The Netherlands is dealing with a severe housing crisis, in which there is a major shortage of affordable housing. The government has introduced many new regulations, trying to curb this affordability problem. Many of these measures seem to center around tempering market parties on the Dutch housing market. However, quite contradictory is that the same government is also dependent on these market parties to construct new housing. The relationship between government and market parties need to become less hardened, as the there is a tremendous urge for affordable housing. Many lower and middle-income groups are excluded from social housing and owner-occupied housing, therefore dependent on the middle rental segment. Within the new coalition agreement is laid down that there will be a rent regulation for middle segment rental housing, which has to conclude in affordable housing for middle-income groups and profitable investment opportunities for institutional real estate investors. This utopian way of thinking will be further explored within this research, as there seems to be a more complicated field of tension between the subjects of affordability and financial feasibility. New and innovative concepts could help to bridge this gap, however the effectivity of these concepts for realizing middle segment rental housing still seems underexplored in literature. The main research question is therefore: To what extent are new and innovative concepts effective in realizing middle segment rental housing, which remain affordable for tenants and financially feasible for project initiators?

The research involves two types of studies. Starting off with a literature study, to shape the theoretical context of the problem. The literature study is followed up by empirical case studies on new and innovative concepts, in which data is acquired through document analyzes and the conduction of qualitative interviews with involved stakeholders.

The goal of the research is to provide recommendations to market parties and governmental parties on how to effectively realize middle segment rental housing. The recommendations are based on the concluding answers to the main research question and the corresponding research sub-questions.

The final outcome is that new and innovative concepts are to a very high extend effective in realizing middle segment rental housing. The concepts have a unique financial structure, which allows them to guarantee the affordability for tenants and the financial feasibility for project initiators. This way new and innovative concepts are able to lower the tension between affordability and profitability. Moreover, some concepts offer additional solutions for other larger social challenges, such as the energy transition, skewed housing and an aging population. In addition to the concept itself, the important role of the government must also be acknowledged, which influences all developments in the housing management field by means of steering legislations and regulations.

Today’s world is faced with climate emergencies and social disruptions, which means that decreasing negative results and delivering positive impact to the planet and society is necessary to support our future. With a rising demand for strategies that go beyond traditional investing, and the world approaching a new age of sustainable economies, impact measurement frameworks are a key tool in accelerating the transition.

Measuring, reporting and managing social impact is crucial in order to grasp the implications of investments, but data is often fragmented, inconsistent, difficult to find and hard to quantify. In addition, the reporting landscape is becoming increasingly complex as a plethora of overlapping or competing frameworks, indicators and measurement methodologies are emerging. Meanwhile, a sharp common approach as well as greater use of existing frameworks would be more valuable than proliferation of ever more new assessment tools.

This research will seek to understand how social value is defined and measured in the real estate industry. A particular focus will be placed on how integrating social value can strengthen an organisation’s business model while delivering positive societal impact. The research will also propose ways to integrate social value in decision-making processes. In order to do so, two tools - a roadmap and checklist, both deeply rooted in theory and practice findings - will be established.

The Netherlands faces the challenge of a rapidly ageing population, which demands more diverse housing concepts for seniors. Collaborative housing (CH) concepts are a promising solution to promote contact and mutual support, counteract loneliness, and reduce public health expenses. Professional-led CH concepts is an emerging phenomenon that could allow a faster and more accessible supply of senior dwellings than resident-led projects. However, little is known about the perceived value of use by the residents. This study raises the question: How do professional collaborative housing concepts for seniors satisfy the end user's demand? CH concepts for seniors are defined as a differentiated housing solution that focuses on promoting togetherness, provide at least one shared space, and targets the over-55s. Three professional-led CH projects are in-depth by performing mixed-method research. A thorough analysis of the cases showed that most respondents experienced benefits compared to their former dwelling, like more contact with neighbours, live with like-minded people and enjoy life more. Two types of initiators can be distinguished. The commercial-oriented initiators are the most skilled in a lean and mean development process. They deliver dwellings with high use value by emphasising smart technology and communality as an outsourced service for the resident. The ethos-oriented initiators use a custom-fit approach to assemble a motivated group of residents that form a strong foundation based on shared social values. In this development process, the communal organisation is led by the residents, in which social values could thrive. This study shows that the professionalisation of CH for seniors is promising when the initiators stay close to the end-users' needs, which asks for design disruption. However, caution is necessary because commercialising communality can cause residents' responsibility towards each other to disappear. Cases showed how financial objectives could clash with the three fundaments of CH by 1) as additional selection for an intentional community raises vacancy risk; 2) allowing for user involvement in the design and maintenance asks for intensive guidance and; 3) legal, financial and organisational challenges in delivering a common area causes extra effort and time. Caution is needed for the commercialisation of communality, as responsibility towards each other disappears, diffusing both the concepts and the communal benefits. CH concepts will have little chance without additional organisational and financial support in a scarce housing market ruled by financial interests. Governments and societal initiatives can play an important role in shifting the boundary to demand-driven developments, looking beyond profit and risk minimisation.

The Dutch housing sector is overheating, leaving mid-income earners stuck in the major Dutch cities' expensive rental sector. As a reaction to this, community land trusts (CLT) are sprouting in different European countries. The CLT presents a model which nullifies speculation, empowers the community and guarantees affordable ownership. In the Netherlands, this model could prove to ensure these three aspects as well. This research answers the question: What are the opportunities for CLT's in the Dutch housing market, and how can these be mobilized? This research includes a literary comparison between the support mechanisms, for CLTs in Europe, and the support mechanisms for housing models in the Netherlands. The comparison shows which mechanisms could contribute to the creation of a CLT. The mechanisms identified revolved around finance, land acquisition and organizational aspects. In the Netherlands, these mechanisms are mainly provided by the public sector and housing associations (HA), with some minor mechanisms coming from the private market. After that, a qualitative research also identifies opportunities and barriers in the Dutch housing market. The qualitative research includes 19 in-depth interviews with housing experts from different sectors. The opportunities include a list of similar mechanisms in Europe and the Dutch context. The main opportunities for the creation of CLTs lie in support from the public sector and the HAs. Recommendations on how to overcome barriers are presented. After that, a range of scenarios that show how the public parties, HAs and banks can contribute to the creation of CLTS, the necessary recommendations to do so.

Purpose: The Dutch housing market is under pressure. Shifts on the drivers, structures and economic factors of the residential market are causing the middle-segment to be excluded from it. As a consequence, the middle-segment rental stock needs to increase. Institutional investors are willing to develop middle-segment rental dwellings, but they have already missed out on an opportunity of using available resources for this purpose. However, they still have a chance to do so with new investment funds. Therefore, the development process and the market of the middle segment was researched so that pitfalls that halt the delivery of the middle-rental stock could emerge. These pitfalls were discussed through semi-structured interviews with institutional investors and knowledge experts so they could be validated and expanded. As a result, recommendations that solve the pitfalls were created. These recommendations thereby aim to increase the middle-segment rental stock. Research question: How can institutional investors increase the delivery of the middle rent segment? Methodology: A qualitative approach is used to answer the papers main question. First, a literature review about the housing market and the development process in which institutional investors takes part is conducted. Later, semi-structured interviews with institutional investors are carried out. The collected information is then used to create recommendations to increase the middle-rental stock. Conclusion: Recommendations aimed at institutional investors and municipalities were tailored. Capacity-building, diversifying, shaping and stimulus instruments were used for this purpose. In this regard, investors should pursue measures such as the diversification of their portfolio by investing in various cities, having a holding period of 10 to 15 years, setting up a program of requirements and making a public statement of intentions. While municipalities should develop a framework to guide investors, establish a tax break for investments in the G4 cities, make use of ground lease, focus on quality when issuing a tender, establish a tax break for developers and increase skills and capability of their workers. Limitations: This research focuses on institutional investors and therefore, the perspective of developers and municipalities about the pitfalls was not collected. Thus, the outcomes of the research are upheld by institutional investors but not by the two other actors of the development process. Further research that collects the point of view of developers and municipalities should be conducted. Keywords: middle-segment, institutional investors, rental segment, Dutch housing market, affordable housing

The present research is focused on the possibilities of implementing blockchain technology in the reclaiming asphalt process in the Netherlands, in collaboration with BAM Infraconsult. The feasibility of using blockchain technology in order to improve several parts of this process is investigated. More specifically, the Design Science Research approach is used, and the main purpose of the study is to design an artifact that will be used for two use cases in the reclaiming asphalt process, i) an information platform use case and ii) a supply chain management use case. At first, the process is analyzed in terms of i) business network, ii) the process itself and iii) the information that is exchanged during its execution. Then, the proposed model is designed in two ways, i) a Sequence Diagram and ii) by using the online playground of Hyperledger Composer. At the end, the proposed model is validated and five possible benefits that could be brought in the process are mentioned: i) transparency in transactions, ii) materials traceability, iii) long terms sharing of data in a predetermined way, iv) g give permission to predetermined actors to view specific data and v) reliability, immutability and trustiness in the stored data.