 3D Cadastre is argued to be enormous and there are plenty of standards related to 3D Cadastre while others enhancing the role of 3D Cities, there is no complete solution for 3D Cadastre. That being so, the last years, there has been a rapid increase in the integration, harmonization and implementation support of such standards. In this context, the integration of 3D legal spaces with 3D physical objects is gaining ground, as the (invisible) legal boundaries do not always match with the physical counterparts, leading to obscure situations. LADM, the International Standard for land administration, was proved to be one of the best candidates to unambiguously represent 3D Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities. On the other side, spatial data models and virtual city models manage 3D urban structures without focusing on legal aspects. Many researchers have explored integrations between those aspects giving promising results. In this direction, apart from international standards, also national standards have been developed to enable the communication between land information systems. One of the most representatives is INTERLIS, a Swiss standard, a precise, standardized Object Relational modelling language on the conceptual level, which allows for automated quality control. Thus, in this paper the focus is given on how INTERLIS and LADM complement each other in the actual implementation of land administration systems. Main challenges among others in the context of this research include: 1. extensible hierarchical and versioned code lists in INTERLIS models, 2. formally define LADM constraints in INTERLIS, 3. discuss 3D geometry types and 4. introduce a holistic LADM/INTERLIS approach for country profiles. ... Read more

The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) is one of the first ISO spatial domain standards, and has been proven one of the best candidates for unambiguously representing 3D Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities. Consequently, multiple LADM-based country profile implementations have been developed since the approval of LADM as an ISO standard; however, there is still a gap for technical implementations. This paper summarizes LADM implementation approaches distilled from relevant publications available to date. Models based on land administration standards do focus on the legal aspects of urban structures; however, the juridical boundaries in 3D are sometimes (partly) bound by the corresponding physical objects, leading to ambiguous situations. To that end, more integrated approaches are being developed at a conceptual level, and it is evident that the evaluation and validation of 3D legal and physical models—both separately and together in the form of an integrated model—is vital. This paper briefly presents the different approaches to legal and physical integration that have been developed in the last decade, while the need for more explicit relationships between legal and physical notions is highlighted. In this regard, recent experience gained from implementing INTERLIS, the Swiss standard that enables land information system communications, in LADM-based country profiles, suggests the possibility of an integrated LADM/INTERLIS approach. Considering semantic interoperability within integrated models, the need for more formal semantics is underlined by introducing formalization of code lists and explicit definition of constraints. Last but not least, the first results of case studies based on the generic LADM/INTERLIS approach are presented. ... Read more

Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) aim at making spatial (geographical) data and thus content available for the benefit of the economy and of the society. Agreement and sharing of vocabularies within the SDI are vital for interoperability. But there is a limitation: many vocabularies have been defined within domains while other domains have not been taken into account. Therefore, little harmonisation has been achieved and data sharing between domains within the SDI is problematic. This paper presents a methodology and tools for non-automatic, community driven ontology matching that we developed to harmonise the definition of concepts in domain models that are already being defined and used in operational use cases. Besides the methodology and tools that we developed, we describe our experiences and lessons learned as well as future work. ... Read more

This paper reports on the result of two studies for using a geographical database management system for archiving Automated Identification System (AIS) message data. In this paper, we analyse the storage (using MongoDB and PostgreSQL) and we give a more in-depth description of a possible data model for archiving messages based on the bit vector type and functional indexes in PostgreSQL. ... Read more

Much work has already been done on how a 3D Cadastre should best be developed. An inclusive information model, the Land Administration Model (LADM ISO 19152) has been developed to provide an international framework for how this can best be done. While this generic framework encompasses a wide range of eventualities, it does not prescribe the data format. One existing source from which data could be obtained is 3D Building Information Models (BIMs), or more specifically in this context, BuildingSMART’s Industry Foundation Class (IFC). Obtaining data is only one part of the process from moving from a 2D to a 3D Cadastre. An efficient collaborative workflow, preferably digital, also needs to be developed. This digital workflow would determine what the 3D Cadastre needs from a 3D BIM and the process of extracting it in addition to exchange requirements. Foundations, however, would need to be laid in order to facilitate this process. To begin with, in spite of the fact that the Industry Foundation Class (IFC) is already quite an extensive model, in order to satisfy the requirements of cadastral legal spaces it would need to be enriched further. Enriching it would enable data for a 3D Cadastre to be extracted from both as-designed and as-built BIMs. Experience has shown that process harmonization between organizations is non-trivial and dependent on specific organizations within countries Standardizing at an international level is therefore something wiser to avoid. However, a collaborative workflow described in BuildingSMART’s Information Delivery Manual (IDM) is a useful illustration of how the involved actors could collaborate. Moreover, communicating the information extraction process of BIM data to 3D parcels to actors in the building world using their own lingua franca could be beneficial. ... Read more

Building Information Models (e.g. BIM, IFC) and virtual 3D city models (e.g. CityGML) are revolutionising the way we manage information about cities. The main focus of such models is on the physical and functional characteristics of urban structures (Aien et al, 2015). On the other hand cadastral data models, (e.g. Land Administration Domain Model (LADM)), have been developed for legal information modelling and management purposes without providing correspondence to the object’s physical counterperts. However, by definition, those two aspects need to be interrelated; i.e. a tunnel, a building, a mine, etc. always have both a legal status and boundaries as well as a physical description; while it is evident that their integration would maximise their utility and flexibility to support different applications. In order to examine the correlation between those aspects, a prototype system was developed based on model driven architecture practices, empahasizing in formalization of constraints. Constraints have been proved effective in providing solutions needed to avoid errors and enable maintenance of data quality; thus the need to specify and implement them is vital. The paper explores possibilities of linking 3D legal right, restriction, responsibilities (RRR) spaces, modelled with LADM (LADM, ISO 19152), with physical reality of 3D objects (described via CityGML, IFC, InfraGML, etc). During this implementation, INTERLIS, a standard modelling language for geodata exchange, was selected as modelling language, because of its claimed good support of constraints in vendor neutral manner and ease of obtaining actual implementation. The system’s development cycle, from conceptual model to implementation of working prototype is illustrated through a proposed model for a Multipurpose Land Administation System (MLAS) for Greece. The prototype is developed in order to evaluate the strengths and limitations of the proposed conceptual model, as well as to investigate the efficiency and limitations of the existing technological (INTERLIS) tools. The process followed during the prototype development is cyclical and repetitive, providing feedback to the initial model during all the stages and improving it in terms of efficiency, reality and technical implementation. Main challenges among others during the system’s development cycle include the following: 1. how to express various LADM constraints (OCL and semiformal in standard) formally in INTERLIS, 2. how to include extensible hierarchical code lists in INTERLIS models (not natively available) and distinguish them from enumeration values, 3. how to model 3D volumetric primitives in INTERLIS (not natively available) and 4. how to link two models (legal - physical) using cross domain constraints.  ... Read more

With the help of technologies such as GPS tracks, GIS and open data is now possible to study people travel behaviour in a new way. Nowadays, large datasets can be easily handled thanks to databases and better visualized using GIS. Moreover, the availability of GPS data, open data and VGI makes accessible a lot of new information, which was not obtainable before. This research is about the analysis of mobility patterns in different neighbourhoods in three cities in the Netherlands. The study is based on the validation of mobility theoretical performances by the actual performances measured through the analysis of GPS logs of households, who live in the neighbourhoods. A series of spatial indicators based on proximity, density and accessibility are computed in order to assess the theoretical performances of the neighbourhoods. To achieve this task, information about built environment characteristics and infrastructure networks is retrieved from OpenStreetMap, and other datasets. In the end the neighbourhoods are classified into five classes, according to the different levels of performances in terms of sustainable mobility. In such a way, it is possible to better understand the key factors that influence actual people travel patterns, providing policy makers with accurate information about the real movement of people. ... Read more

The distribution of people in buildings, the occupancy of lecture-, work- and study places and the accessibility of facilities are essential information at university campuses who have to cope with limited and even shrinking budgets and huge, rising real estate costs. Only little insight is gained in both occupancy and movement patterns with traditional counting techniques and user-based questionnaires. Management teams state that rooms and facilities are hardly used, though staff and students complain about overcrowded facilities and limited flexibility. Actual and accurate data on a 24/7 scale with high-granularity is missing.
In general Facility- and Asset Management lacks efficient methods for realtime, comprehensive and high-granularity information of location, capacity and use of tangible and intangible assets. Asset management could benefit from more detailed, more accurate and longitudinal data on assets, providing more insight into efficiency and effectiveness on different levels of scale through time.
Existing technologies could provide a platform delivering those required insights. Navigation- and communication technologies such as GNSS, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, RFID can be used to ‘locate’ users, estimate intensities and reveal patterns of movement and patterns of use. For Asset management indoor
localisation is essential. ... Read more