As more people are moving towards urban environments, cities are under pressure and are becoming more dense. Cities are reaching their physical boundaries, limiting the possibilities for horizontal expansion. Solutions towards the problem of densification of cities such as tall buildings are becoming increasingly popular. Existing urban economic literature revolving around this topic has mainly focussed on the horizontal scale of cities and buildings while largely ignoring the vertical aspects. In this study the vertical economics within tall buildings are further researched with an objective to shed light on the interrelationship between price premiums per floor level, vertical sorting through the willingness to pay for height of tenants and productivity measured by revenue per employee within tall buildings in Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague. These factors have contributed to the following main question of this research: What is the interrelationship between price premiums per floor level, vertical sorting and productivity of firms in multi-tenant office buildings in the three largest cities (Amsterdam, Rotterdam & The Hague) of the Netherlands?Empirical analysis through several models results in a highly significant vertical price premium of 0,6% increase of transacted rental price per square meters for each consecutive floor level. In similar fashion a vertical price premium of 1,5% is found for each consecutive relative floor level. Both of these percentages indicate a strong relationship between both absolute and relative floor level height and willingness to pay for height effects such as view and status. Floor levels are grouped in brackets of 5. A non-monotonic trend for floor price premiums is identified, suggesting a progressive trend up to floor level 25th, after which the trend becomes regressive. The regressive pattern after floor 25 could indicate a turning point in terms of rent premiums where the trade-off between amenities and accessibility diminishes and the cost of transportation to the highest floors outweigh the benefits that view and status offer.The results through vertical sorting analysis indicate a difference between sectors ranging from 49,6% to -2,6% in terms of willingness to pay (WTP) for absolute height and 54,7% to 25,8% for WTP for relative height. All analysed industries are more willing to pay more for relative height while there are significant differences between sectors for absolute height. Insurance carriers and law offices tend to locate higher within a building. The results indicate a significant difference between insurance & law offices and the other analysed industries starting from the 50th and 75th percentile.Finally, a significant, but not robust elasticity between the models is found between the floor levels and productivity, indicating that tenants who have more revenue per employee locate higher within a building. The observation where, as productivity increases by 1%, the floor level increases by 4,8%, is a confirmation of previous research and literature where firms who have a higher productivity value have an increased willingness to pay for height.

The amount of elderly will increase in the future and elderly homes were abolished by the government due to cutbacks in 2012. There is no room for the target group that is too good for the nursing home and too bad for home care. In this Graduation Studio ‘Designing for Care I will anser the following question, ‘What kind of buildings and neighbourhoods do we need if (older) people take care of older people?’ In this context, care is seen as non-professional care. To answer this question I lived for one week in an elderly home to study the target group in their context. The main observations are passive behaviour and ‘being alone together’. Life in that elderly home reminds me of a factory. An ‘elderly factory’ that produces passive elderly. The relation with a factory is because of the daily routines and the behaviour of the residents. Everyday is the same, everything is planned, nothing is spontaneous. My goal is to transform the ‘elderly factory’ into a ‘fun factory’. A design where elderly live together and take care of each other. Fun in this context refers to the lifestyle and the living environment. Fun can be for instance social interaction or making yourself useful to help someone else. To come up with a concept I asked people in my surrounding how they would live when they are old. The main answers focused on the people. Interviews gave me insights in what people are willing to share with others. Namely a kitchen, living room and a garden, a good balance between private and collective space is important. The kind of support that people are willing to give to their roommates is divided. They like to do leisure activities, are willing to do some household tasks but not provide medical care. Caregivers are needed and will offer home care. To create a place where you are together, help and motivate each other we can learn from an existing co-living typology for a new target group, namely ‘student houses for elderly’. A house with private and collective rooms that are shared with a small group of selected people. The design is a modern courtyard typology. A collective greenhouse is surrounded by elderly houses and care-free houses. A surrounding that stimulates small talks, interaction and social control.

There is a clear mismatch between the national ambition to reach a natural gas-free housing stock and the current ability of owner-occupiers to meet this ambition. This research aims to help resolve this mismatch between the national ambition and the opportunities for households to act in the gas-free transition. To do so, missing information is provided and made understandable to homeowners. By including the servitization model, the effect of this new model is furthermore researched. The objectives are as follows: (1) conceptualize the natural gas-free transition process; (2) develop optimum homeowner focused transition packages showcasing if and how they can enter the transition process; and (3) generate a housing stock feasibility overview and assess the added value of the servitization model. The main method of this research is the development of a transition tool. The tool combines a Building Performance Simulation (BPS) with economic analysis. The main empirical findings indicate that feasible gas-free transition packages can be developed for 33%, or 1.2 million privately owned dwellings with the processes currently available. The remaining 2.4 million dwellings do not showcase feasible business cases to enter the gas-free transition process. The results show that the dwellings that illustrate feasible transition package have the potential to decrease their 49% share of primary energy demand to 8% when gas-free, decreasing the total energy consumption of the Netherlands by 7.7%.

This research aims to investigate the height pattern and height determinant factors of Chinese skyscrapers. A skyscraper is a habitable structure that is taller than 150 meters, with more than 50 percent of the space occupiable (CTBUH, 2019). It is a widely used building typology around the world, especially in countries and areas with rapid economic growth. This is due to the ability of skyscrapers to accommodate a large amount of the population and activities in a single location, where it is also an efficient building design for areas with high demand in land, and locations with high land prices. Building tall is one of the characteristics of a skyscraper, and Height could be used as a tool to allocate city population and improve city efficiency. Thus Skyscraper distribution and height pattern is important to understand for city development. In general, from the results, one infers that building height does not have a significant relationship with city-level height determinants. Looking into the height distribution around the country, skyscrapers in China mostly cluster around 200 meters, this, on one hand, shows that “building higher” is not the main focus regarding most of the construction in China. On the other hand, it also shows that lands in the urban area are not used efficiently. This is also proven by a wide range of height and the expansion of cities in China. According to the theory stated in the literature review, skyscrapers are first designed to provide more space in a location due to high land prices and a limited amount of land, but China has large amounts of empty land around. This may be the reason why there are more skyscraper development projects that stay around 200 meters. Some of the results in this research show similarity to previous research, including the connection between skyscraper development and economic situation; there are also results that contradict the previous research results, including height competition and location-specific factors. This shows that skyscraper development in each country could be different due to many reasons. Some Specific characteristic could largely influence the construction pattern. Also, skyscraper development connects with height and also the number of buildings. This research focuses on height, the results derived also from the perspective of height, so more studies could be done on the connection between the amount of skyscraper and height.

The Randstad in The Netherlands faces on the one hand structural vacancy in office buildings and on the other hand a growing housing shortage. Reuse strategies to decrease the vacancy rate of the office market have been researched extensively both inside and out- side The Netherlands. However, the challenges and opportunities for these reuse strategies specifically for tall office buildings have not been researched yet. The aim of this research is to find the difference in challenges to conversion of tall office buildings, focused on the Randstad in the Netherlands. This research will be carried out in two parts. The first part focuses on the past research, by carrying out a literature study consisting of challenges and solutions to conversion. The second part studies cases in the Randstad, comparing different cases to find the challenges to conversion of tall office buildings to housing. Concluding this research, there are not neccessarily new or other challenges in the transformation of tall buildings as opposed to the transformation of buildings that are not classified as tall. How- ever, some challenges, especially those on technical level, can have a higher impact on the transformation of tall buildings. This report contains the problem statement and context, together with the literature study, methodology, empirical findings and conclusion.

Cities are the backbone of the economy in most countries, serving the corporations they house and enjoying the benefits of their business. They are also a beacon for many who flock to these urban areas in the hope of better employment opportunities and quality of life. Cities are thus constantly growing and evolving in an effort to create a competitive advantage that can attract and retain more business. The pattern of city growth can be traced back to several factors that influence the location decisions of businesses to cluster. Service sector led cities witness the most prominent impact in real estate development, given that their economy is heavily reliant on business networks and economies of agglomeration. As such, these cities also bear the drawbacks of being popular migration destinations, including overconsumption of resources, crowding and high costs. Creating an environment that can benefit corporations, residents and the Government, while still tackling the negative externalities of agglomeration is crucial to maintain a city's competitive advantage. This tension is researched through an empirical study of the factors that have established Bangalore as the Silicon Valley of India. The dynamics between the private and public sector is therefore explored, making a case for more cross-sector collaboration in order to sustain Bangalore’s competitive advantage as an IT destination.

Plant factory with artificial light PFAL is an advanced facility has been developing through many research based on experimental field work in greenhouses as fully insulated and the airtight production facility. PFAL is one form of “closed plant production system” (CPPS) unit. It is a system where the growing environment optimally controlled and therefore, can provide various type of crops in different climatic conditions at a higher production level.The standard PFAL only use artificial lighting to provide the plant with the light required for photosynthesis needed for growth. The research by design intends to fill the gap between the architecture, agriculture and environmental studies and to reproduce the PFAL in a Hybrid lighting system to benefit from solar light and in combination with an hydroponic farming technique .

A significant growth in the development of tall buildings has taken place within the past two decades, during which approximately 75% of the total existing tall buildings has been constructed. This construction boom has happened in alignment with the phenomenon of the increasing urbanization of cities worldwide. A tall building offers the capability to accommodate large volumes of people and satisfy both their residential and business needs in cities with limited margins of horizontal expansion. Consequently, tall buildings can act as a solution to the phenomenon of increasing urbanization. This thesis enriches the pool of existing knowledge with additional quantitative data, from a global viewpoint. Main objective is to understand what determines the development of tall buildings and especially their height. A quantitative research methodology is employed, where a database of 4826 tall buildings is created. This includes tall buildings taller than 150 meters, constructed after 1960 and still standing, worldwide. Factors that determine the height are investigated with the use of Multiple Linear Regression, having four perspectives as guide. These are: economic-related, building-related, location-related and height competition. The effects of space and time are also taken into account with appropriately constructed variables and the regression models created turned to have moderate explanatory power. Findings suggest that the decision to develop a tall building is based on the location itself, complemented by the current economic conditions and depending on the function the building is designed to serve.

Currently, clear European and Global climate goals, such as the Paris Agreement and the European Energy Efficiency Directive, are in place to stimulate more efficient use of resources and lower emissions. The built environment can play a significant role in reaching these objectives in the future since it consumes around 40% of the total energy consumption (Šjan, 2016). Also, approximately two-third of the existing stock in the Netherlands will be in use within the timeframe of these goals. Therefore, a major challenge is to adapt the existing stock to become more energy efficient or even neutral. The Dutch government obliges office space to have at least label C by 2023 (RVO, 2018). Real estate technologies can enhance the energy efficiency of these buildings by providing data on actual energy consumption. Nowadays, an energy performance gap exists between the actual and theoretical energy consumption stresses the need for more insights on a building level (Sipma, Kremer & Vroom, 2017). Therefore, this research investigates to what extent this energy performance gap can be bridged by adaptations to the existing office stock in the Netherlands and what possible drivers and thresholds are for different stakeholder. A literature study has provided input for the development of a theoretical framework and the selection of the research methodology. A case study research has been conducted to underperforming office buildings in the Netherlands. Four case studies were conducted based on their energy performance gap, two buildings of energy label A and B will be researched. The research is focussed on buildings characteristics and stakeholder attitudes towards certain adaptations, either structural or behavioural. Findings of this research indicate that structural adaptions are rarely preferred by the investor due to possible loss of value. Tenant often lack insight into their own energy performance and are therefore unaware and unable to make decision on behavioural adaptions. A framework has been developed that provides steps to take fostering the process towards more sustainability in the built environment.

Buildings taller than 200 meters have been built since 1909, and since then, over 1500 have been built. Their development has followed unique trends in different areas of the world, with sudden surges followed by down periods. The property industry is a supplier of capital goods, so demand for property is inevitably linked to the demand for investment goods in the economy as a whole. It supplies space and is affected by the economic factors that cause more or less demand. From a global perspective, we can expect skyscrapers development to follow finance to some degree, especially by clustering most projects in locations with high accessibility and low cost of capital, targeted by foreign investment and with positive expectations of financial growth. The symbolism of tall buildings has stimulated height competitions throughout the world, while their iconicity has attracted different kind of users. New technologies have allowed to reach new heights as well as making prohibitive applications feasible through research and development. As time evolves, new systems and applications are made available to reach height easier and cheaper. Over 70% of the world supply of skyscrapers have been built in the past 10 years, in an ever-growing pattern. In previous research, it has been suggested that there is a strong interrelationship between business cycles and skyscrapers development, yet this has never been measured at global level. This is the gap in existing knowledge this research addresses.

Even though both the number and the size of tall building developments are increasing, tall building economics remain understudied. The goal of the research is to study developer behavior regarding height premiums in residential tall buildings. Literature offers little knowledge on developers’ behavior when it comes to height premiums in the residential sector. Previous findings on the demand side of height premiums indicate that willingness to pay for height benefits depends user preferences, but all signal that higher floors offer characteristics that can be priced by developers. Contextually relevant height benefits in the residential sector are categorized as views and perception of social power. This research employs data from fifteen residential tall buildings in Rotterdam and analyzes the relation between developer unit prices, floor levels and height benefits. Results display a 0.5% increase in developer unit prices per floor level, ceteris paribus. However, a deeper analysis shows that height premiums display inter-building and intra-building differences, which is interpreted as evidence for heterogenous vertical price premium behavior amongst developers. The floor level premiums were found to be substantially impacted by height-induced view effects. The results further show that developers place a price on status aspects related to height. Penthouses premiums were found to be larger when placed on a greater vertical location and some developers seem to put a price label on the concept of being located on top of others. These novel insights can help various stakeholders to better understand developer vertical price premium behavior.

Monofunctional office areas in the Netherlands have been facing difficulties in recent decades. Obsolescence of buildings causes financial, social and environmental problems for owners, users, municipalities and society. As most office buildings are located in monofunctional urban areas, the problem of obsolescence becomes a structural one on an area level and solutions on a building level are insufficient. This requires a generic solution by transforming the area into a mixed-use location which is more liveable, self-sufficient and future-proof. Urban area transformation is a highly complex process that involves multiple actors, multiple projects and specific risks. This research aims to identify and analyse inherent risks in addition with factors that promote success. The research design is qualitative, based on case studies, semi-structured expert interviews and a questionnaire. The first outcome is an extended risk register that is combined with a success factor register, which increases awareness and can be used as a checklist to manage risks and achieve success factors. Secondly, a framework is designed that can be applied as a tool to manage risks and success factors within the process of transforming urban areas. Finally, general advice is given in form of developers and policy recommendations. Those outcomes help professionals in the field to reduce uncertainty and to successfully transform urban areas, and thus fight obsolescence.

The WELL certificate offers advantages for healthcare housing development of the future. As a consequence, new and unknown challenges within the field of the built environment arise. Moreover, there are uncertainties within the behavioral responses of an ageing population and, among other things, the willingness and benefits to invest in a WELL certificate by an institutional investor and developer. There is a lack of extensive knowledge about the contribution of a WELL certificate to healthcare housing development. In this study, the relative preferences for a WELL certificate in healthcare housing were compared to an ageing population in Delft and The Hague. To establish this, a face-to-face interview in combination with a structured questionnaire was held. Based on the response of 23 respondents, the demographical, social (healthcare housing requirements and preferences) and economical dissimilarities are evaluated. Moreover, the preference for a WELL certificate is also estimated by the institutional investors. To establish this, also a face-to-face interview in combination with a questionnaire was held. Based on the response of 4 respondents, the interest to invest in healthcare housing, the healthcare housing requirements, the financial components and the interest in a WELL certificate are evaluated. At this moment it can be argued that the WELL v2 certificate creates more advantages than disadvantages for the different stakeholders during both the development and exploration phase in healthcare housing. On the other hand, based on the estimated results, it can be concluded that more recognition must arise about a WELL certificate by both the ageing population and institutional investor. The results show that there are differences regarding the preference for a WELL certificate between the ageing population and institutional investors. The ageing population with a higher education level, who exercise more than three times a week, who have a healthy eating pattern and who are more satisfied with the quality of their appartement, apartment complex and neighborhood are found to receive less utility for a WELL certificate. This effect is strong for both men and women. The higher educated ageing population living in social rental housing share this idea compared to the lower educated ageing population in social rental housing. The majority of the ageing population prefer a few WELL concepts, in particular the lower educated ageing population. Moreover, institutional investors claims that investing in healthcare housing is less risky compared to offices and regular housing developments. Nevertheless, not enough healthcare homes have been realized yet. Besides this, the institutional investors argue that a WELL certificate in healthcare housing does not improve the GRESB score. This argument is strong for all institutional investors: no distinction regarding professional position. Furthermore, institutional investors show a higher preference to implement all WELL concepts in contrast to the ageing population. The result shows more preference for a certificate: investors are eager when a certificate can be obtained. The estimation of the results increases the understanding of stated preferences of a few WELL concepts in healthcare housing development. To conclude, from a scientific perspective, this research contribute to the understanding of institutional investor and an ageing population choice behavior regarding WELL certificate in healthcare housing. In addition, it contribute to a potential ex-post study of an ageing population living in healthcare housing. Besides the scientific perspective, this research also contribute to the practical relevance were the behavior of two different social groups within the ageing population will be investigated regarding the social rental, free rental and owner-occupant sector. Additionally, this research contribute to the understanding of the current preferences for a WELL certificate complementing healthcare housing without a WELL certificate.

More families prefer living in the city, as the city has to offer social networks and facilities close by. Whereas before families left to the suburban areas, they now become city families. This development is attractive for the city, as city families offer liveliness and have a good influence on the economics. However, the city has no suitable housing to offer, because of the newness of this development. There is a task for architects to design suitable city family housing. Firstly, suitable means compact, which makes the dwelling affordable for a large group of city families. Secondly, suitable means flexible in use and adjustable, which makes the dwelling appropriate for different families with different needs and backgrounds during the day and over time. This results in a standard city family apartment that can be applied to different cities. The context of the location determines the limits in which this dwelling can be repeated and built up into a building. The testcase in this project was the Groenmarkt in Amsterdam, a perfect location for city families. It is situated on the edge of the city center on a sheltered spot. On this location a building has been designed that totally consists of the standard city family apartment. Because this standard dwelling has so much to offer by its flexibility no other types are necessary. When the dwelling demand changes in the future and families are moving out of the city again, the building can be turned into a building with compact studio's. The family apartments can be split up in two because of the two shafts, the structure and the bay width. The dwelling layout and its window openings can be repeated in other projects. The repetition of units, the system of the building and its materialisation are dependent on the specific location.

The family is the most intimate social environment given to us, and this basic social element plays an important role as we get older. However, changes in family structure and increasing physical distance between family members due to globalization make it difficult to care for the elderly by the family. In the global age, distance from the most intimate social group, the family, causes issues for the elderly, such as loneliness and social isolation. In the present situation, many elderly homes are not only disconnected from society but also isolated in their private rooms due to the large scale and institutional space organization. For elderly people who lose their connections with society after retirement and have less mobility, these living environments are not suitable for them to build and develop new intimate social relationships. Therefore, this study aims to provide a social environment like family by creating architectural spaces that help them form intimate social relations with their neighbors, and also assist the elderly to stay connected and part of our society. In order to achieve this, the thesis suggests a new elderly housing environment by incorporating the characteristic of ‘Volkstuin’ (community garden) that commonly exist around us into elderly housing.

Our cities in the Netherlands become more dense, and our population increasingly older. This will increase the pressure on our society and care system. This is especially true in relation to the portion of our population that will be diagnosed with dementia, because in 2040 this amount will have doubled. The focus of this research has been how to densify a city such as Amsterdam, and provide suitable housing for people with dementia. In this case the choice was to reuse an existing building, located at the intersection of the Gillis van Ledenberchstraat and the Zaagmolenstraat in Amsterdam. In a city such as Amsterdam there are almost no vacant plots available and the existing buildings, public spaces and other characteristics of the city are often protected, making reuse of older buildings a method that can be effective in densifying the city. Not only is the old building reused, but a volume is added on top to be able to create a higher density of housing. In order to do this, the history and structure need to be analyzed as well as the future needs and developments. The reused building is a compact volume, which is transformed into a building that hosts a co-housing scheme. This is not only housing for people with dementia themselves, but also for their partners. This concept of housing them together seems logical but is not yet being implemented on a large scale. In this way the couples can share the care and be each other’s support system, while at the same time lowering the stress on the caregivers and economy. The ability of couples to stay together when the disease progresses is a more dignified and effective solution than the current standard provides. The research concluded three design elements of high importance for people with dementia, which were social interaction, contact to nature and accessibility. We see these things as normal necessities in our daily lives but for a person with dementia these elements become unavailable as their world becomes increasingly limited. This is why these elements are available on each floor of the building as well as in the urban plan. On the ground floor the building offers space for other program to provide for the surrounding residents, integrating the building with the rest of the neighborhood, while at the same time providing inclusion for the people living in the co-housing scheme on the levels above. Two out of the five levels are reserved for the people who are left behind after their partner has passed away. They can also live in a co-housing scheme, preventing isolation and loneliness. In this scheme there is also housing reserved for music students. They can have an affordable place to live and practice music, which is beneficial to people with dementia, while at the same time providing a different dynamic and interaction for the single elderly. This thesis is an attempt to see different solutions to a growing issue, that integrates elderly in our urban fabric and can be a step towards an inclusive city in the future.

Problem Definition and main objective: Current prefabricated building envelope systems utilised for energy reduction renovations are expected to be a long-lasting solution. In practice, the building envelope systems are not adapted to facilitate future updates due to changing regulations or changing standards. Furthermore, in most renovation systems the material or component with the lowest service life dictates the service life of the complete system, leading to materials being disposed of before they reached the end of their potential service life. The goal of the thesis is to design a system that is adapted to these issues by being a flexible system that separates functionalities in separate boxes and layers, and therefore is able to upgrade or replace individual components when necessary to ensure the system’s long-term functionality. Study Design: Literature review, followed by the formulation of a strategy and a design. Design effectiveness is confirmed through application on a case study. Long-term functionality is confirmed through transformation of the case study application based on formulated scenarios. Setting: The thesis is part of a series of ongoing research projects associated with the 2ndSkin project. The case study is an apartment block located at the Soendalaan in Vlaardingen. Results: A design concept for an external building envelope system for energy reduction renovation of Dutch post-war apartments elaborated in a 1 to 5 detail scale. The final design incorporates an adaptable aluminium frame system with module boxes containing different functionalities, which can be slid into the main frame. The system is finished with a clamp system with cladding, functioning as the protecting layer for the system.

The aging society causes problems on three different scales. For cities in general, for the residential housing for elderly and for people who live (elderly) and ‘work’ (healthcare organizations) inside the buildings. The existing elderly homes as well as public spaces can not accommodate the growing numbers of elderly anymore. Due to this fact and the transitions in the elderly care policy, there is need to rethink the architecture of home and living environments for elderly. We must start to think about new concepts for a more inclusive environment for elderly. The goal of this project is to provide Harderwijk with an urban structure where elderly can dwell, live life and interact with each other but also with other target groups, because we have to get rid of hiding elderly in nursing homes, they should become part of society again! With other target groups I think for example about people who need revalidation, so create a link with the hospital which is located nearby the site. The urban structure will provide residences but it will also become a vital network which prevents loneliness and creates a vibrant community. This new social ecosystem will put the elderly in the centre of society. Nowadays, the pace of the world is so fast that not only elderly, but people of all ages, get anxious, overwhelmed and overstimulated quite easily. They will take a step back from society due to this fast pace and that’s where loneliness kicks in. In order to make elderly part of society, it is important to slow down the city to the speed of the elderly. Make them feel comfortable and safe, in that way you will motivate vulnerable elderly to go out again. So, in order to create an inclusive environment for elderly you need to start at the urban fabric. Only a building can not solve the problem, the whole urban network around it should be upgraded as well.

This research aims to uncover the transformation potential of the structural vacant office space in Rotterdam to residential space. The office market in the Netherlands has become a replacement market. The result of this replacement market is that users can choose to rent the highest quality offices at the best locations due to the surplus of space This quantitative and qualitative mismatch results in an increase of structural vacancy at the bottom end of the market. The Rotterdam office market may offer possibilities to reduce structural vacancy in a sustainable way. By way of transformation. Using this intervention method structural office vacancy may be reduced, and supply is added to its overheating housing market. However not all buildings are suitable for transformation. This is related to several influencing factors related to market-, location-, and building characteristics. In what way and to what extent can current transformation tools measure Rotterdam’s transformation potential of structural vacant office space towards housing? Many tools have been developed aiming to incorporate these factors. The Conversion Meter 2017 is one of those tools. This tool is used as a starting point to measure the transformation potential of Rotterdam’s structural vacant office space. By doing so the model is further tested and developed and additional parameters may be added, changed or discarded. After measuring, with using the adapted tool, Rotterdam’s structural vacant office buildings are then ranked and mapped in a geographic information system map (GIS Map) according to their transformation potential. With the insight these results give, more much needed transformations projects may be initiated to ultimately reduce office vacancy and increase housing supply.

Designing for Care: Towards an inclusive living environment for elderly people. The implementation of an elderly network in an existing neighbourhood.