Background More and more people have to deal with dementia themselves, in their direct or indirect environment. However, this problem is often not part of everyday life in our society. Our living environment is not designed for the increasing dependence of these people and the problems that they daily face remains often behind closed doors. The quality of life by this people is declining fast and there is an enormous increase in the demand for taking care of them. Based on the forecasts, the demand for care will become so enormous that we cannot meet this, based on our current health care system. Study aim The aim of this research is to find out how the living environment can respond by collectiveness to the demand for help and care of the people that suffer from dementia. So, to what extent can collectiveness support a neighbourhood in which people with dementia, with a demand for care can live?Methodology To answer the research question, literature has been studied, several people with dementia have been observed in their daily functioning and in-depth interviews took place with relevant people.Results The Literature study, observations and in-depth interviews show that the current method tries to create a suitable environment for people with dementia. but does not meet their needs properly. Conclusion Based on the results, it is recommended to develop an inclusive living environment for people with dementia. This inclusive living environment will create a more collective neighbourhood, where the help and care will be provided in a natural way by society.

Focusing on the design of large-scale housing schemes, this doctoral dissertation examines the extent to which the architecture of dwelling was affected by the oil-led geopolitics of the Cold War, and influenced by the modernist logic of architectural design and urban planning in Iran’s period of high-modernisation (1945-1979), as Eskandar Mokhtari termed it. This study questions the influence of the country’s geopolitical position during the Cold War, and its impact on the architecture of dwelling. It shows how a series of experimental housing solutions, initiated by leading Iranian architects mostly educated in the West (Europe and North America) became a physical expression of both the state’s modernisation demands and people’s everyday needs. Finally, it illustrates how the design mechanisms employed by these architects enabled for a continual and constant change and transformation in their proposed housing schemes, and empowered the users of space to designate and establish a set of relations with their living environment. While this study could be seen as a contribution to the discourse of urban modernisation in Iran, mainly by focusing on the agency of the dweller in the transformation through time of public housing districts in the country, it also aims to address some current issues related to the design and production of public housing. It seems that in the process of housing development, architects and decision-makers with different backgrounds employ two distinct approaches that mostly cannot be resulted in a convergent solution. While this gap between visions and realities of public housing policies and designs might be seen as a universal as well as a common phenomenon, this issue resulted in many critiques on the development of public housing and built environments, in Iran. Iranian architects criticised the government for its top-down housing policies overemphasising the application of industrialised methods for the production of houses, but neglect the importance of people’s socio-cultural practices as well as vernacular patterns of inhabitation for housing design. On the contrary, decision-makers describe housing solutions provided by architects mostly as visionary and inefficient. Accordingly, investigating overlaps between these divergent approaches is of vital importance, as it would foster and promote a dialogue among multiple stakeholders involved in the process of housing development, and illustrate the roles that architects can perform therein. In Iran’s period of high-modernisation, the architecture of dwelling was widely seen as a place to fulfil the state’s ambitious goals of modernisation projects, and simultaneously to resist universalising tendencies. The Iranian Finance and Planning Organisation prepared five distinct Development Plans, where housing for middle and low-income families held a prominent place. Indeed, these Plans projected the national and international socio-political and economic condition of the time that resulted from rural-urban migrations and the demographic changes being seen in Iran. Accordingly, each Plan led to the construction of a series of large-scale housing projects in urban areas. Among these projects, Kuy-e Chaharsad-Dastgah (1946-50), Kuy-e Narmak (1951-58), Kuy-e Kan (1958-64), Kuy-e Ecbatana (1972-92), and Shushtar-Nou (1975-85) were designed and developed as experimental models by leading Iranian architects, to promote and foster a synthesis of Western living standards and Iran’s vernacular patterns of inhabitation. By investigating these models initiated in three different stages of modernisation in Iran, this dissertation, first, unfolds the processes that created/led to collaboration and negotiation among visions and realities of stakeholders (particularly architects and policy/decision-makers) involved in the production of houses and provision of housing solutions. Then, it shows how the mechanisms employed for the design of these housing schemes enabled for a continual and constant change and transformation. Finally, this study argues that each of these housing models is embedded with a form of inhabitable voids that could be seen and read as heterotopia, as Michel Foucault defined. In other words, incorporating some local archetypes into the design process of these projects implies and creates a certain type of place that the ‘other’ space would flourish. Accordingly, these heterotopic voids might include a creative potential/characteristic to be perceived as an omnipresent tool from the disciplinary toolbox of architecture that would cater for providing certain forms of relationships among people and with their living environment.@en

The studio ‘Designing for Care – towards an Inclusive Living Environment’ engages with the living environment of elderly that are in need of care. While our society has to cope with a growing amount of elderly, the existing care buildings often do not meet the needs and wishes of our current elderly who want to be more independent. Though they might need help at some point in time, they want to be self-governing and stay part of society. To be able to house the future generations, things have to change. The goal is to design a place where elderly with and without care can live together with others, which takes into account their wishes and needs and gives them something to look forward to. A place that does not exclude elderly from society, but makes them part of it again. One that stimulates them, encourages them to participate and contribute, enjoy and laugh. In which people look after each other and take care of each other. A social net. A place they can transfer their knowledge gathered throughout life, tell their stories and one in which they can in turn learn from others. A community based on reciprocity.

The distance between the elderly and others is very large. This means that you have less to do with each other, know less about each other and this means that the distance is getting bigger all the time. The institutional buildings have a kind of imaginary “boundery” around their building, difficult to get in and to get in touch with the elderly. In the book “most people are good,” Rutger Bregman argues that the threshold that people would do more for each other has to do with distance between people. If you are farther away from someone you are less attempt to do something for the other. (Bregman, 2019). And with this distance comes fear of the ignorant “ignorance frightens the unknown.” Because the group of elderly people is growing the care can not handle it all. The moments of contact is getting smaller and smaller. And because of this problem and the fact that elderly are not getting in touch with others there a is a lot of loneliness. The observation of ethnographic research has led to several points of improvement: 1. The distance should be reduced between elderly but also all the users of space. We need to go ‘‘from forced to being alone to chosen to be alone’’ 2. Creating a sense of belonging If you would create space that stimulate that people are being seen and heard people feel appreciated. By creating a sense of belonging you would get more familiar with one another. 3. Get more familiar with one another By getting more familiar with one another you would do more for one another. If we take care for echater less care is needed. The goal is that by reducing the distance you create a sense of belonging and familiarity with each other. And this means that you would rather help someone, which means that the care would be partially relieved. The goal is to create an environment in Leiden where connection is stimulated. Distances are reduced. Spaces are designed to stimulated the spontaneous encounter. In my opinion we should design housing that is not only suitable for elderly but for several target groups. Making a distinction between elderly housing and others immediately creates distances between elderly and other users of space. So creating environment where several target groups life together where they can take care of one another. This eventually led to my research question: ''To what extent could reducing distances between users of space trigger a form of spatial design that create a sense of belonging and familiarity among people through the lens of elderly? ''

The need for sustainable built environment is pressing; an urgency that spans environmental, economic and social values of sustainability. Since late 1980s, the Lean philosophy has been adopted in the construction sector, with a focus on efficiency, predominantly as a function of economic competence. More recently, however, the Lean principles and practices have been revisited and increasingly used to create and preserve social and environmental values as well. The result was a growing, but dispersed, body of knowledge on sustainability and Lean construction, and hence, equivocal about how Lean contributes to sustainability. By means of a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) based on 118 journal articles from 1998 to 2017, this article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of “how Lean helps achieve and maintain sustainability in construction sector”. The findings are structured into a holistic framework, which underlines a multidimensional approach toward sustainability, i.e., focus on stakeholders, across various construction phases, while simultaneously being heedful of concerns regarding people, planet, and profit. It became clear that the current body of knowledge is mainly skewed toward economic values, which calls for more research in the social and environmental aspects of construction. This study assembles a palette of existing best practices, based on which scholars’ and practitioners’ can balance their efforts across three dimensions of sustainability. Moreover, it identifies several under-researched areas of Lean sustainable construction that have the potential to be expanded in by future researchers.

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A perusal of the literature on housing debates reveals that the term ‘value’ is mostly applied to express the financial value of a house and is dealt with in economic literature. However, an alternative meaning of the word ‘value’ in the housing literature can be found in research into the values underlying housing preferences, applying research methods from the marketing literature. The explicit combination of moral values and housing policy and design is found neither in the academic housing nor in the philosophical literature. However, diving deeper into the housing debate reveals that there are a host of moral values already present throughout this debate that are often not explicitly articulated and explicated, such as inclusiveness, sustainability, autonomy, and security. The aim of this paper is to address the role of values in housing policy and design. By doing so, we apply the Design for Values approach (DfV). We argue that the DfV approach can help to make implicit moral values more explicit, which can improve the housing debate, housing policy-making, and housing design. The paper first explores which values are relevant for housing policy and design and operationalizes those values. Next, the paper describes key debates in housing such as: What is “adequate housing” in times of rapid urbanization and increasing house prices? We argue that by exploring the underlying values of these debates, stakeholders can create a better understanding of the current (lack of) fundamental discussions on housing issues.@en

This article examines the growth and change through time of Kuy-e Narmak, a housing neighbourhood developed in the 1950s under the auspices of Mosaddeq’s Modernization Program. The project was designed by a group of young-leading European-educated Iranian architects that collaborated with the government to develop affordable housing solutions in Iran. To design this project, these architects advanced solutions that explored a cross-pollination between the principles of the functional city, and references from vernacular architecture. Over the last 6 decades, the number of households living in Narmak increased dramatically, from the initial goal of accommodating 7500 families, to the 90,000 families that currently live there. This article discusses the extent to which the initial design decisions were instrumental to cope with this extraordinary increase in the district’s density. We have used typological and morphological analysis, combined with site surveys and interviews to investigate the district’s growth and change through time. This article argues that the designer’s critical combination of modernist planning concepts with elements borrowed from Iran’s vernacular tradition resulted in a socially inclusive urban community. The plan’s rigid urban form has become instrumental in defining a neutral background to accommodate the ever-changing social and spatial practices of its inhabitants.@en

The concept of the Global Petroleumspace is an analytical tool which engages the roles which different oil actors play in the development of new urban ideas and built forms. Coined by Hein, this concept contributes to enriching our understanding of globalization, modernity, and architectural history and their impacts on space through time. Petroleum is modern industry’s fuel par excellence. For much of the world, it is the arrival of petroleum on the local scene that introduces modernity with its attendant spaces, forms, materials, and discourses. To frame this new discourse on urban development and petromodernity, three events were organized: ‘Petroleumscape Roundtable’ held as part of the 17th IPHS Conference at TU Delft, ‘Petroleum Modernism Symposium’, organized at the Illinois Institute of Technology, and ‘The Global Petroleumscape Conference’ held at the Faculty of Architecture at TU Delft. This article briefly recounts and reflects upon the scholarly discussions which took place at these events, in order to outline an emergent discourse on petroleum’s imbrication in architecture and planning.@en

The omnipresence of the aging mass-housing estates in Europe has created a new frontier for innovative approaches in architecture, particularly in the architecture of renovation. This new movement has the capacity to address two major aspects of contemporary architecture: the role of architects in catering for sustainable development (ecological, economic, and social development) and, more importantly, addressing the needs of changing society (e.g. from monologue to digital). A close look at masshousing projects in the Netherlands reveals the enduring impact of the doctrines in practice at the time of their construction. These principles, predominantly influenced by structuralism, present compelling opportunities for the transformation of selected buildings. Accordingly, a main goal of this graduation project is to study the housing demand of current, multi-cultural, Dutch (in a larger scope: European) society and therefore to explore possibilities for sustainable development, and for improving the living condition in the existing, post-war, masshousing complexes. To do this, this research examines the impact of mass-customization by means of a new, adaptable to the dweller housing structures, introduced in the existing urban fabric with the aim of supporting the development of sustainable communities. From the field survey and publications discussing social problems in the mass-housing neighbourhoods, it can be observed that the existing post-war mass housing model no longer caters to the needs of current and new users. The potential of structures to deal with this shift will be studied through the thorough analysis of relevant and successful mass housing renovation precedents. Through this, research conclusions will be drawn as to the extent and type of design intervention in 3 scales: individual dwelling unit, housing block and local urban settlement (i.e. within 3-4 adjacent blocks).

Various constellations of oil actors—including corporations and nations—have shaped seemingly disconnected and geographically distant landscapes, cities, and buildings around the world over the last 150 years. Corporate, public, and popular media have publicized these cycles of spatializing oil. Together, construction and representation have created what is here collectively identified as a global palimpsestic petroleumscape. Based on archival research and a flourishing literature of secondary sources, this article applies the concept of the petroleumscape to two case studies in Iran and identifies two patterns of spatializing oil. First, in the southern region of Khuzestan, it tracks Iran’s modern transformation under the influence of British Petroleum (BP) (1901–1951), when oil and governmental interests built a complete support landscape. Then, in the capital Tehran, it investigates how US players helped shape the petroleumscape between 1953 and 1979, in line with US styles of consumption, car use, and urban development.@en