The productivity and sustainability issues in the construction industry are leading to the consideration of systemic innovations such as modular construction. The industry's complex and fragmented structure resulting in an established practice of aligning knowledge with specific tasks impedes the adoption of such innovations. This phenomenon, known as the 'mirroring trap,' obstructs businesses from identifying opportunities for adjusting their limits or restructuring their sector. Recent studies primarily examine integration strategies that facilitate the breakout from this trap. However, these studies predominantly emphasize the involvement of the main contractor and architect, while there is a noticeable lack of research on the role of real estate developers in this context. This lack of attention to real estate developers is unexpected, given their significant role in housing development within the Netherlands. The research aims to investigate how real estate developers integrate modular construction in their business. The research methodology employs a balanced approach as an iterative process between literature and empirical research. Six organisation structures were analysed with eleven expert interviews– Decentralized modular cluster; Collaborative modular clusters; Virtual project-based companies; Spin-off factory; Core-periphery platform; Integrated hierarchical firms. This thesis presents three approaches for integrating modular construction; 1) Project-based strategies incorporate modular construction via supply chain integration or through formal supplier networks, 2) Hybrid-based strategies blend industrialized construction techniques with a flexible, project-centric organizational structure via Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) and 3) product-based strategies concentrate on strategically breaking mirrors to achieve integrated organizational structures. Integration mechanisms, drivers, and challenges are identified for each. The strategies show that real estate developers play a crucial role in the integration of modular construction, and understanding the wide spectrum of strategies and tailoring them to specific contexts of the company can lead to more successful integration of modular construction. The thesis concludes with a discourse on how pinpointing and detailing integration strategies for strategic partial mirroring or breaking the mirror enhance the comprehension of integration in modular construction. It highlights the industrialization of construction development as a recurring theme and includes the current business structure's constraints. Moreover, it provides seven pragmatic suggestions for property developers to ponder over when assimilating modular construction.

The graduation started from the seismic studio of architecture engineering and designing a earthquake proof architecture. The context of the design in located in the historical garden of Uithuizen in Groningen, which is a potential seismic area. The research focuses on the three different aspects which are seismic principles, biomimetic structure and biomimic climate. The final design is attempting to responding to the environmental, historical, social and seismic context with the method which I researched in the first part. The program of my design is a botanical education center for young children in uithuizen. As for technology part, I chose the solar-tracking panels and intelligent light diffusion glass to achieve my final goal: communicating with nature in the ways of architecture and human experience.

In recent years, overtourism has become a big problem for many European cities. In Amsterdam, tourism is changing the experience of place of its city centre, which negatively affects resident’s quality of life by causing feelings of alienation. As a result, more and more residents seem to retreat or move away from Amsterdam’s city centre, jeopardizing the livability and residential function of the city. The aim of this research is to add architectural interventions in the city centre of Amsterdam, which will evoke new connections with the places overwhelmed by tourists, by mitigating feelings of alienation between residents and tourists. These connections must both be social, as well as to place, in order to introduce a new, more social, sustainable and liveable way of tourism. In this research, the embodied experiences of Amsterdam's overwelming places such as the Jordaan, the Canal Belt, the Oudezijdse Burgwallen and the Lastage have been studied by means of narratives. These narratives were created from both the resident’s and the tourist’s perspective, in order to find out which (spacial) qualities of place evoke a sense of identification, belonging or connection among the residents and tourists. Ultimately, from the collection of narratives the users, activity, experience of place, structure and architectural atmosphere of the overwelmed places are defined, and together form a concept for the architectural interventions that will mitigate the feelings of alienation.

In last decades, the housing sector have been going through profound transformations imposed by the society’s changes. The number of city dwellers is increasing all over the World, especially in the Global South where the shift from rural to urban life is still ongoing. Nevertheless, the resulting strategies to cope with the challenges that are following this escalation have often proved to be ineffective, leaving part of the population in miserable condition, unable to access proper housing and services. Particularly in developing countries, the lack of proper unifying urban strategies has led to the proliferation of gated communities, both formal and informal. As a result, a fracture between public and private space has been created. The aftermath of this phenomena are the lack of security and the communities’ alienation. Also, the call for progress, the attempt to build a modern ideal city and the pressure from the housing market have led to the erasure of the existing historical fabric, thus both tangible and intangible heritage. Therefore, the thesis’ pivot is the border-boundary condition and the transitional spaces as the crucial threshold toward an integrated and cohesive system, regarding physical transition, income groups, and technology. The project envisions an area where different income groups can come together, providing a regular and varied scheme, together with special urban condition. The in-between spaces, translated form the one observed and studied on site, provide a physical transition from public to private space and from existing to new architecture. Likewise, the technological feature aim at providing a solution which can be adapted and work in different conditions. The final intent is to realize a neighborhood where the local community will be supported believing also that this will lead also to the support of the incoming fabric as well.

Collaborations and partnerships between supplying parties are of great importance for adopting circular principles in the built environment and should be investigated within the development of circular supply chain management (CSCM). Therefore, the focus of this research is on collaboration opportunities within CSCM, where the need for active and dynamic actor networks, supply chain learning, future visions and circular business models will be discussed in more detail. During this research I worked together with the Municipality of Rotterdam through an internship. They also found research into collaboration opportunities within CSCM interesting and necessary. Besides, they added that they wondered what the role of the municipality could and should be in supporting (local) circular supply chain collaboration (CSCC) in order to scale up the circular renovation of the private housing stock in Rotterdam. Therefore, the ultimate goal of this research is advising the Municipality of Rotterdam on their position in this innovative process of CSCC. To achieve this goal, this research focusses on the following research question: How could CSCC be facilitated by municipalities to achieve upscaling of circular renovation of Dutch owner-occupied housing? First, an analysis into the state-of-the-art has been carried out, which has looked into the current circular construction and renovation concepts and principles being used in Europe, the Netherlands and the city of Rotterdam. Based on this analysis, the following research variables have been identified, which needed to be further investigated: adoption of innovations, actor networks, supply chain learning, future visions and circular business models. Second, a literature review is given of relevant theories and concepts related to these variables, which has identified the main research indicators that I wanted to use to reflect upon during and after the empirical part of the research (listed in the theoretical framework). Third, a stakeholder analysis has been carried out, consisting of two phases of semi-structured interviews, an (additional) internal survey and a focus group discussion. In the first interview phase, interviews were held with public parties, including municipalities, universities and knowledge institutions. In the second interview phase, interviews were held with private parties and civil organizations, including actors of different (local) market parties, branch organizations within the building sector and interest groups for homeowners. This analysis has resulted in four main barriers of CSCC in which the municipality could exert influence: insufficient internal integration, insufficient communication, insufficient realisation and insufficient facilitation. To find more clarity with regard to the first main barrier, an internal survey was circulated within the municipality, which provided more insights from a broader group of employees from different clusters and departments. The remaining three main barriers have been discussed within a focus group, where I have investigated from a management perspective whether the suggested opportunities in terms of (more) concrete strategies mentioned by different stakeholders, will work or not to solve these identified barriers and mismatches in practice. Fourth, the results of the stakeholder analysis have been compared with literature, examining the importance of obtained solutions for the identified mismatches in more detail. This has resulted in an advisory action plan for the Municipality of Rotterdam, which states that the municipality should act as a director and should focus more on the following main tasks: (1) Internal integration: stimulate and coordinate internal integration between colleagues, visions, ambitions and social challenges of different clusters and departments. (2) Communication: create an open, transparent and accessible local communication network between public and private parties, including the municipality, knowledge institutions, market parties, interest groups for homeowners and residents. (3) Realisation: implement developed circular and modular building and renovation ideas, principles and concepts, starting with designating municipal buildings and public space where the local market is given the opportunity to experiment. (4) Facilitation: offer various municipal (learning) tools to help the local market in the start-up phase, like (online) theme sessions, comprehensive courses and teaching programs/workshops. The full advice is drawn up on the basis of these four main tasks. Practical recommendations are given that could be a positive stimulus for CSCC to achieve upscaling of circular renovation of Dutch owner-occupied housing. These recommendations answer the main research question.

The project aims to research how Trans people are impacted by architectural space and to transform to buildings into Trans residencies in Nairobi and Den Haag

To combat global warming, it is crucial to eliminate CO2 emissions by 2050, especially since a third of global emissions are attributed to the building and construction industry. This sector's carbon footprint comprises operational emissions from daily activities and embodied carbon throughout a building's lifecycle. However, as buildings become more energy-efficient, embodied carbon increasingly dominates total emissions. In the Netherlands, few residential projects align with the Dutch Climate Agreement's. This is due to various challenges hindering large-scale carbon reduction efforts, with financial barriers being a prominent issue. However, limited research focuses on financial barriers from the perspective of investors, often lacking in-depth analysis and offering few practical solutions for these challenges. Recognizing the need for carbon reduction, the industry must adopt a new approach to investment decisions, prioritizing embodied carbon considerations. This study delves into these financial barriers and how strategies to reduce embodied carbon impact real estate investment decision-making, focusing on the traditional Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) model. Therefore the main research question is: “In what way does reducing embodied carbon in residential building projects impact the investment decision-making process from an investor's perspective?” To explore this, the study first conducts a literature review and exploratory interviews, followed by three case studies with semi-structured interviews. The findings reveals that the integration of embodied carbon in the investment decision-making process is still in its early stages. Although there is growing awareness and interest, embodied carbon is not yet a standard consideration in investment decisions. This integration depends on the flexibility of investors and the specific sustainability goals of projects. Traditional financial models and evaluation methods have largely remained unchanged. The study concludes that there is a need for further standardization and integration of carbon reduction in all aspects of investment practices to encourage the construction sector to achieve the goal of carbon net-zero by 2050.

The Netherlands is facing a housing shortage and adequate housing provision is lacking. Citizens are eager to act on their own through bottom-up initiatives. However, bottom-up initiatives (such as cooperative housing) do not thrive within the current housing market and therefore significant development of cooperative housing in the Netherlands stays off. This research aims to support the development of cooperative housing in the Netherlands. This is being achieved through constructing an alternative reality of the housing market through composing a play script. The script is being informed by interviews, literature review and analysing case study projects. The interviews were conducted among the present stakeholders (the academic, the advocate, the architect, the bank, the cooperative, the developer, the dweller, the municipality). All together, the research hopes to transfer these thoughts and findings on cooperative housing to continue this collective process.