The co-occurrence of storm surge, high tides and heavy precipitation increases flood probability and potential consequences compared to each hazard separately in Delta cities. The Huangpu River (HP) is a tributary of the Yangtze River in China, which drains Tai Lake to the west of Shanghai city, and meanders through downtown Shanghai. During typhoon events, storm surge reverses the river flow and pushes the water level up as far as 100km upstream. If storm surge (1-2 m above msl) co-occurs with high tide (2-3 m above msl), it poses great threats to the HP floodwall (crest level from ~3-5.5m above msl). At the same time, typhoons cause heavy precipitation (up to 70-80mm/hour) in the city, which increases urban drainage discharge in the pipeline system. In order to prevent elevated water levels in the river, stormwater drainage is ceased to effectively work in this situation. Pluvial and fluvial flooding occur simultaneously. The objective of this paper is to develop a hydrodynamic model to simulate simultaneous pluvial and fluvial flooding and to produce inundation maps due to failure of floodwalls and the urban drainage system. We apply the Delft3D FM numerical model to compound flood events in Shanghai. Results raise risk awareness for decision-makers during compound flood events and demonstrate the importance of compound flood modelling at a city scale. ... Read more

Little is known about how young high-tech ventures create openness in their knowledge networks. This paper explores the influence of antecedent resources on openness in knowledge networks, seen as diversity in knowledge partners, and explores the impact of openness on growth. The results from 105 university spin-off firms suggest that three antecedents positively influence openness, namely, founders’ prestart experience, education and innovation experience, and one negatively, namely, size of the founding team. Regarding non-linearity, there are signs of cubic influences, potentially in line with passing critical junctures. In addition, external factors tend to have no influence on openness, except for region of location. Further, shaping the right amount of openness and benefitting from it seem a struggle, as an increasing openness tends to influence growth with decreasing returns. ... Read more

University spin-off firms contribute to bringing knowledge created at university to market. The networks these firms employ with other Triple Helix actors serve as not only getting access to resources but also shaping processes of collective learning in transforming the knowledge most adequately. In addition, spin-offs may affect the networks and behavior of network participants. While the first role has received large attention, collective learning and transforming networks and network partners have not. The paper addresses a key requirement in this setting, namely diversity in networks. We use a database of 105 young university spin-off firms and measure the socio-economic networks. A share of around 25 to 35 % of the firms tends to have an important potential mediator role, as they employ three to five different partners, connect with large firms as well as governments (outside the university), and have inserted a majority of strangers (outsiders) in their network. In the next step, to better understand partner diversity, we assess a simplified model. The level of innovativeness is found to be an important driver of diversity, with pre-start working experience (domains) and multidisciplinary education as important enabling factors. In exploring actual mediator roles using two case studies, we observe that Triple Helix actors are most diverse and tightly connected in testing activities in practice (pilots) enabling transformation of networks and network partners. The paper concludes with a summary, policy relevance, and future research paths. ... Read more

In 2006, China published the first National Evaluation Standard for Green Building (ESGB), which soon became the most widely spread evaluation system in the country. With the fast growth of urbanization, ESGB 2006 version no longer meets the current needs and requires an update. Based on the implementation outcomes of ESGB 2006 and expert opinions, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development published a new version of ESGB in 2014 (ESGB 2014). This research reviews the previous cases of buildings accredited with ESGB 2006 and collects the facts and data to explain the implementation results and identifies its weakness of the ESGB 2006. A comparative analysis of the ESGB 2014 with ESGB 2006 is based on an in-depth overview of both ESGB 2014 and ESGB 2006. The comparison results shows the improvement of the current ESGB 2014 in details, i.e., evaluated object, stage partition, weighted value, structure, indicators, etc. A case study is followed by choosing one building project to evaluate and calculate the green building accreditation according to both ESGB 2014 and ESGB 2006, and demonstrate the differences and development of ESGB 2014. ... Read more