This paper presents a high-accuracy, low-drift 16 MHz RC frequency reference. It is based on a Wien bridge filter that incorporates silicided n-poly resistors and MIM capacitors, whose temperature coefficient is compensated by a PNP-based temperature sensor. After a 2-point trim, it achieves ± 350 ppm inaccuracy from -45°C to 85° C, which increases to only ± 450 ppm after accelerated aging. This represents competitive accuracy and state-of-the-art stability for RC-based frequency references, approaching that of their LC-based counterparts while dissipating lower power and occupying less area.

This article presents a CMOS temperature sensor that achieves both state-of-the-art energy efficiency and accuracy. An NPN-based front end uses two resistors to efficiently generate a PTAT and CTAT current, whose ratio is then digitized by a continuous-time (CT) Δ Σ -modulator. A β-compensation technique is used to mitigate base current errors associated with the NPN's finite β. Component mismatch and 1/f noise are mitigated by applying chopping and dynamic element matching (DEM), while the spread in V_BE and the ratio of the two resistors are digitally trimmed at room temperature (RT). Fabricated in a 0.18-μ m CMOS process, the sensor draws 2.5μ A from a supply voltage ranging from 1.4 to 2.2 V. Measurements on 40 samples show that it achieves an inaccuracy of ± 0.1° C (3Σ ) from - 55° C to 125° C. Furthermore, it is both highly energy efficient, with a resolution figure of merit (FoM) of 200fJċK² , as well as very compact, occupying only 0.07 mm2.

This article describes a PNP-based temperature sensor that achieves both high energy efficiency and accuracy. Two resistors convert the CTAT and PTAT voltages generated by a PNP-based front-end into two currents whose ratio is then digitized by a continuous-time (CT) Δ Σ -modulator. Chopping and dynamic-element-matching (DEM) are used to mitigate the effects of component mismatch and 1/f noise, while the spread in V _BE and in the ratio of the two resistors is digitally trimmed at room temperature (RT). Fabricated in a 0.18μ m CMOS process, the sensor occupies 0.12 mm ², and draws 9.5μ A from a supply voltage ranging from 1.7 to 2.2 V. Measurements on 40 samples from one batch show that it achieves an inaccuracy of ± 0.1° C (3σ) from -55° C to 125° C, and a commensurate supply sensitivity of only 0.01° C/V. Furthermore, it achieves high energy efficiency, with a resolution Figure of Merit (FoM) of 0.85

BJT-based temperature sensors are widely used due to their high accuracy over a wide temperature range with a low-cost 1-point trim. Although resistor-based sensors can achieve better energy efficiency, they typically require a 2-point trim to achieve comparable accuracy, while thermal-diffusivity based sensors achieve superior accuracy at the cost of energy efficiency [1]. This paper presents a BJT-based temperature sensor that achieves both excellent accuracy and energy efficiency. To avoid the kTfC noise limitations of conventional discrete-time (OT) readout schemes [2], [3], it employs a compact continuous-time (CT) front-end. Component mismatch, which often limits the accuracy of CT front-ends [4], [5], is mitigated by a combination of dynamic element matching (OEM) and a low-cost resistor-ratio self-calibration scheme. As a result, the sensor achieves a resolution FoM of 0.85textpJcdotK 2, and a competitive inaccuracy of pm 0.1 circC (3sigma) from -55 circC tO 125 circC after a 1-point trim. This makes it 4times more energy-efficient than state-of-the-art BJT-based sensors with similar accuracy [2], [4], [5].

Low-cost metal (e.g., PCB trace) shunts can be used to make accurate current sensors (< 1 % gain error) [1-3]. However, their reported maximum operating temperature (85 circC) is not high enough for automotive applications, and at higher temperatures, shunt resistance may exhibit increased drift, especially at high current levels. This paper presents a metal-shunt-based current sensor with a wide temperature range and a stable on-chip reference current (I textREF) source for shunt self-calibration. By employing a continuous-time (CT) front-end, it achieves an input noise density of 14textnV/sqrttextHz while consuming only 280mu A, making it > 10times more energy efficient than prior art [1], [2], with comparable gain error (pm0.2%) over a wider current (pm 40A) and temperature (-40 circC to 125 circC) range.