Dr. S (Sepideh) Ghodrat
info
Please Note
<p>This page displays the records of the person named above and is not linked to a unique person identifier. This record may need to be merged to a profile.</p>
24 records found
1
Animated textile forms - three-dimensional woven textiles that inherently change shape - hold potential for climate-responsive architecture, but scaling them beyond product scale remains poorly understood. This thesis investigates that scaling through Material Driven Design, combining tinkering, digital modelling, and parametric testing. Findings show: (1) scaling is not linear. Material densities and internal forces do not scale proportionally with size; (2) counterforce is central. Animated behaviour depends on the opposing mechanism, not the active material alone; (3) at architectural scale, structural and animated textile layers can be separated to preserve their respective qualities. The thesis contributes a parametric design space for animated textile forms at architectural scale.
...
Animated textile forms - three-dimensional woven textiles that inherently change shape - hold potential for climate-responsive architecture, but scaling them beyond product scale remains poorly understood. This thesis investigates that scaling through Material Driven Design, combining tinkering, digital modelling, and parametric testing. Findings show: (1) scaling is not linear. Material densities and internal forces do not scale proportionally with size; (2) counterforce is central. Animated behaviour depends on the opposing mechanism, not the active material alone; (3) at architectural scale, structural and animated textile layers can be separated to preserve their respective qualities. The thesis contributes a parametric design space for animated textile forms at architectural scale.
Characterising Superwood for Lutherie
Wrokshop-Scale Fabrication and Characterisation for Electric Guitar necks
Guitar making depends on a set of ‘tonewoods’. The increasing regulations on traditional tonewoods motivates the development of sustainable alternatives for musical instrument manufacture. These woods are slow growing and increasingly limited by cost, supply, and conservation restrictions, which raises a practical question: can an abundant, fast-growing species be processed to stand-in as a drop-in replacement? A credible substitute would ease the pressure on scarce timbers and make instrument building more sustainable, without asking players to accept an engineered composite in place of real wood.
To address this, as a proof of concept, yellow poplar (a common fast-growing hardwood) was delignified and densified, with equipment available at a laboratory, transferable to a workshop scale. The material was then characterised against hard maple across the properties that matter for a guitar neck - its density, surface hardness, bending stiffness, and tap tone, using adapted mechanical and acoustic testing standards.
The densified poplar met the bending stiffness of maple and exceeded its surface hardness, showing that the mechanical demands of a neck can be met by a processed abundant species. Its acoustic behaviour was more subtle: the compression needed to reach maple level hardness lowered the material's specific stiffness (the ratio of stiffness to density), which emerged as one of several properties affecting tonal character, and it showed that the acoustic and mechanical optima need not coincide. For a given species there is likely an ideal degree of densification for tone, lighter than the compression that maximises hardness.
The study concludes that superwood properties can be tuned, and discusses the design drivers that should guide how far it is densified, because it sets the wave speed and with it the tap tone frequency. It is not, however, a standalone predictor of perceived tonal character: density, impedance, the radiation ratio and damping must be read together. Its durability in service is established in principle and scoped for validation. More broadly, the work reframes densification as a property to be tuned rather than maximised, and points to sustainable tonewoods that behave as natural wood rather than engineered substitutes.
...
To address this, as a proof of concept, yellow poplar (a common fast-growing hardwood) was delignified and densified, with equipment available at a laboratory, transferable to a workshop scale. The material was then characterised against hard maple across the properties that matter for a guitar neck - its density, surface hardness, bending stiffness, and tap tone, using adapted mechanical and acoustic testing standards.
The densified poplar met the bending stiffness of maple and exceeded its surface hardness, showing that the mechanical demands of a neck can be met by a processed abundant species. Its acoustic behaviour was more subtle: the compression needed to reach maple level hardness lowered the material's specific stiffness (the ratio of stiffness to density), which emerged as one of several properties affecting tonal character, and it showed that the acoustic and mechanical optima need not coincide. For a given species there is likely an ideal degree of densification for tone, lighter than the compression that maximises hardness.
The study concludes that superwood properties can be tuned, and discusses the design drivers that should guide how far it is densified, because it sets the wave speed and with it the tap tone frequency. It is not, however, a standalone predictor of perceived tonal character: density, impedance, the radiation ratio and damping must be read together. Its durability in service is established in principle and scoped for validation. More broadly, the work reframes densification as a property to be tuned rather than maximised, and points to sustainable tonewoods that behave as natural wood rather than engineered substitutes.
...
Guitar making depends on a set of ‘tonewoods’. The increasing regulations on traditional tonewoods motivates the development of sustainable alternatives for musical instrument manufacture. These woods are slow growing and increasingly limited by cost, supply, and conservation restrictions, which raises a practical question: can an abundant, fast-growing species be processed to stand-in as a drop-in replacement? A credible substitute would ease the pressure on scarce timbers and make instrument building more sustainable, without asking players to accept an engineered composite in place of real wood.
To address this, as a proof of concept, yellow poplar (a common fast-growing hardwood) was delignified and densified, with equipment available at a laboratory, transferable to a workshop scale. The material was then characterised against hard maple across the properties that matter for a guitar neck - its density, surface hardness, bending stiffness, and tap tone, using adapted mechanical and acoustic testing standards.
The densified poplar met the bending stiffness of maple and exceeded its surface hardness, showing that the mechanical demands of a neck can be met by a processed abundant species. Its acoustic behaviour was more subtle: the compression needed to reach maple level hardness lowered the material's specific stiffness (the ratio of stiffness to density), which emerged as one of several properties affecting tonal character, and it showed that the acoustic and mechanical optima need not coincide. For a given species there is likely an ideal degree of densification for tone, lighter than the compression that maximises hardness.
The study concludes that superwood properties can be tuned, and discusses the design drivers that should guide how far it is densified, because it sets the wave speed and with it the tap tone frequency. It is not, however, a standalone predictor of perceived tonal character: density, impedance, the radiation ratio and damping must be read together. Its durability in service is established in principle and scoped for validation. More broadly, the work reframes densification as a property to be tuned rather than maximised, and points to sustainable tonewoods that behave as natural wood rather than engineered substitutes.
To address this, as a proof of concept, yellow poplar (a common fast-growing hardwood) was delignified and densified, with equipment available at a laboratory, transferable to a workshop scale. The material was then characterised against hard maple across the properties that matter for a guitar neck - its density, surface hardness, bending stiffness, and tap tone, using adapted mechanical and acoustic testing standards.
The densified poplar met the bending stiffness of maple and exceeded its surface hardness, showing that the mechanical demands of a neck can be met by a processed abundant species. Its acoustic behaviour was more subtle: the compression needed to reach maple level hardness lowered the material's specific stiffness (the ratio of stiffness to density), which emerged as one of several properties affecting tonal character, and it showed that the acoustic and mechanical optima need not coincide. For a given species there is likely an ideal degree of densification for tone, lighter than the compression that maximises hardness.
The study concludes that superwood properties can be tuned, and discusses the design drivers that should guide how far it is densified, because it sets the wave speed and with it the tap tone frequency. It is not, however, a standalone predictor of perceived tonal character: density, impedance, the radiation ratio and damping must be read together. Its durability in service is established in principle and scoped for validation. More broadly, the work reframes densification as a property to be tuned rather than maximised, and points to sustainable tonewoods that behave as natural wood rather than engineered substitutes.
ADAPT
Designing a shape-adaptive biocompatible HDR brachytherapy stabilizer for carcinoma treatment of the (para-)nasal cavity
Paranasal sinus cancer in the present, is postoperatively treated with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). This treatment method enables accurate high radiation dose delivery, it exposes surrounding organs at risk (OARs) to a low-dose radiation bath, contributing to significant negative side effects for overall patient health. High-Dose-Rate (HDR) brachytherapy could theoretically reduce this low-dose exposure due to its more direct dose fall-off (≈ inverse square). However, this treatment method is currently infeasible, because no device exists that can be introduced in the target anatomy without invasive surgery and that can be reliably stabilized within the irregular sinus cavities.
This graduation project investigates the technical feasibility of a minimally invasive, shape-adaptive applicator capable of enabling postoperative HDR brachytherapy in the (para-) nasal sinus cavity. The core design challenge arises from the anatomical discrepancy between the narrow nasal vestibule entrance required for insertion and the larger, (sinus) cavity behind it where stable positioning is needed.
A stakeholder and workflow analysis in collaboration with UMC-Utrecht hospital staff, defined the primary requirements: atraumatic insertion, temporary stabilization, compatibility with existing workflows and protocols, reversibility, and avoidance of additional surgery.
A review of the state-of-the-art materials, practises and mechanisms evaluated hydrogels, shape memory alloys (SMAs), shape memory polymers, and pneumatic systems. The analysis demonstrated that no single mechanism or material satisfies all constraints. Leading to hybrid system strategies combining compliant deployment with more rigid stabilization elements.
Three initial concepts were developed, exploring the solution space of SMA’s, Multi-chamber inflation systems and patient specific inflatables.
During evaluation and synthesis, an existing medical device: The PORGES-14 Foley Cystodrain Inflatable Catheter, inspired a revised design direction. Its manufacturing method and working principles opened interesting prototyping directions, which formed the basis of a redesigned applicator system tailored to head & neck (H&N) anatomy.
The PORGES applicators were used to develop a functional prototype, used in a 3D-printed anatomical phantom derived from anonymized patient data. CT-based dosimetric analysis was conducted in collaboration with the brachytherapy team. Compared to EBRT imaging, the applicator demonstrated:
• Improved conformity of 100% and 200% isodose lines to the clinical target volume (CTV)
• Reduced exposure of healthy tissue to overall radiation
• A visually reduced extent of the low-dose bath
Using both the Conformity Index COIN and the Coverage Index in quantitative evaluation indicated that effective treatment could be achieved in a hypothetical scenario, whilst also highlighting the potential improvements in deployment accuracy, reliability, and repeatability.
The results demonstrate that a minimally invasive, shape-adaptive HDR brachytherapy applicator for intracavitary sinus treatment is technically feasible and clinically promising under controlled conditions. Phantom-testing supports the potential of reduction in low-dose exposure, but clinical validation remains necessary to reach conclusive evidence.
Key recomendations for further development:
To continue toward clinical implementation, the following research directions are recommended:
• Tissue-device interaction studies to assess deformation behavior, patient (dis-)comfort, and positional stability
• Expanded quantitative dosimetric validation across multiple anatomical models and repeated placements
• Mathematical validation model development to reach conclusive evidence
• Optimization of clinical workflow integration, especially focusing on surgical handling and placement ...
This graduation project investigates the technical feasibility of a minimally invasive, shape-adaptive applicator capable of enabling postoperative HDR brachytherapy in the (para-) nasal sinus cavity. The core design challenge arises from the anatomical discrepancy between the narrow nasal vestibule entrance required for insertion and the larger, (sinus) cavity behind it where stable positioning is needed.
A stakeholder and workflow analysis in collaboration with UMC-Utrecht hospital staff, defined the primary requirements: atraumatic insertion, temporary stabilization, compatibility with existing workflows and protocols, reversibility, and avoidance of additional surgery.
A review of the state-of-the-art materials, practises and mechanisms evaluated hydrogels, shape memory alloys (SMAs), shape memory polymers, and pneumatic systems. The analysis demonstrated that no single mechanism or material satisfies all constraints. Leading to hybrid system strategies combining compliant deployment with more rigid stabilization elements.
Three initial concepts were developed, exploring the solution space of SMA’s, Multi-chamber inflation systems and patient specific inflatables.
During evaluation and synthesis, an existing medical device: The PORGES-14 Foley Cystodrain Inflatable Catheter, inspired a revised design direction. Its manufacturing method and working principles opened interesting prototyping directions, which formed the basis of a redesigned applicator system tailored to head & neck (H&N) anatomy.
The PORGES applicators were used to develop a functional prototype, used in a 3D-printed anatomical phantom derived from anonymized patient data. CT-based dosimetric analysis was conducted in collaboration with the brachytherapy team. Compared to EBRT imaging, the applicator demonstrated:
• Improved conformity of 100% and 200% isodose lines to the clinical target volume (CTV)
• Reduced exposure of healthy tissue to overall radiation
• A visually reduced extent of the low-dose bath
Using both the Conformity Index COIN and the Coverage Index in quantitative evaluation indicated that effective treatment could be achieved in a hypothetical scenario, whilst also highlighting the potential improvements in deployment accuracy, reliability, and repeatability.
The results demonstrate that a minimally invasive, shape-adaptive HDR brachytherapy applicator for intracavitary sinus treatment is technically feasible and clinically promising under controlled conditions. Phantom-testing supports the potential of reduction in low-dose exposure, but clinical validation remains necessary to reach conclusive evidence.
Key recomendations for further development:
To continue toward clinical implementation, the following research directions are recommended:
• Tissue-device interaction studies to assess deformation behavior, patient (dis-)comfort, and positional stability
• Expanded quantitative dosimetric validation across multiple anatomical models and repeated placements
• Mathematical validation model development to reach conclusive evidence
• Optimization of clinical workflow integration, especially focusing on surgical handling and placement ...
Paranasal sinus cancer in the present, is postoperatively treated with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). This treatment method enables accurate high radiation dose delivery, it exposes surrounding organs at risk (OARs) to a low-dose radiation bath, contributing to significant negative side effects for overall patient health. High-Dose-Rate (HDR) brachytherapy could theoretically reduce this low-dose exposure due to its more direct dose fall-off (≈ inverse square). However, this treatment method is currently infeasible, because no device exists that can be introduced in the target anatomy without invasive surgery and that can be reliably stabilized within the irregular sinus cavities.
This graduation project investigates the technical feasibility of a minimally invasive, shape-adaptive applicator capable of enabling postoperative HDR brachytherapy in the (para-) nasal sinus cavity. The core design challenge arises from the anatomical discrepancy between the narrow nasal vestibule entrance required for insertion and the larger, (sinus) cavity behind it where stable positioning is needed.
A stakeholder and workflow analysis in collaboration with UMC-Utrecht hospital staff, defined the primary requirements: atraumatic insertion, temporary stabilization, compatibility with existing workflows and protocols, reversibility, and avoidance of additional surgery.
A review of the state-of-the-art materials, practises and mechanisms evaluated hydrogels, shape memory alloys (SMAs), shape memory polymers, and pneumatic systems. The analysis demonstrated that no single mechanism or material satisfies all constraints. Leading to hybrid system strategies combining compliant deployment with more rigid stabilization elements.
Three initial concepts were developed, exploring the solution space of SMA’s, Multi-chamber inflation systems and patient specific inflatables.
During evaluation and synthesis, an existing medical device: The PORGES-14 Foley Cystodrain Inflatable Catheter, inspired a revised design direction. Its manufacturing method and working principles opened interesting prototyping directions, which formed the basis of a redesigned applicator system tailored to head & neck (H&N) anatomy.
The PORGES applicators were used to develop a functional prototype, used in a 3D-printed anatomical phantom derived from anonymized patient data. CT-based dosimetric analysis was conducted in collaboration with the brachytherapy team. Compared to EBRT imaging, the applicator demonstrated:
• Improved conformity of 100% and 200% isodose lines to the clinical target volume (CTV)
• Reduced exposure of healthy tissue to overall radiation
• A visually reduced extent of the low-dose bath
Using both the Conformity Index COIN and the Coverage Index in quantitative evaluation indicated that effective treatment could be achieved in a hypothetical scenario, whilst also highlighting the potential improvements in deployment accuracy, reliability, and repeatability.
The results demonstrate that a minimally invasive, shape-adaptive HDR brachytherapy applicator for intracavitary sinus treatment is technically feasible and clinically promising under controlled conditions. Phantom-testing supports the potential of reduction in low-dose exposure, but clinical validation remains necessary to reach conclusive evidence.
Key recomendations for further development:
To continue toward clinical implementation, the following research directions are recommended:
• Tissue-device interaction studies to assess deformation behavior, patient (dis-)comfort, and positional stability
• Expanded quantitative dosimetric validation across multiple anatomical models and repeated placements
• Mathematical validation model development to reach conclusive evidence
• Optimization of clinical workflow integration, especially focusing on surgical handling and placement
This graduation project investigates the technical feasibility of a minimally invasive, shape-adaptive applicator capable of enabling postoperative HDR brachytherapy in the (para-) nasal sinus cavity. The core design challenge arises from the anatomical discrepancy between the narrow nasal vestibule entrance required for insertion and the larger, (sinus) cavity behind it where stable positioning is needed.
A stakeholder and workflow analysis in collaboration with UMC-Utrecht hospital staff, defined the primary requirements: atraumatic insertion, temporary stabilization, compatibility with existing workflows and protocols, reversibility, and avoidance of additional surgery.
A review of the state-of-the-art materials, practises and mechanisms evaluated hydrogels, shape memory alloys (SMAs), shape memory polymers, and pneumatic systems. The analysis demonstrated that no single mechanism or material satisfies all constraints. Leading to hybrid system strategies combining compliant deployment with more rigid stabilization elements.
Three initial concepts were developed, exploring the solution space of SMA’s, Multi-chamber inflation systems and patient specific inflatables.
During evaluation and synthesis, an existing medical device: The PORGES-14 Foley Cystodrain Inflatable Catheter, inspired a revised design direction. Its manufacturing method and working principles opened interesting prototyping directions, which formed the basis of a redesigned applicator system tailored to head & neck (H&N) anatomy.
The PORGES applicators were used to develop a functional prototype, used in a 3D-printed anatomical phantom derived from anonymized patient data. CT-based dosimetric analysis was conducted in collaboration with the brachytherapy team. Compared to EBRT imaging, the applicator demonstrated:
• Improved conformity of 100% and 200% isodose lines to the clinical target volume (CTV)
• Reduced exposure of healthy tissue to overall radiation
• A visually reduced extent of the low-dose bath
Using both the Conformity Index COIN and the Coverage Index in quantitative evaluation indicated that effective treatment could be achieved in a hypothetical scenario, whilst also highlighting the potential improvements in deployment accuracy, reliability, and repeatability.
The results demonstrate that a minimally invasive, shape-adaptive HDR brachytherapy applicator for intracavitary sinus treatment is technically feasible and clinically promising under controlled conditions. Phantom-testing supports the potential of reduction in low-dose exposure, but clinical validation remains necessary to reach conclusive evidence.
Key recomendations for further development:
To continue toward clinical implementation, the following research directions are recommended:
• Tissue-device interaction studies to assess deformation behavior, patient (dis-)comfort, and positional stability
• Expanded quantitative dosimetric validation across multiple anatomical models and repeated placements
• Mathematical validation model development to reach conclusive evidence
• Optimization of clinical workflow integration, especially focusing on surgical handling and placement
The integration of sensing and actuation functionalities directly into textiles offers opportunities for developing soft, flexible, and unobtrusive wearable systems. Knitted textiles are particularly promising for this purpose because their inherent stretchability and flexibility allow functional elements to be integrated directly into the textile structure. However, the complex relationship between yarn properties, knit architecture, and functional performance makes the systematic design of knitted sensors and actuators challenging. This thesis investigates how knitted textile structures can be engineered to achieve controlled sensing and heating performance, with a particular focus on understanding the relationships between material and structural parameters and device behaviour.
The research investigates three types of knitted functional textiles: strain sensors, pressure sensors, and heaters. Conductive yarns were integrated into knitted structures using a flatbed knitting process, allowing the functional elements to remain fully textile-based. The work combines experimental characterisation, structural optimisation, wearable demonstrators, and physics-based modelling to investigate how knitting parameters and material selection influence functional performance.... ...
The research investigates three types of knitted functional textiles: strain sensors, pressure sensors, and heaters. Conductive yarns were integrated into knitted structures using a flatbed knitting process, allowing the functional elements to remain fully textile-based. The work combines experimental characterisation, structural optimisation, wearable demonstrators, and physics-based modelling to investigate how knitting parameters and material selection influence functional performance.... ...
The integration of sensing and actuation functionalities directly into textiles offers opportunities for developing soft, flexible, and unobtrusive wearable systems. Knitted textiles are particularly promising for this purpose because their inherent stretchability and flexibility allow functional elements to be integrated directly into the textile structure. However, the complex relationship between yarn properties, knit architecture, and functional performance makes the systematic design of knitted sensors and actuators challenging. This thesis investigates how knitted textile structures can be engineered to achieve controlled sensing and heating performance, with a particular focus on understanding the relationships between material and structural parameters and device behaviour.
The research investigates three types of knitted functional textiles: strain sensors, pressure sensors, and heaters. Conductive yarns were integrated into knitted structures using a flatbed knitting process, allowing the functional elements to remain fully textile-based. The work combines experimental characterisation, structural optimisation, wearable demonstrators, and physics-based modelling to investigate how knitting parameters and material selection influence functional performance....
The research investigates three types of knitted functional textiles: strain sensors, pressure sensors, and heaters. Conductive yarns were integrated into knitted structures using a flatbed knitting process, allowing the functional elements to remain fully textile-based. The work combines experimental characterisation, structural optimisation, wearable demonstrators, and physics-based modelling to investigate how knitting parameters and material selection influence functional performance....
Urbanisation in combination with climate change threatens human life through the Urban Heat Island effect and Urban Flooding. Grid Pavement replaces impervious pavement by a combination of vegetation and infrastructure, creating climate adaptive urban areas with crucial infrastructure. However, current Grid Pavement materials have a detrimental effect on the environment. This study investigates sustainable materialisation of Grid Pavement, and demands of stakeholders, combining technical with human-centered material development.
This research consists of five analyses, contributing to a holistically improved Grid Pavement design. Stakeholders were interviewed to reveal key stakeholder and design requirements and wishes. The Grid Pavement market was analysed for design requirements and wishes. From current Grid Pavement materialisation and sustainable strategies an alternative material is identified. Tinkering was done to get a complete understanding of the material under varying conditions. To understand the user experience of the material, experiential characteristics were identified through stakeholder interviews. An understanding of the material mechanical properties was gained through material testing. The final concept was designed to enhance the material’s experiential characteristics, while a Finite Element Analysis ensured structural integrity.
Stakeholder interviews identified Municipalities and (Landscape) Architects as key stakeholders. CoRncrete poses a potential sustainable material alternative for Grid Pavement. Forming CoRncrete in the hydraulic press using 0.250 to 0.500 mm sand grains produces the highest quality, while ensuring scalability and sustainability of the material. The user experience of CoRncrete is heavily dependent on the visibility of the sand grains. CoRncrete containing 0.250 to 0.500 mm sand grains is an ordinary, recognisable material, while its natural appearance can improve the sustainable perception of Grid Pavement, posing a competitive advantage compared to concrete and plastic. Additionally, visible sand grains provided a fascinating tactile experience, inviting curiosity and attraction. CoRncrete formed in the hydraulic press, containing 0.250 to 0.500 mm sand grains and potato starch, called PMP-CoRncrete, poses the optimal material composition for Grid Pavement. PMP-CoRncrete exhibits a Young’s modulus of 660.40 MPa, a Yield Strength of 25.97 MPa and an Ultimate Compressive Strength of 27.05 MPa and a density of 1823 kg/m3. Combining the Young’s Modulus and density shows PMP-CoRncrete is comparable to polymers, while being heavier than natural materials and having a lower Young’s Modulus compared to composites. Curing time is found to significantly affect CoRncrete strength, where increasing the curing time from 2 to 9 days increases the UCS of potato starch-containing samples by 52.02%.
CoRnGrid is a CoRncrete Grid Pavement module that harmoniously integrates vegetation into infrastructure due to its design features and materialisation. One module measures 600 by 390 by 80 mm (L by W by H), weighs 23.26 kilograms and costs €12 to €15 per module.
This research pushes the boundaries of infrastructure materialisation while holistically advancing the development of CoRncrete, moving away from toxic material development, towards a sustainable future. ...
This research consists of five analyses, contributing to a holistically improved Grid Pavement design. Stakeholders were interviewed to reveal key stakeholder and design requirements and wishes. The Grid Pavement market was analysed for design requirements and wishes. From current Grid Pavement materialisation and sustainable strategies an alternative material is identified. Tinkering was done to get a complete understanding of the material under varying conditions. To understand the user experience of the material, experiential characteristics were identified through stakeholder interviews. An understanding of the material mechanical properties was gained through material testing. The final concept was designed to enhance the material’s experiential characteristics, while a Finite Element Analysis ensured structural integrity.
Stakeholder interviews identified Municipalities and (Landscape) Architects as key stakeholders. CoRncrete poses a potential sustainable material alternative for Grid Pavement. Forming CoRncrete in the hydraulic press using 0.250 to 0.500 mm sand grains produces the highest quality, while ensuring scalability and sustainability of the material. The user experience of CoRncrete is heavily dependent on the visibility of the sand grains. CoRncrete containing 0.250 to 0.500 mm sand grains is an ordinary, recognisable material, while its natural appearance can improve the sustainable perception of Grid Pavement, posing a competitive advantage compared to concrete and plastic. Additionally, visible sand grains provided a fascinating tactile experience, inviting curiosity and attraction. CoRncrete formed in the hydraulic press, containing 0.250 to 0.500 mm sand grains and potato starch, called PMP-CoRncrete, poses the optimal material composition for Grid Pavement. PMP-CoRncrete exhibits a Young’s modulus of 660.40 MPa, a Yield Strength of 25.97 MPa and an Ultimate Compressive Strength of 27.05 MPa and a density of 1823 kg/m3. Combining the Young’s Modulus and density shows PMP-CoRncrete is comparable to polymers, while being heavier than natural materials and having a lower Young’s Modulus compared to composites. Curing time is found to significantly affect CoRncrete strength, where increasing the curing time from 2 to 9 days increases the UCS of potato starch-containing samples by 52.02%.
CoRnGrid is a CoRncrete Grid Pavement module that harmoniously integrates vegetation into infrastructure due to its design features and materialisation. One module measures 600 by 390 by 80 mm (L by W by H), weighs 23.26 kilograms and costs €12 to €15 per module.
This research pushes the boundaries of infrastructure materialisation while holistically advancing the development of CoRncrete, moving away from toxic material development, towards a sustainable future. ...
Urbanisation in combination with climate change threatens human life through the Urban Heat Island effect and Urban Flooding. Grid Pavement replaces impervious pavement by a combination of vegetation and infrastructure, creating climate adaptive urban areas with crucial infrastructure. However, current Grid Pavement materials have a detrimental effect on the environment. This study investigates sustainable materialisation of Grid Pavement, and demands of stakeholders, combining technical with human-centered material development.
This research consists of five analyses, contributing to a holistically improved Grid Pavement design. Stakeholders were interviewed to reveal key stakeholder and design requirements and wishes. The Grid Pavement market was analysed for design requirements and wishes. From current Grid Pavement materialisation and sustainable strategies an alternative material is identified. Tinkering was done to get a complete understanding of the material under varying conditions. To understand the user experience of the material, experiential characteristics were identified through stakeholder interviews. An understanding of the material mechanical properties was gained through material testing. The final concept was designed to enhance the material’s experiential characteristics, while a Finite Element Analysis ensured structural integrity.
Stakeholder interviews identified Municipalities and (Landscape) Architects as key stakeholders. CoRncrete poses a potential sustainable material alternative for Grid Pavement. Forming CoRncrete in the hydraulic press using 0.250 to 0.500 mm sand grains produces the highest quality, while ensuring scalability and sustainability of the material. The user experience of CoRncrete is heavily dependent on the visibility of the sand grains. CoRncrete containing 0.250 to 0.500 mm sand grains is an ordinary, recognisable material, while its natural appearance can improve the sustainable perception of Grid Pavement, posing a competitive advantage compared to concrete and plastic. Additionally, visible sand grains provided a fascinating tactile experience, inviting curiosity and attraction. CoRncrete formed in the hydraulic press, containing 0.250 to 0.500 mm sand grains and potato starch, called PMP-CoRncrete, poses the optimal material composition for Grid Pavement. PMP-CoRncrete exhibits a Young’s modulus of 660.40 MPa, a Yield Strength of 25.97 MPa and an Ultimate Compressive Strength of 27.05 MPa and a density of 1823 kg/m3. Combining the Young’s Modulus and density shows PMP-CoRncrete is comparable to polymers, while being heavier than natural materials and having a lower Young’s Modulus compared to composites. Curing time is found to significantly affect CoRncrete strength, where increasing the curing time from 2 to 9 days increases the UCS of potato starch-containing samples by 52.02%.
CoRnGrid is a CoRncrete Grid Pavement module that harmoniously integrates vegetation into infrastructure due to its design features and materialisation. One module measures 600 by 390 by 80 mm (L by W by H), weighs 23.26 kilograms and costs €12 to €15 per module.
This research pushes the boundaries of infrastructure materialisation while holistically advancing the development of CoRncrete, moving away from toxic material development, towards a sustainable future.
This research consists of five analyses, contributing to a holistically improved Grid Pavement design. Stakeholders were interviewed to reveal key stakeholder and design requirements and wishes. The Grid Pavement market was analysed for design requirements and wishes. From current Grid Pavement materialisation and sustainable strategies an alternative material is identified. Tinkering was done to get a complete understanding of the material under varying conditions. To understand the user experience of the material, experiential characteristics were identified through stakeholder interviews. An understanding of the material mechanical properties was gained through material testing. The final concept was designed to enhance the material’s experiential characteristics, while a Finite Element Analysis ensured structural integrity.
Stakeholder interviews identified Municipalities and (Landscape) Architects as key stakeholders. CoRncrete poses a potential sustainable material alternative for Grid Pavement. Forming CoRncrete in the hydraulic press using 0.250 to 0.500 mm sand grains produces the highest quality, while ensuring scalability and sustainability of the material. The user experience of CoRncrete is heavily dependent on the visibility of the sand grains. CoRncrete containing 0.250 to 0.500 mm sand grains is an ordinary, recognisable material, while its natural appearance can improve the sustainable perception of Grid Pavement, posing a competitive advantage compared to concrete and plastic. Additionally, visible sand grains provided a fascinating tactile experience, inviting curiosity and attraction. CoRncrete formed in the hydraulic press, containing 0.250 to 0.500 mm sand grains and potato starch, called PMP-CoRncrete, poses the optimal material composition for Grid Pavement. PMP-CoRncrete exhibits a Young’s modulus of 660.40 MPa, a Yield Strength of 25.97 MPa and an Ultimate Compressive Strength of 27.05 MPa and a density of 1823 kg/m3. Combining the Young’s Modulus and density shows PMP-CoRncrete is comparable to polymers, while being heavier than natural materials and having a lower Young’s Modulus compared to composites. Curing time is found to significantly affect CoRncrete strength, where increasing the curing time from 2 to 9 days increases the UCS of potato starch-containing samples by 52.02%.
CoRnGrid is a CoRncrete Grid Pavement module that harmoniously integrates vegetation into infrastructure due to its design features and materialisation. One module measures 600 by 390 by 80 mm (L by W by H), weighs 23.26 kilograms and costs €12 to €15 per module.
This research pushes the boundaries of infrastructure materialisation while holistically advancing the development of CoRncrete, moving away from toxic material development, towards a sustainable future.
Feel the difference
Designing affective haptic wearables: comparing shape memory alloy and electromechanical actuation
In daily life, a lot of information is transferred though the various sensory channels. In particular, the sense of touch can play a versatile role, introducing the field of haptics. There is still much to explore and research to be done regarding haptic feedback. This project specifically looked into the actuation method for haptic wearables, comparing the influence of shape memory alloy (SMA) and electromechanical actuation.
Through a literature review, the field of affective haptics became the focus of the project, applying cutaneous haptic wearables on the forearm to influence the emotions of the user. Additionally, evaluation metrics relevant to haptic wearables were determined. Two sensations were selected to explore the influence of the actuation method on the design process of the designer as well as the user experience of the user: a short, intense squeezing sensation opposing a long, soft stroking sensation. Using either actuation method a haptic wearable was designed for each sensation, resulting in four devices. Using these devices, user tests have been conducted.
The insights gathered during the project showed that electromechanical actuation is more suitable in several situations, and SMA actuation in other. Mechanical actuation needs to be used if a sensation using high frequency repetition needs to be created, whilst SMA actuation is more suitable when several sensations in close proximity are desired. When creating a big displacement along lengths, mechanical actuation is needed, however, when following the curves of the human body, SMA actuation should be used. Mechanical actuation can provide precise control over the movement, while SMA actuation provides simpler, more intuitive control over the final movement. When looking at key metrics, mechanical actuation can provide noticeable differences in speed, and SMA actuation noticeable differences in force. The user experience of SMA actuation is pleasant and humanlike, providing a sense of comfort; whilst mechanical actuation is experienced as intense and creates a sense of urgency in the user. As a conclusion to this project, these results were gathered and summarized into a decision flowchart.
...
Through a literature review, the field of affective haptics became the focus of the project, applying cutaneous haptic wearables on the forearm to influence the emotions of the user. Additionally, evaluation metrics relevant to haptic wearables were determined. Two sensations were selected to explore the influence of the actuation method on the design process of the designer as well as the user experience of the user: a short, intense squeezing sensation opposing a long, soft stroking sensation. Using either actuation method a haptic wearable was designed for each sensation, resulting in four devices. Using these devices, user tests have been conducted.
The insights gathered during the project showed that electromechanical actuation is more suitable in several situations, and SMA actuation in other. Mechanical actuation needs to be used if a sensation using high frequency repetition needs to be created, whilst SMA actuation is more suitable when several sensations in close proximity are desired. When creating a big displacement along lengths, mechanical actuation is needed, however, when following the curves of the human body, SMA actuation should be used. Mechanical actuation can provide precise control over the movement, while SMA actuation provides simpler, more intuitive control over the final movement. When looking at key metrics, mechanical actuation can provide noticeable differences in speed, and SMA actuation noticeable differences in force. The user experience of SMA actuation is pleasant and humanlike, providing a sense of comfort; whilst mechanical actuation is experienced as intense and creates a sense of urgency in the user. As a conclusion to this project, these results were gathered and summarized into a decision flowchart.
...
In daily life, a lot of information is transferred though the various sensory channels. In particular, the sense of touch can play a versatile role, introducing the field of haptics. There is still much to explore and research to be done regarding haptic feedback. This project specifically looked into the actuation method for haptic wearables, comparing the influence of shape memory alloy (SMA) and electromechanical actuation.
Through a literature review, the field of affective haptics became the focus of the project, applying cutaneous haptic wearables on the forearm to influence the emotions of the user. Additionally, evaluation metrics relevant to haptic wearables were determined. Two sensations were selected to explore the influence of the actuation method on the design process of the designer as well as the user experience of the user: a short, intense squeezing sensation opposing a long, soft stroking sensation. Using either actuation method a haptic wearable was designed for each sensation, resulting in four devices. Using these devices, user tests have been conducted.
The insights gathered during the project showed that electromechanical actuation is more suitable in several situations, and SMA actuation in other. Mechanical actuation needs to be used if a sensation using high frequency repetition needs to be created, whilst SMA actuation is more suitable when several sensations in close proximity are desired. When creating a big displacement along lengths, mechanical actuation is needed, however, when following the curves of the human body, SMA actuation should be used. Mechanical actuation can provide precise control over the movement, while SMA actuation provides simpler, more intuitive control over the final movement. When looking at key metrics, mechanical actuation can provide noticeable differences in speed, and SMA actuation noticeable differences in force. The user experience of SMA actuation is pleasant and humanlike, providing a sense of comfort; whilst mechanical actuation is experienced as intense and creates a sense of urgency in the user. As a conclusion to this project, these results were gathered and summarized into a decision flowchart.
Through a literature review, the field of affective haptics became the focus of the project, applying cutaneous haptic wearables on the forearm to influence the emotions of the user. Additionally, evaluation metrics relevant to haptic wearables were determined. Two sensations were selected to explore the influence of the actuation method on the design process of the designer as well as the user experience of the user: a short, intense squeezing sensation opposing a long, soft stroking sensation. Using either actuation method a haptic wearable was designed for each sensation, resulting in four devices. Using these devices, user tests have been conducted.
The insights gathered during the project showed that electromechanical actuation is more suitable in several situations, and SMA actuation in other. Mechanical actuation needs to be used if a sensation using high frequency repetition needs to be created, whilst SMA actuation is more suitable when several sensations in close proximity are desired. When creating a big displacement along lengths, mechanical actuation is needed, however, when following the curves of the human body, SMA actuation should be used. Mechanical actuation can provide precise control over the movement, while SMA actuation provides simpler, more intuitive control over the final movement. When looking at key metrics, mechanical actuation can provide noticeable differences in speed, and SMA actuation noticeable differences in force. The user experience of SMA actuation is pleasant and humanlike, providing a sense of comfort; whilst mechanical actuation is experienced as intense and creates a sense of urgency in the user. As a conclusion to this project, these results were gathered and summarized into a decision flowchart.
Concrete is the world’s second most used material after water. Its binder, cement, produces about 8% of global carbon emissions and accounts for 90% of concrete’s footprint. Reducing this impact is key to meeting the Paris Agreement’s 2030 and 2050 targets, especially in the Netherlands where low-emission housing solutions are urgently needed. Previous work on CoRncrete, a cornstarch-based concrete, demonstrated the potential of cement-free binders but was limited by poor water resistance.
This research builds on that foundation through a four-phase Material Driven Design approach. Context and material research included bench-marking, interviews, and desk study. In the tinkering phase, recipe adjustments, sealers, and surface treatments were explored, with preliminary submersion tests leading to a revised process of wet pressing and post-curing (minimizing manufacture steps), and the addition of eggshell powder as partial sand replacement. Technical characterization then tested mixes with 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5% sand replacement with eggshell powder under varied curing times, climates (5 °C/60% RH, 30 °C/60% RH, 30 °C/80% RH), and submersion conditions, using triplicate samples. Results showed a improvement in water resistance: all recipes withstood at least 24 hours of immersion compared to 10 minutes for the original mix, while the 12.5% eggshell variant achieved the highest compressive strength (14 MPa after 21 days). Experiential characterization with nine participants found a preference for eggshell-based samples, with plain, marbled, and pigmented finishes each valued for different architectural applications, as assessed with the MDD toolkit.
The final material, named Agristone, is produced as a pre-cast block (300 × 100 × 200 mm), aligning with standard concrete block dimensions for straightforward adoption in low-rise inner-leaf or partition walls. With a compressive strength of 14 MPa, Agristone falls within the range of structural lightweight concrete (11.8–21 MPa) (Ansys Granta Edupack), ensuring its technical viability. It is available in a palette of natural oxide colors, reducing finishing needs and adding design flexibility. Life cycle comparisons indicate ~45% lower CO₂ eq emissions and 60% lower embodied energy than conventional lightweight concrete. Costs of Agristone are estimated to be higher than concrete blocks (€1.55/block vs. €0.89/block), but these may be offset by the material’s sustainability, reduced construction steps, and aesthetic added value.
This work demonstrates that a cornstarch-based concrete with eggshell additive and simplified manufacture method can achieve both structural performance and moisture resistance, establishing Agristone as a promising step toward bio-based, cement-free construction materials.
...
This research builds on that foundation through a four-phase Material Driven Design approach. Context and material research included bench-marking, interviews, and desk study. In the tinkering phase, recipe adjustments, sealers, and surface treatments were explored, with preliminary submersion tests leading to a revised process of wet pressing and post-curing (minimizing manufacture steps), and the addition of eggshell powder as partial sand replacement. Technical characterization then tested mixes with 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5% sand replacement with eggshell powder under varied curing times, climates (5 °C/60% RH, 30 °C/60% RH, 30 °C/80% RH), and submersion conditions, using triplicate samples. Results showed a improvement in water resistance: all recipes withstood at least 24 hours of immersion compared to 10 minutes for the original mix, while the 12.5% eggshell variant achieved the highest compressive strength (14 MPa after 21 days). Experiential characterization with nine participants found a preference for eggshell-based samples, with plain, marbled, and pigmented finishes each valued for different architectural applications, as assessed with the MDD toolkit.
The final material, named Agristone, is produced as a pre-cast block (300 × 100 × 200 mm), aligning with standard concrete block dimensions for straightforward adoption in low-rise inner-leaf or partition walls. With a compressive strength of 14 MPa, Agristone falls within the range of structural lightweight concrete (11.8–21 MPa) (Ansys Granta Edupack), ensuring its technical viability. It is available in a palette of natural oxide colors, reducing finishing needs and adding design flexibility. Life cycle comparisons indicate ~45% lower CO₂ eq emissions and 60% lower embodied energy than conventional lightweight concrete. Costs of Agristone are estimated to be higher than concrete blocks (€1.55/block vs. €0.89/block), but these may be offset by the material’s sustainability, reduced construction steps, and aesthetic added value.
This work demonstrates that a cornstarch-based concrete with eggshell additive and simplified manufacture method can achieve both structural performance and moisture resistance, establishing Agristone as a promising step toward bio-based, cement-free construction materials.
...
Concrete is the world’s second most used material after water. Its binder, cement, produces about 8% of global carbon emissions and accounts for 90% of concrete’s footprint. Reducing this impact is key to meeting the Paris Agreement’s 2030 and 2050 targets, especially in the Netherlands where low-emission housing solutions are urgently needed. Previous work on CoRncrete, a cornstarch-based concrete, demonstrated the potential of cement-free binders but was limited by poor water resistance.
This research builds on that foundation through a four-phase Material Driven Design approach. Context and material research included bench-marking, interviews, and desk study. In the tinkering phase, recipe adjustments, sealers, and surface treatments were explored, with preliminary submersion tests leading to a revised process of wet pressing and post-curing (minimizing manufacture steps), and the addition of eggshell powder as partial sand replacement. Technical characterization then tested mixes with 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5% sand replacement with eggshell powder under varied curing times, climates (5 °C/60% RH, 30 °C/60% RH, 30 °C/80% RH), and submersion conditions, using triplicate samples. Results showed a improvement in water resistance: all recipes withstood at least 24 hours of immersion compared to 10 minutes for the original mix, while the 12.5% eggshell variant achieved the highest compressive strength (14 MPa after 21 days). Experiential characterization with nine participants found a preference for eggshell-based samples, with plain, marbled, and pigmented finishes each valued for different architectural applications, as assessed with the MDD toolkit.
The final material, named Agristone, is produced as a pre-cast block (300 × 100 × 200 mm), aligning with standard concrete block dimensions for straightforward adoption in low-rise inner-leaf or partition walls. With a compressive strength of 14 MPa, Agristone falls within the range of structural lightweight concrete (11.8–21 MPa) (Ansys Granta Edupack), ensuring its technical viability. It is available in a palette of natural oxide colors, reducing finishing needs and adding design flexibility. Life cycle comparisons indicate ~45% lower CO₂ eq emissions and 60% lower embodied energy than conventional lightweight concrete. Costs of Agristone are estimated to be higher than concrete blocks (€1.55/block vs. €0.89/block), but these may be offset by the material’s sustainability, reduced construction steps, and aesthetic added value.
This work demonstrates that a cornstarch-based concrete with eggshell additive and simplified manufacture method can achieve both structural performance and moisture resistance, establishing Agristone as a promising step toward bio-based, cement-free construction materials.
This research builds on that foundation through a four-phase Material Driven Design approach. Context and material research included bench-marking, interviews, and desk study. In the tinkering phase, recipe adjustments, sealers, and surface treatments were explored, with preliminary submersion tests leading to a revised process of wet pressing and post-curing (minimizing manufacture steps), and the addition of eggshell powder as partial sand replacement. Technical characterization then tested mixes with 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5% sand replacement with eggshell powder under varied curing times, climates (5 °C/60% RH, 30 °C/60% RH, 30 °C/80% RH), and submersion conditions, using triplicate samples. Results showed a improvement in water resistance: all recipes withstood at least 24 hours of immersion compared to 10 minutes for the original mix, while the 12.5% eggshell variant achieved the highest compressive strength (14 MPa after 21 days). Experiential characterization with nine participants found a preference for eggshell-based samples, with plain, marbled, and pigmented finishes each valued for different architectural applications, as assessed with the MDD toolkit.
The final material, named Agristone, is produced as a pre-cast block (300 × 100 × 200 mm), aligning with standard concrete block dimensions for straightforward adoption in low-rise inner-leaf or partition walls. With a compressive strength of 14 MPa, Agristone falls within the range of structural lightweight concrete (11.8–21 MPa) (Ansys Granta Edupack), ensuring its technical viability. It is available in a palette of natural oxide colors, reducing finishing needs and adding design flexibility. Life cycle comparisons indicate ~45% lower CO₂ eq emissions and 60% lower embodied energy than conventional lightweight concrete. Costs of Agristone are estimated to be higher than concrete blocks (€1.55/block vs. €0.89/block), but these may be offset by the material’s sustainability, reduced construction steps, and aesthetic added value.
This work demonstrates that a cornstarch-based concrete with eggshell additive and simplified manufacture method can achieve both structural performance and moisture resistance, establishing Agristone as a promising step toward bio-based, cement-free construction materials.
This project aims to develop a wearable device to assist visually impaired individuals in identifying obstacles when entering unfamiliar rooms. Using advanced distance sensors, it provides real-time haptic feedback, enabling users to map and navigate their surroundings safely and independently. This development has been guided by insights from visually impaired individuals themselves, with the goal of creating a device that integrates seamlessly into their daily lives. The primary objective is to enhance the quality of life for visually impaired people by promoting greater independence and safety without relying on a guiding stick. Existing solutions often fail to provide real-time and accurate information to the users. This wearable device addresses this gap by offering reliable distance sensors and immediate feedback through vibration signals, empowering users to navigate spaces independently and confidently.
...
This project aims to develop a wearable device to assist visually impaired individuals in identifying obstacles when entering unfamiliar rooms. Using advanced distance sensors, it provides real-time haptic feedback, enabling users to map and navigate their surroundings safely and independently. This development has been guided by insights from visually impaired individuals themselves, with the goal of creating a device that integrates seamlessly into their daily lives. The primary objective is to enhance the quality of life for visually impaired people by promoting greater independence and safety without relying on a guiding stick. Existing solutions often fail to provide real-time and accurate information to the users. This wearable device addresses this gap by offering reliable distance sensors and immediate feedback through vibration signals, empowering users to navigate spaces independently and confidently.
Direct ink writing is emerging as a sustainable alternative to conventional 3D printing techniques, promising significant reductions in energy consumption. This thesis presents a comprehensive investigation into the optimization of DIW processes, focusing on the development and evaluation of various ink formulations to identify the strongest recipes for producing materials suitable forprototyping within a circular economy. A systematic methodology was devised to produce test samples both by casting and printing. For the
DIW samples, achieving a balance between the required ink volume and the output volume was crucialto ensure consistent printing. Iterative adjustments to the g-code parameters and air pressure weremade to fine-tune the printing process, resulting in the production of samples for mechanical testing. Three-point bending tests were conducted on both casted and printed samples to evaluate their mechanical properties. Stress-strain curves obtained from these tests were analysed to determine the flexural strength and overall mechanical performance of each ink formulation. Among the various recipes tested, Carob combined with alginate emerged as the strongest, demonstrating mechanical properties comparable to those reported in existing literature. Confirming its potential as a viable candidate for use in prototyping.
The findings of this research underscore the importance of optimising both material composition and production parameters in DIW processes. By successfully identifying and validating an ink formulation, this work contributes to the advancement of sustainable 3D printing technologies. ...
DIW samples, achieving a balance between the required ink volume and the output volume was crucialto ensure consistent printing. Iterative adjustments to the g-code parameters and air pressure weremade to fine-tune the printing process, resulting in the production of samples for mechanical testing. Three-point bending tests were conducted on both casted and printed samples to evaluate their mechanical properties. Stress-strain curves obtained from these tests were analysed to determine the flexural strength and overall mechanical performance of each ink formulation. Among the various recipes tested, Carob combined with alginate emerged as the strongest, demonstrating mechanical properties comparable to those reported in existing literature. Confirming its potential as a viable candidate for use in prototyping.
The findings of this research underscore the importance of optimising both material composition and production parameters in DIW processes. By successfully identifying and validating an ink formulation, this work contributes to the advancement of sustainable 3D printing technologies. ...
Direct ink writing is emerging as a sustainable alternative to conventional 3D printing techniques, promising significant reductions in energy consumption. This thesis presents a comprehensive investigation into the optimization of DIW processes, focusing on the development and evaluation of various ink formulations to identify the strongest recipes for producing materials suitable forprototyping within a circular economy. A systematic methodology was devised to produce test samples both by casting and printing. For the
DIW samples, achieving a balance between the required ink volume and the output volume was crucialto ensure consistent printing. Iterative adjustments to the g-code parameters and air pressure weremade to fine-tune the printing process, resulting in the production of samples for mechanical testing. Three-point bending tests were conducted on both casted and printed samples to evaluate their mechanical properties. Stress-strain curves obtained from these tests were analysed to determine the flexural strength and overall mechanical performance of each ink formulation. Among the various recipes tested, Carob combined with alginate emerged as the strongest, demonstrating mechanical properties comparable to those reported in existing literature. Confirming its potential as a viable candidate for use in prototyping.
The findings of this research underscore the importance of optimising both material composition and production parameters in DIW processes. By successfully identifying and validating an ink formulation, this work contributes to the advancement of sustainable 3D printing technologies.
DIW samples, achieving a balance between the required ink volume and the output volume was crucialto ensure consistent printing. Iterative adjustments to the g-code parameters and air pressure weremade to fine-tune the printing process, resulting in the production of samples for mechanical testing. Three-point bending tests were conducted on both casted and printed samples to evaluate their mechanical properties. Stress-strain curves obtained from these tests were analysed to determine the flexural strength and overall mechanical performance of each ink formulation. Among the various recipes tested, Carob combined with alginate emerged as the strongest, demonstrating mechanical properties comparable to those reported in existing literature. Confirming its potential as a viable candidate for use in prototyping.
The findings of this research underscore the importance of optimising both material composition and production parameters in DIW processes. By successfully identifying and validating an ink formulation, this work contributes to the advancement of sustainable 3D printing technologies.
Orange Peel Footwear
Designing Shoes from Fruit Waste with Aesthetic Attributes of Sustainability
This project aimed to develop a biodegradable material that communicates its sustainability to consumers through its aesthetic attributes and to apply this material to shoe design.
In the current market, most biodegradable shoes do not express their natural origin through their appearance (tactile and visual properties). For instance, leather-like bioplastic material made from fruit waste, used by some shoe brands, mimics conventional leather with embossed texture, providing no indication to consumers that it is sustainable. While this approach of mimicking conventional materials might be effective for societal acceptance due to its familiar look, I strived to find an alternative approach.
Thus, this project starts with a simple question: What if a pair of biodegradable shoes looked "natural"? Would they communicate their sustainability through their appearance? Would they seem too wild?
To explore these questions, I embarked on the journey of developing biodegradable materials from scratch and constructing shoes with them. Through the research process, a Material Experience Vision was formulated, guiding me through the development of the material and the shoe design: I want people to recognise the material to be biodegradable as well as compostable through visual and tactile properties that people commonly associate with "naturalness" while maintaining their perception of quality. Additionally, I also want people to find the material to be interesting or unique to wear as a shoes with the propeties of natualness.
The research concluded with the evaluation of the proof of concept—a final prototype consisting of a pair of biodegradable shoes made from orange peels and mandarins. This evaluation focused on participants' perceptions of quality and naturalness, involving eight participants in the assessment.
...
In the current market, most biodegradable shoes do not express their natural origin through their appearance (tactile and visual properties). For instance, leather-like bioplastic material made from fruit waste, used by some shoe brands, mimics conventional leather with embossed texture, providing no indication to consumers that it is sustainable. While this approach of mimicking conventional materials might be effective for societal acceptance due to its familiar look, I strived to find an alternative approach.
Thus, this project starts with a simple question: What if a pair of biodegradable shoes looked "natural"? Would they communicate their sustainability through their appearance? Would they seem too wild?
To explore these questions, I embarked on the journey of developing biodegradable materials from scratch and constructing shoes with them. Through the research process, a Material Experience Vision was formulated, guiding me through the development of the material and the shoe design: I want people to recognise the material to be biodegradable as well as compostable through visual and tactile properties that people commonly associate with "naturalness" while maintaining their perception of quality. Additionally, I also want people to find the material to be interesting or unique to wear as a shoes with the propeties of natualness.
The research concluded with the evaluation of the proof of concept—a final prototype consisting of a pair of biodegradable shoes made from orange peels and mandarins. This evaluation focused on participants' perceptions of quality and naturalness, involving eight participants in the assessment.
...
This project aimed to develop a biodegradable material that communicates its sustainability to consumers through its aesthetic attributes and to apply this material to shoe design.
In the current market, most biodegradable shoes do not express their natural origin through their appearance (tactile and visual properties). For instance, leather-like bioplastic material made from fruit waste, used by some shoe brands, mimics conventional leather with embossed texture, providing no indication to consumers that it is sustainable. While this approach of mimicking conventional materials might be effective for societal acceptance due to its familiar look, I strived to find an alternative approach.
Thus, this project starts with a simple question: What if a pair of biodegradable shoes looked "natural"? Would they communicate their sustainability through their appearance? Would they seem too wild?
To explore these questions, I embarked on the journey of developing biodegradable materials from scratch and constructing shoes with them. Through the research process, a Material Experience Vision was formulated, guiding me through the development of the material and the shoe design: I want people to recognise the material to be biodegradable as well as compostable through visual and tactile properties that people commonly associate with "naturalness" while maintaining their perception of quality. Additionally, I also want people to find the material to be interesting or unique to wear as a shoes with the propeties of natualness.
The research concluded with the evaluation of the proof of concept—a final prototype consisting of a pair of biodegradable shoes made from orange peels and mandarins. This evaluation focused on participants' perceptions of quality and naturalness, involving eight participants in the assessment.
In the current market, most biodegradable shoes do not express their natural origin through their appearance (tactile and visual properties). For instance, leather-like bioplastic material made from fruit waste, used by some shoe brands, mimics conventional leather with embossed texture, providing no indication to consumers that it is sustainable. While this approach of mimicking conventional materials might be effective for societal acceptance due to its familiar look, I strived to find an alternative approach.
Thus, this project starts with a simple question: What if a pair of biodegradable shoes looked "natural"? Would they communicate their sustainability through their appearance? Would they seem too wild?
To explore these questions, I embarked on the journey of developing biodegradable materials from scratch and constructing shoes with them. Through the research process, a Material Experience Vision was formulated, guiding me through the development of the material and the shoe design: I want people to recognise the material to be biodegradable as well as compostable through visual and tactile properties that people commonly associate with "naturalness" while maintaining their perception of quality. Additionally, I also want people to find the material to be interesting or unique to wear as a shoes with the propeties of natualness.
The research concluded with the evaluation of the proof of concept—a final prototype consisting of a pair of biodegradable shoes made from orange peels and mandarins. This evaluation focused on participants' perceptions of quality and naturalness, involving eight participants in the assessment.
This study investigates the integration of shape memory materials into bolster systems to enhance automotive seating design efficiency. By bridging the gap between morphing materials and seat ergonomics, it proposes a shape memory-based bolster adjustability system. Validation is achieved through the development of a working prototype, offering differentiation opportunities for manufacturers like Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) while improving customer experiences.
...
This study investigates the integration of shape memory materials into bolster systems to enhance automotive seating design efficiency. By bridging the gap between morphing materials and seat ergonomics, it proposes a shape memory-based bolster adjustability system. Validation is achieved through the development of a working prototype, offering differentiation opportunities for manufacturers like Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) while improving customer experiences.
This thesis explores the design of a funeral enclosure for resomation, utilizing PISOX - a biobased and biodegradable polymer - and soap. The research follows a three-phase framework of analysis, design and evaluation. In the analysis phase, the resomation process and its context are examined, followed by analysis of the suitability of soap and PISOX for the application of resomation and their manufacturing possibilities. The analysis concludes with a list of requirements and wishes for the design. In the subsequent design phase, various design activities are conducted to define the design of a funeral enclosure of for resomation. Various ideas are explored and a design is created that is designed to fit within the Resomator S750. The design is created to accommodate the dimensions of a P95 human body.
The design’s strength is evaluated through a combination of tensile testing and Finite Element Analysis to determine the thickness needed for the PISOX parts. A 1:4 prototype was created to assess the manufacturability and to gather insight into users’ opinions of the design through interviews. Finally, a sustainability evaluation demonstrates the environmental advantages of introducing De Zeepkist. ...
The design’s strength is evaluated through a combination of tensile testing and Finite Element Analysis to determine the thickness needed for the PISOX parts. A 1:4 prototype was created to assess the manufacturability and to gather insight into users’ opinions of the design through interviews. Finally, a sustainability evaluation demonstrates the environmental advantages of introducing De Zeepkist. ...
This thesis explores the design of a funeral enclosure for resomation, utilizing PISOX - a biobased and biodegradable polymer - and soap. The research follows a three-phase framework of analysis, design and evaluation. In the analysis phase, the resomation process and its context are examined, followed by analysis of the suitability of soap and PISOX for the application of resomation and their manufacturing possibilities. The analysis concludes with a list of requirements and wishes for the design. In the subsequent design phase, various design activities are conducted to define the design of a funeral enclosure of for resomation. Various ideas are explored and a design is created that is designed to fit within the Resomator S750. The design is created to accommodate the dimensions of a P95 human body.
The design’s strength is evaluated through a combination of tensile testing and Finite Element Analysis to determine the thickness needed for the PISOX parts. A 1:4 prototype was created to assess the manufacturability and to gather insight into users’ opinions of the design through interviews. Finally, a sustainability evaluation demonstrates the environmental advantages of introducing De Zeepkist.
The design’s strength is evaluated through a combination of tensile testing and Finite Element Analysis to determine the thickness needed for the PISOX parts. A 1:4 prototype was created to assess the manufacturability and to gather insight into users’ opinions of the design through interviews. Finally, a sustainability evaluation demonstrates the environmental advantages of introducing De Zeepkist.
The report at hand is a comprehensive summary of the conducted research and consequent developments in the experimental design of a solar-heated water displacement pump focused on its implementation in areas lacking access to safe drinking water, particularly in developing countries.
The research begins by examining the dire situation faced by the two billion people lacking safely managed drinking water (WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2023). This is done by looking closer at the factors influencing water supply, considering needs and the context in which these affected people live.
This contextual analysis motivated the need to develop a solar-powered water pump system designed to effectively, reliably and sustainably bring safe drinking water from improved water sources to households in the most affected regions of the world.
To address this need, existing pumping systems that are currently used or have the potential to mitigate this problem were studied and evaluated.
By carefully examining the most recent advancements in relevant water pumping technologies for this contextual application, an innovative opportunity for converting low-grade heat energy into mechanical energy was identified.
Having identified the problem and understood its context, analysed the existing solutions and identified a potentially disruptive hypothesis, an innovative system of an affordable, robust, and scalable solar-heated water displacement pump was designed.
In addition, the design was validated with a high-fidelity prototype with which experiments were done to successfully prove the concept’s working principle.
The successful proof of concept aligns with the established objectives of simplicity and accessibility. In fact, the water pump prototype was created on a minimal budget, making use of simple and accessible tools and materials, highlighting its potential for scalable cost-effective manufacturing.
This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the performance of the prototype, along with the theoretical design considerations that influenced its development. As a result, it serves as an experimental logbook that also offers insights into the existing water crisis and contributes to a better understanding of it. Thus, the present work lays the foundation for future research and developments on this innovative working principle, making it a valuable contribution to this life-changing field. ...
The research begins by examining the dire situation faced by the two billion people lacking safely managed drinking water (WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2023). This is done by looking closer at the factors influencing water supply, considering needs and the context in which these affected people live.
This contextual analysis motivated the need to develop a solar-powered water pump system designed to effectively, reliably and sustainably bring safe drinking water from improved water sources to households in the most affected regions of the world.
To address this need, existing pumping systems that are currently used or have the potential to mitigate this problem were studied and evaluated.
By carefully examining the most recent advancements in relevant water pumping technologies for this contextual application, an innovative opportunity for converting low-grade heat energy into mechanical energy was identified.
Having identified the problem and understood its context, analysed the existing solutions and identified a potentially disruptive hypothesis, an innovative system of an affordable, robust, and scalable solar-heated water displacement pump was designed.
In addition, the design was validated with a high-fidelity prototype with which experiments were done to successfully prove the concept’s working principle.
The successful proof of concept aligns with the established objectives of simplicity and accessibility. In fact, the water pump prototype was created on a minimal budget, making use of simple and accessible tools and materials, highlighting its potential for scalable cost-effective manufacturing.
This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the performance of the prototype, along with the theoretical design considerations that influenced its development. As a result, it serves as an experimental logbook that also offers insights into the existing water crisis and contributes to a better understanding of it. Thus, the present work lays the foundation for future research and developments on this innovative working principle, making it a valuable contribution to this life-changing field. ...
The report at hand is a comprehensive summary of the conducted research and consequent developments in the experimental design of a solar-heated water displacement pump focused on its implementation in areas lacking access to safe drinking water, particularly in developing countries.
The research begins by examining the dire situation faced by the two billion people lacking safely managed drinking water (WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2023). This is done by looking closer at the factors influencing water supply, considering needs and the context in which these affected people live.
This contextual analysis motivated the need to develop a solar-powered water pump system designed to effectively, reliably and sustainably bring safe drinking water from improved water sources to households in the most affected regions of the world.
To address this need, existing pumping systems that are currently used or have the potential to mitigate this problem were studied and evaluated.
By carefully examining the most recent advancements in relevant water pumping technologies for this contextual application, an innovative opportunity for converting low-grade heat energy into mechanical energy was identified.
Having identified the problem and understood its context, analysed the existing solutions and identified a potentially disruptive hypothesis, an innovative system of an affordable, robust, and scalable solar-heated water displacement pump was designed.
In addition, the design was validated with a high-fidelity prototype with which experiments were done to successfully prove the concept’s working principle.
The successful proof of concept aligns with the established objectives of simplicity and accessibility. In fact, the water pump prototype was created on a minimal budget, making use of simple and accessible tools and materials, highlighting its potential for scalable cost-effective manufacturing.
This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the performance of the prototype, along with the theoretical design considerations that influenced its development. As a result, it serves as an experimental logbook that also offers insights into the existing water crisis and contributes to a better understanding of it. Thus, the present work lays the foundation for future research and developments on this innovative working principle, making it a valuable contribution to this life-changing field.
The research begins by examining the dire situation faced by the two billion people lacking safely managed drinking water (WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2023). This is done by looking closer at the factors influencing water supply, considering needs and the context in which these affected people live.
This contextual analysis motivated the need to develop a solar-powered water pump system designed to effectively, reliably and sustainably bring safe drinking water from improved water sources to households in the most affected regions of the world.
To address this need, existing pumping systems that are currently used or have the potential to mitigate this problem were studied and evaluated.
By carefully examining the most recent advancements in relevant water pumping technologies for this contextual application, an innovative opportunity for converting low-grade heat energy into mechanical energy was identified.
Having identified the problem and understood its context, analysed the existing solutions and identified a potentially disruptive hypothesis, an innovative system of an affordable, robust, and scalable solar-heated water displacement pump was designed.
In addition, the design was validated with a high-fidelity prototype with which experiments were done to successfully prove the concept’s working principle.
The successful proof of concept aligns with the established objectives of simplicity and accessibility. In fact, the water pump prototype was created on a minimal budget, making use of simple and accessible tools and materials, highlighting its potential for scalable cost-effective manufacturing.
This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the performance of the prototype, along with the theoretical design considerations that influenced its development. As a result, it serves as an experimental logbook that also offers insights into the existing water crisis and contributes to a better understanding of it. Thus, the present work lays the foundation for future research and developments on this innovative working principle, making it a valuable contribution to this life-changing field.
This research aims to design and simulate a hinge consisting of shape-memory alloys and polymers, which can be actuated along two axes. The hinge consists of a shape-memory body that is actuated externally by shape-memory alloy springs. To achieve maximum deformation, two small single hinges are made, of which the body has the shape of a plate and which are actuated externally by two springs. The two hinges are then stacked, where the second hinge is twisted 90 degrees, so it can move in two directions. Tensile tests of Nitinol wires were carried out to investigate the behavior. Shape-memory springs were manufactured with this Nitinol wire. Then, the springs were deformed, the temperature of the springs was increased in steps of 10 degrees C, and the force was measured at each temperature step. Simulations were also carried out and compared to the force tests. The best type of Nitinol was chosen for the shape of memory wires. A prototype of the hinge was built and tested. First, the small single hinges were tested, where the displacement was documented. The hinge was not deemed energy efficient. Finally, simulations were carried out for the single and stacked hinges, which showed that the results were similar to reality. Hereafter, the range of motion of the stacked hinge is determined.
...
This research aims to design and simulate a hinge consisting of shape-memory alloys and polymers, which can be actuated along two axes. The hinge consists of a shape-memory body that is actuated externally by shape-memory alloy springs. To achieve maximum deformation, two small single hinges are made, of which the body has the shape of a plate and which are actuated externally by two springs. The two hinges are then stacked, where the second hinge is twisted 90 degrees, so it can move in two directions. Tensile tests of Nitinol wires were carried out to investigate the behavior. Shape-memory springs were manufactured with this Nitinol wire. Then, the springs were deformed, the temperature of the springs was increased in steps of 10 degrees C, and the force was measured at each temperature step. Simulations were also carried out and compared to the force tests. The best type of Nitinol was chosen for the shape of memory wires. A prototype of the hinge was built and tested. First, the small single hinges were tested, where the displacement was documented. The hinge was not deemed energy efficient. Finally, simulations were carried out for the single and stacked hinges, which showed that the results were similar to reality. Hereafter, the range of motion of the stacked hinge is determined.
4D Printed Soft Magnetic Memory Materials
Automating the printing of soft magnetic memory materials and inspiring creative applications
Magnetic shape memory materials are special types of materials that can change their shape in the presence of a magnetic field, this happens because of how the incorporated magnetic micro or nano particles arrange themselves. Magnetic shape memory materials have many exciting applications, especially in the fields of robotics and devices that move or change shape. They can be used to create smart devices that can move in a controlled way, like small robots or machines used in medical procedures. These materials are also useful for sensing and responding to changes in their environment. This project has already seen development at the TU Delft in the Department of Industrial Design Engineering in the form of the 2 graduation projects of Sanne van Vilsteren and Kevin van der Lans. In this project, the development of the 4D printer setup was overhauled from the previous setup and redesigned to improve upon the various shortcomings of the previous set up. The ink was also experimented with to some extent, testing parameters such as its viscosity and reaction to external magnetic fields. In addition to this, multiple concepts were ideated, and designed through, to create a set of demonstrators in various fields such as haptics, biomimicry and simple mechanisms to show the various functionalities that can be achieved by this printer.
...
Magnetic shape memory materials are special types of materials that can change their shape in the presence of a magnetic field, this happens because of how the incorporated magnetic micro or nano particles arrange themselves. Magnetic shape memory materials have many exciting applications, especially in the fields of robotics and devices that move or change shape. They can be used to create smart devices that can move in a controlled way, like small robots or machines used in medical procedures. These materials are also useful for sensing and responding to changes in their environment. This project has already seen development at the TU Delft in the Department of Industrial Design Engineering in the form of the 2 graduation projects of Sanne van Vilsteren and Kevin van der Lans. In this project, the development of the 4D printer setup was overhauled from the previous setup and redesigned to improve upon the various shortcomings of the previous set up. The ink was also experimented with to some extent, testing parameters such as its viscosity and reaction to external magnetic fields. In addition to this, multiple concepts were ideated, and designed through, to create a set of demonstrators in various fields such as haptics, biomimicry and simple mechanisms to show the various functionalities that can be achieved by this printer.
Shape memory origami for haptics
Exploring the potential of a material system based on SMAs to generate haptic feedback for visually impaired people
This project explores the potential of a material system based on SMAs that generates haptic feedback for Visually Impaired People (VIPs). Since VIPs rely more than others on tactile information, there is a need for more natural and unintrusive haptic devices as the commonly used electromechanical actuations are often perceived as intrusive and less acceptable than non-vibrating feedback. SMAs emerge as a promising solution to address these challenges effectively, due to their inherent ability to create silent, organic sensations, while being lightweight, thin, and flexible (Cruz et al., 2018).
The aim of this project is to investigate the unique characteristics of SMAs and translate this into an integrated material system that could inspire designers to adopt these materials and revolutionize tactile experiences. The process had an explorative nature and included a research, form configuration and embodiment phase. Most current haptic systems based on SMAs have the limitation of small actuation ranges and/or difficulties in integrating them in soft material systems. Therefore, in this project, a soft integrated material system is designed that shows the potential of incorporating SMA and SE flat springs into an origami-paper textile to create haptic feedback.
By using the combination of the SMA-SE flat springs, an easy integration of the wires in the paper-textile is enabled and a two-way actuation is created with a displacement of around 16%. Through the use of the origami structure, the two-dimensional shape change of the SMA spring is transformed in a three-dimensional shape change creating rich tactile feedback that can be perceived passively as well as actively.
The sensations generated by the material system were easily perceived with the hands and the movement was characterized as natural, calm and gentle by sighted participants. This demonstrates that there is a potential for creating an integrated material system based on flat springs SMAs that generated haptic feedback for VIPs in a natural and new way. Additionally, based on all these findings, a guideline was developed for SMA wires with the aim to give an overview of all steps involved when designing a material system based on SMAs. ...
The aim of this project is to investigate the unique characteristics of SMAs and translate this into an integrated material system that could inspire designers to adopt these materials and revolutionize tactile experiences. The process had an explorative nature and included a research, form configuration and embodiment phase. Most current haptic systems based on SMAs have the limitation of small actuation ranges and/or difficulties in integrating them in soft material systems. Therefore, in this project, a soft integrated material system is designed that shows the potential of incorporating SMA and SE flat springs into an origami-paper textile to create haptic feedback.
By using the combination of the SMA-SE flat springs, an easy integration of the wires in the paper-textile is enabled and a two-way actuation is created with a displacement of around 16%. Through the use of the origami structure, the two-dimensional shape change of the SMA spring is transformed in a three-dimensional shape change creating rich tactile feedback that can be perceived passively as well as actively.
The sensations generated by the material system were easily perceived with the hands and the movement was characterized as natural, calm and gentle by sighted participants. This demonstrates that there is a potential for creating an integrated material system based on flat springs SMAs that generated haptic feedback for VIPs in a natural and new way. Additionally, based on all these findings, a guideline was developed for SMA wires with the aim to give an overview of all steps involved when designing a material system based on SMAs. ...
This project explores the potential of a material system based on SMAs that generates haptic feedback for Visually Impaired People (VIPs). Since VIPs rely more than others on tactile information, there is a need for more natural and unintrusive haptic devices as the commonly used electromechanical actuations are often perceived as intrusive and less acceptable than non-vibrating feedback. SMAs emerge as a promising solution to address these challenges effectively, due to their inherent ability to create silent, organic sensations, while being lightweight, thin, and flexible (Cruz et al., 2018).
The aim of this project is to investigate the unique characteristics of SMAs and translate this into an integrated material system that could inspire designers to adopt these materials and revolutionize tactile experiences. The process had an explorative nature and included a research, form configuration and embodiment phase. Most current haptic systems based on SMAs have the limitation of small actuation ranges and/or difficulties in integrating them in soft material systems. Therefore, in this project, a soft integrated material system is designed that shows the potential of incorporating SMA and SE flat springs into an origami-paper textile to create haptic feedback.
By using the combination of the SMA-SE flat springs, an easy integration of the wires in the paper-textile is enabled and a two-way actuation is created with a displacement of around 16%. Through the use of the origami structure, the two-dimensional shape change of the SMA spring is transformed in a three-dimensional shape change creating rich tactile feedback that can be perceived passively as well as actively.
The sensations generated by the material system were easily perceived with the hands and the movement was characterized as natural, calm and gentle by sighted participants. This demonstrates that there is a potential for creating an integrated material system based on flat springs SMAs that generated haptic feedback for VIPs in a natural and new way. Additionally, based on all these findings, a guideline was developed for SMA wires with the aim to give an overview of all steps involved when designing a material system based on SMAs.
The aim of this project is to investigate the unique characteristics of SMAs and translate this into an integrated material system that could inspire designers to adopt these materials and revolutionize tactile experiences. The process had an explorative nature and included a research, form configuration and embodiment phase. Most current haptic systems based on SMAs have the limitation of small actuation ranges and/or difficulties in integrating them in soft material systems. Therefore, in this project, a soft integrated material system is designed that shows the potential of incorporating SMA and SE flat springs into an origami-paper textile to create haptic feedback.
By using the combination of the SMA-SE flat springs, an easy integration of the wires in the paper-textile is enabled and a two-way actuation is created with a displacement of around 16%. Through the use of the origami structure, the two-dimensional shape change of the SMA spring is transformed in a three-dimensional shape change creating rich tactile feedback that can be perceived passively as well as actively.
The sensations generated by the material system were easily perceived with the hands and the movement was characterized as natural, calm and gentle by sighted participants. This demonstrates that there is a potential for creating an integrated material system based on flat springs SMAs that generated haptic feedback for VIPs in a natural and new way. Additionally, based on all these findings, a guideline was developed for SMA wires with the aim to give an overview of all steps involved when designing a material system based on SMAs.
Anxiety is a natural “fight-or-flight” response that everybody experiences to perceived stress or threat. Even though it is a natural response, some individuals struggle with managing their anxiety levels in a healthy manner. Prolonged exposure to high anxiety states can lead to clinical anxiety disorders that negatively impact the quality of life, thus early interventions to reduce anxiety levels can help prevent the development of clinical level anxiety. Even nonclinical individuals can also suffer from periods of heightened anxiety state, so anyone can benefit from additional guidance with anxiety modulation.
This graduation project aims to create a wearable garment that helps with daily levels of anxiety modulation in a non-clinical setting by providing warmth and pressure sensations typically associated with Deep Touch Pressure (DTP). DTP is a form of tactile sensory input that is provided by holding, stroking, hugging and squeezing, which has been proven to elicit feelings of safety, relaxation, and comfort. Although there are some commercially available DTP wearable products typically in the form of a vest, they are often heavy, uncomfortable, or indiscreet as the DTP sensations are provided by additional weights or inflatables with hand-operated pumps. Since they are difficult to conceal, wearing those commercial DTP vests can attract unwanted attention from nearby strangers and further aggravate anxiousness. Instead, DTP sensations can be applied to the body in a noiseless, lightweight, and discreet manner by utilizing shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators in wearable garments.
The insights that formed the groundwork for this project was gathered through literature review in a wide variety of topics including haptic technology, affect regulation, and SMA. Deeper understanding of the intricate nuances involved with anxiety modulation were gained through self-reflection and introspection as part of the autobiographical design method. Although the insights gathered from introspection are rooted in subjective lived experiences, they can yield universally applicable outcomes based on genuine empathy and firsthand understanding that resonate with a broader range of users who experience similar or related difficulties with anxiety. Moreover, rapid prototyping and iterative processes were utilized to tinker with and learn about designing SMA based actuators for wearable garments. After fabricating several prototype iterations, each exploring different design variables, SereniSleeve was developed.
SereniSleeve is a fingerless glove sleeve that provides warmth and deep pressure sensations to the forearm. It helps users break out of spiraling anxious thoughts by providing on-body haptic sensations that they can focus on, enhancing their grounding techniques. User test participants experienced feelings of calmness, relaxation, and comfort at varying pressure settings. Users can intuitively activate the sleeve by clenching their fists during stressful or anxious situations, triggering one of three preset pressure settings depending on the user applied force. All the electronic components can easily be detached from the double-layered fabric sleeve cover for easy maintenance and washability. Based on the participant feedback, future work and iterations on SereniSleeve could further improve its overall usability and user experience. ...
This graduation project aims to create a wearable garment that helps with daily levels of anxiety modulation in a non-clinical setting by providing warmth and pressure sensations typically associated with Deep Touch Pressure (DTP). DTP is a form of tactile sensory input that is provided by holding, stroking, hugging and squeezing, which has been proven to elicit feelings of safety, relaxation, and comfort. Although there are some commercially available DTP wearable products typically in the form of a vest, they are often heavy, uncomfortable, or indiscreet as the DTP sensations are provided by additional weights or inflatables with hand-operated pumps. Since they are difficult to conceal, wearing those commercial DTP vests can attract unwanted attention from nearby strangers and further aggravate anxiousness. Instead, DTP sensations can be applied to the body in a noiseless, lightweight, and discreet manner by utilizing shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators in wearable garments.
The insights that formed the groundwork for this project was gathered through literature review in a wide variety of topics including haptic technology, affect regulation, and SMA. Deeper understanding of the intricate nuances involved with anxiety modulation were gained through self-reflection and introspection as part of the autobiographical design method. Although the insights gathered from introspection are rooted in subjective lived experiences, they can yield universally applicable outcomes based on genuine empathy and firsthand understanding that resonate with a broader range of users who experience similar or related difficulties with anxiety. Moreover, rapid prototyping and iterative processes were utilized to tinker with and learn about designing SMA based actuators for wearable garments. After fabricating several prototype iterations, each exploring different design variables, SereniSleeve was developed.
SereniSleeve is a fingerless glove sleeve that provides warmth and deep pressure sensations to the forearm. It helps users break out of spiraling anxious thoughts by providing on-body haptic sensations that they can focus on, enhancing their grounding techniques. User test participants experienced feelings of calmness, relaxation, and comfort at varying pressure settings. Users can intuitively activate the sleeve by clenching their fists during stressful or anxious situations, triggering one of three preset pressure settings depending on the user applied force. All the electronic components can easily be detached from the double-layered fabric sleeve cover for easy maintenance and washability. Based on the participant feedback, future work and iterations on SereniSleeve could further improve its overall usability and user experience. ...
Anxiety is a natural “fight-or-flight” response that everybody experiences to perceived stress or threat. Even though it is a natural response, some individuals struggle with managing their anxiety levels in a healthy manner. Prolonged exposure to high anxiety states can lead to clinical anxiety disorders that negatively impact the quality of life, thus early interventions to reduce anxiety levels can help prevent the development of clinical level anxiety. Even nonclinical individuals can also suffer from periods of heightened anxiety state, so anyone can benefit from additional guidance with anxiety modulation.
This graduation project aims to create a wearable garment that helps with daily levels of anxiety modulation in a non-clinical setting by providing warmth and pressure sensations typically associated with Deep Touch Pressure (DTP). DTP is a form of tactile sensory input that is provided by holding, stroking, hugging and squeezing, which has been proven to elicit feelings of safety, relaxation, and comfort. Although there are some commercially available DTP wearable products typically in the form of a vest, they are often heavy, uncomfortable, or indiscreet as the DTP sensations are provided by additional weights or inflatables with hand-operated pumps. Since they are difficult to conceal, wearing those commercial DTP vests can attract unwanted attention from nearby strangers and further aggravate anxiousness. Instead, DTP sensations can be applied to the body in a noiseless, lightweight, and discreet manner by utilizing shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators in wearable garments.
The insights that formed the groundwork for this project was gathered through literature review in a wide variety of topics including haptic technology, affect regulation, and SMA. Deeper understanding of the intricate nuances involved with anxiety modulation were gained through self-reflection and introspection as part of the autobiographical design method. Although the insights gathered from introspection are rooted in subjective lived experiences, they can yield universally applicable outcomes based on genuine empathy and firsthand understanding that resonate with a broader range of users who experience similar or related difficulties with anxiety. Moreover, rapid prototyping and iterative processes were utilized to tinker with and learn about designing SMA based actuators for wearable garments. After fabricating several prototype iterations, each exploring different design variables, SereniSleeve was developed.
SereniSleeve is a fingerless glove sleeve that provides warmth and deep pressure sensations to the forearm. It helps users break out of spiraling anxious thoughts by providing on-body haptic sensations that they can focus on, enhancing their grounding techniques. User test participants experienced feelings of calmness, relaxation, and comfort at varying pressure settings. Users can intuitively activate the sleeve by clenching their fists during stressful or anxious situations, triggering one of three preset pressure settings depending on the user applied force. All the electronic components can easily be detached from the double-layered fabric sleeve cover for easy maintenance and washability. Based on the participant feedback, future work and iterations on SereniSleeve could further improve its overall usability and user experience.
This graduation project aims to create a wearable garment that helps with daily levels of anxiety modulation in a non-clinical setting by providing warmth and pressure sensations typically associated with Deep Touch Pressure (DTP). DTP is a form of tactile sensory input that is provided by holding, stroking, hugging and squeezing, which has been proven to elicit feelings of safety, relaxation, and comfort. Although there are some commercially available DTP wearable products typically in the form of a vest, they are often heavy, uncomfortable, or indiscreet as the DTP sensations are provided by additional weights or inflatables with hand-operated pumps. Since they are difficult to conceal, wearing those commercial DTP vests can attract unwanted attention from nearby strangers and further aggravate anxiousness. Instead, DTP sensations can be applied to the body in a noiseless, lightweight, and discreet manner by utilizing shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators in wearable garments.
The insights that formed the groundwork for this project was gathered through literature review in a wide variety of topics including haptic technology, affect regulation, and SMA. Deeper understanding of the intricate nuances involved with anxiety modulation were gained through self-reflection and introspection as part of the autobiographical design method. Although the insights gathered from introspection are rooted in subjective lived experiences, they can yield universally applicable outcomes based on genuine empathy and firsthand understanding that resonate with a broader range of users who experience similar or related difficulties with anxiety. Moreover, rapid prototyping and iterative processes were utilized to tinker with and learn about designing SMA based actuators for wearable garments. After fabricating several prototype iterations, each exploring different design variables, SereniSleeve was developed.
SereniSleeve is a fingerless glove sleeve that provides warmth and deep pressure sensations to the forearm. It helps users break out of spiraling anxious thoughts by providing on-body haptic sensations that they can focus on, enhancing their grounding techniques. User test participants experienced feelings of calmness, relaxation, and comfort at varying pressure settings. Users can intuitively activate the sleeve by clenching their fists during stressful or anxious situations, triggering one of three preset pressure settings depending on the user applied force. All the electronic components can easily be detached from the double-layered fabric sleeve cover for easy maintenance and washability. Based on the participant feedback, future work and iterations on SereniSleeve could further improve its overall usability and user experience.
Magnetic Soft (shape memory) Materials (MSM for short) are a form of shape memory hybrid in which the shape change is initiated by magnetic particles embedded in an elastomer matrix. When an external magnetic field is applied, these magnetized particles will align themselves to this magnetic field, straining the elastomer in a specific shape. Once the magnetic field is removed, the elastic properties of the elastomer pull the object back to its original shape.
This report describes the work done on the development of a 4D printer, in which the shape change of the MSM objects is programmed during manufacturing by controlling the orientation of the pre-magnetized particles in the still uncured silicone. An external dual extrusion system is used to mix a two component silicone during 4D printing, so that the material cures upon hitting the build plate, while staying liquid during printing. The goal of developing a reliable system capable of extruding and printing the highly viscose magnetic material was however not achieved, as the extrusion motors lacked the needed force and the system was not rigid enough to deal with the high pressures involved. Adoption of a new printer design in which the path from extruder to build plate is severely limited is recommended.
In addition, a literature review has been conducted into applications of generic shape memory materials (SMM), metamaterials and magnetic soft materials with the purpose to draw inspiration from proposed applications of these materials for a novel MSM application design. It was found that MSM applications showed many overlaps with SMM and metamaterials, but that there were also some gaps in the reported application proposals of MSM where SMM and metamaterials are currently used for. MSM could be a valuable material used for (haptic) communication and texture change. More (indirect) relations with MSM, SMM and metamaterials have been identified which could serve as inspiration for future projects.
Lastly, a novel demonstrator concept design has been developed that shows the unique fast and multi-directional characteristics of MSM, using the findings of the literature review and the use of the Material Driven Design method. With additional input from peer students in a workshop, the idea of a 3-way changing texture is proposed. This texture utilizes specific magnetization patterns in an array of MSM actuators to generate two texture variations depending on the direction of the applied magnetic field, in addition to a neutral state when the field is removed. Its feasibility is proven by small scale prototypes.
This project has been the second time this material has been researched at the Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering at the Delft University of Technology, building upon previously delivered work and paves a path for further iterations on manufacturing and design of applications of the magnetic soft material.
...
This report describes the work done on the development of a 4D printer, in which the shape change of the MSM objects is programmed during manufacturing by controlling the orientation of the pre-magnetized particles in the still uncured silicone. An external dual extrusion system is used to mix a two component silicone during 4D printing, so that the material cures upon hitting the build plate, while staying liquid during printing. The goal of developing a reliable system capable of extruding and printing the highly viscose magnetic material was however not achieved, as the extrusion motors lacked the needed force and the system was not rigid enough to deal with the high pressures involved. Adoption of a new printer design in which the path from extruder to build plate is severely limited is recommended.
In addition, a literature review has been conducted into applications of generic shape memory materials (SMM), metamaterials and magnetic soft materials with the purpose to draw inspiration from proposed applications of these materials for a novel MSM application design. It was found that MSM applications showed many overlaps with SMM and metamaterials, but that there were also some gaps in the reported application proposals of MSM where SMM and metamaterials are currently used for. MSM could be a valuable material used for (haptic) communication and texture change. More (indirect) relations with MSM, SMM and metamaterials have been identified which could serve as inspiration for future projects.
Lastly, a novel demonstrator concept design has been developed that shows the unique fast and multi-directional characteristics of MSM, using the findings of the literature review and the use of the Material Driven Design method. With additional input from peer students in a workshop, the idea of a 3-way changing texture is proposed. This texture utilizes specific magnetization patterns in an array of MSM actuators to generate two texture variations depending on the direction of the applied magnetic field, in addition to a neutral state when the field is removed. Its feasibility is proven by small scale prototypes.
This project has been the second time this material has been researched at the Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering at the Delft University of Technology, building upon previously delivered work and paves a path for further iterations on manufacturing and design of applications of the magnetic soft material.
...
Magnetic Soft (shape memory) Materials (MSM for short) are a form of shape memory hybrid in which the shape change is initiated by magnetic particles embedded in an elastomer matrix. When an external magnetic field is applied, these magnetized particles will align themselves to this magnetic field, straining the elastomer in a specific shape. Once the magnetic field is removed, the elastic properties of the elastomer pull the object back to its original shape.
This report describes the work done on the development of a 4D printer, in which the shape change of the MSM objects is programmed during manufacturing by controlling the orientation of the pre-magnetized particles in the still uncured silicone. An external dual extrusion system is used to mix a two component silicone during 4D printing, so that the material cures upon hitting the build plate, while staying liquid during printing. The goal of developing a reliable system capable of extruding and printing the highly viscose magnetic material was however not achieved, as the extrusion motors lacked the needed force and the system was not rigid enough to deal with the high pressures involved. Adoption of a new printer design in which the path from extruder to build plate is severely limited is recommended.
In addition, a literature review has been conducted into applications of generic shape memory materials (SMM), metamaterials and magnetic soft materials with the purpose to draw inspiration from proposed applications of these materials for a novel MSM application design. It was found that MSM applications showed many overlaps with SMM and metamaterials, but that there were also some gaps in the reported application proposals of MSM where SMM and metamaterials are currently used for. MSM could be a valuable material used for (haptic) communication and texture change. More (indirect) relations with MSM, SMM and metamaterials have been identified which could serve as inspiration for future projects.
Lastly, a novel demonstrator concept design has been developed that shows the unique fast and multi-directional characteristics of MSM, using the findings of the literature review and the use of the Material Driven Design method. With additional input from peer students in a workshop, the idea of a 3-way changing texture is proposed. This texture utilizes specific magnetization patterns in an array of MSM actuators to generate two texture variations depending on the direction of the applied magnetic field, in addition to a neutral state when the field is removed. Its feasibility is proven by small scale prototypes.
This project has been the second time this material has been researched at the Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering at the Delft University of Technology, building upon previously delivered work and paves a path for further iterations on manufacturing and design of applications of the magnetic soft material.
This report describes the work done on the development of a 4D printer, in which the shape change of the MSM objects is programmed during manufacturing by controlling the orientation of the pre-magnetized particles in the still uncured silicone. An external dual extrusion system is used to mix a two component silicone during 4D printing, so that the material cures upon hitting the build plate, while staying liquid during printing. The goal of developing a reliable system capable of extruding and printing the highly viscose magnetic material was however not achieved, as the extrusion motors lacked the needed force and the system was not rigid enough to deal with the high pressures involved. Adoption of a new printer design in which the path from extruder to build plate is severely limited is recommended.
In addition, a literature review has been conducted into applications of generic shape memory materials (SMM), metamaterials and magnetic soft materials with the purpose to draw inspiration from proposed applications of these materials for a novel MSM application design. It was found that MSM applications showed many overlaps with SMM and metamaterials, but that there were also some gaps in the reported application proposals of MSM where SMM and metamaterials are currently used for. MSM could be a valuable material used for (haptic) communication and texture change. More (indirect) relations with MSM, SMM and metamaterials have been identified which could serve as inspiration for future projects.
Lastly, a novel demonstrator concept design has been developed that shows the unique fast and multi-directional characteristics of MSM, using the findings of the literature review and the use of the Material Driven Design method. With additional input from peer students in a workshop, the idea of a 3-way changing texture is proposed. This texture utilizes specific magnetization patterns in an array of MSM actuators to generate two texture variations depending on the direction of the applied magnetic field, in addition to a neutral state when the field is removed. Its feasibility is proven by small scale prototypes.
This project has been the second time this material has been researched at the Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering at the Delft University of Technology, building upon previously delivered work and paves a path for further iterations on manufacturing and design of applications of the magnetic soft material.
Magnetic soft materials are a newly developed material that can transform into programmed shapes when it is placed in an external magnetic field. It is made out of silicone with embedded magnetic particles that lay in magnetization patterns due to 3D printing them under a magnetic field. Its characteristics are fast, remotely controlled, reversible and heatless shape transformations. Because the material is new, not much is known about the parameters, how they are made or how they influence the performance of the material. The number of possible applications for this material is also very limited. This graduation project has addressed both these topics by using factorial designed experiments to understand different parameters of the magnetic soft material ink as well as starting the setup of the 4D printer system with which the material can be fabricated.
A design process was also done in which new idea directions have been identified. These were haptics, personalized fits, texture change, replacement of vulnerable mechanical parts, milli devices and scaffolding, and toys. A concept for a demonstrator was made to explain the material to designers and researchers and inspire them. It was a cleaning tool for hard to enter spaces. In the ink development, the influence of different ingredients was discovered as well as how they influence the viscosity of the ink, which is an important factor for the 3D printer system. The viscosity of the last measured ink, which was magnetized, was 500% higher than the viscosity limit of the 3D printer system. The 3D printer system should therefore be reconsidered for a new research project. In the end, also a proof of principle was made which showed the feasibility that magnetic soft material can be made.
This graduation project is the starting point of magnetic soft material at the faculty of Industrial Design Engineering. Even though the first parameters have been researched, much work remains to be done to fully understand magnetic soft materials. ...
A design process was also done in which new idea directions have been identified. These were haptics, personalized fits, texture change, replacement of vulnerable mechanical parts, milli devices and scaffolding, and toys. A concept for a demonstrator was made to explain the material to designers and researchers and inspire them. It was a cleaning tool for hard to enter spaces. In the ink development, the influence of different ingredients was discovered as well as how they influence the viscosity of the ink, which is an important factor for the 3D printer system. The viscosity of the last measured ink, which was magnetized, was 500% higher than the viscosity limit of the 3D printer system. The 3D printer system should therefore be reconsidered for a new research project. In the end, also a proof of principle was made which showed the feasibility that magnetic soft material can be made.
This graduation project is the starting point of magnetic soft material at the faculty of Industrial Design Engineering. Even though the first parameters have been researched, much work remains to be done to fully understand magnetic soft materials. ...
Magnetic soft materials are a newly developed material that can transform into programmed shapes when it is placed in an external magnetic field. It is made out of silicone with embedded magnetic particles that lay in magnetization patterns due to 3D printing them under a magnetic field. Its characteristics are fast, remotely controlled, reversible and heatless shape transformations. Because the material is new, not much is known about the parameters, how they are made or how they influence the performance of the material. The number of possible applications for this material is also very limited. This graduation project has addressed both these topics by using factorial designed experiments to understand different parameters of the magnetic soft material ink as well as starting the setup of the 4D printer system with which the material can be fabricated.
A design process was also done in which new idea directions have been identified. These were haptics, personalized fits, texture change, replacement of vulnerable mechanical parts, milli devices and scaffolding, and toys. A concept for a demonstrator was made to explain the material to designers and researchers and inspire them. It was a cleaning tool for hard to enter spaces. In the ink development, the influence of different ingredients was discovered as well as how they influence the viscosity of the ink, which is an important factor for the 3D printer system. The viscosity of the last measured ink, which was magnetized, was 500% higher than the viscosity limit of the 3D printer system. The 3D printer system should therefore be reconsidered for a new research project. In the end, also a proof of principle was made which showed the feasibility that magnetic soft material can be made.
This graduation project is the starting point of magnetic soft material at the faculty of Industrial Design Engineering. Even though the first parameters have been researched, much work remains to be done to fully understand magnetic soft materials.
A design process was also done in which new idea directions have been identified. These were haptics, personalized fits, texture change, replacement of vulnerable mechanical parts, milli devices and scaffolding, and toys. A concept for a demonstrator was made to explain the material to designers and researchers and inspire them. It was a cleaning tool for hard to enter spaces. In the ink development, the influence of different ingredients was discovered as well as how they influence the viscosity of the ink, which is an important factor for the 3D printer system. The viscosity of the last measured ink, which was magnetized, was 500% higher than the viscosity limit of the 3D printer system. The 3D printer system should therefore be reconsidered for a new research project. In the end, also a proof of principle was made which showed the feasibility that magnetic soft material can be made.
This graduation project is the starting point of magnetic soft material at the faculty of Industrial Design Engineering. Even though the first parameters have been researched, much work remains to be done to fully understand magnetic soft materials.
There are approximately 285 million people worldwide living with a visual impairment and the rate of acquired blindness is expected to continue increasing. Assistive technology for them is progressively being developed in order to enable independent living. For the blind and visually impaired, the tactile sense is the primary source of understanding non-audible information. Therefore, haptic technology is being incorporated more in assistive devices meant for situations in which one cannot rely on sight to manipulate objects and conduct various activities.
An issue with currently available haptic solutions is that they typically use electromechanical systems that are heavy with large, obtrusive forms, produce sounds that hinder their usability and sometimes even provide unpleasant haptic feedback. A way to mitigate these problems is by incorporating soft, flexible and lightweight smart materials as actuators into these systems. Shape memory materials are a specific category of smart materials that have the ability to recover their original shapes from a deformation when certain stimuli are applied. They have the potential to bring hedonic characteristics to haptic technology such as providing organic sensations. Consequently, the haptic assistive devices become effective and comfortable interventions for the visually impaired.
This project demonstrates how these materials can successfully be incorporated to produce different types of tactile feedback as a form of an assistive-wearable and enrich the lives of the blind and visually impaired. The end demonstrator provides two types of sensations- dragging and squeezing. ...
An issue with currently available haptic solutions is that they typically use electromechanical systems that are heavy with large, obtrusive forms, produce sounds that hinder their usability and sometimes even provide unpleasant haptic feedback. A way to mitigate these problems is by incorporating soft, flexible and lightweight smart materials as actuators into these systems. Shape memory materials are a specific category of smart materials that have the ability to recover their original shapes from a deformation when certain stimuli are applied. They have the potential to bring hedonic characteristics to haptic technology such as providing organic sensations. Consequently, the haptic assistive devices become effective and comfortable interventions for the visually impaired.
This project demonstrates how these materials can successfully be incorporated to produce different types of tactile feedback as a form of an assistive-wearable and enrich the lives of the blind and visually impaired. The end demonstrator provides two types of sensations- dragging and squeezing. ...
There are approximately 285 million people worldwide living with a visual impairment and the rate of acquired blindness is expected to continue increasing. Assistive technology for them is progressively being developed in order to enable independent living. For the blind and visually impaired, the tactile sense is the primary source of understanding non-audible information. Therefore, haptic technology is being incorporated more in assistive devices meant for situations in which one cannot rely on sight to manipulate objects and conduct various activities.
An issue with currently available haptic solutions is that they typically use electromechanical systems that are heavy with large, obtrusive forms, produce sounds that hinder their usability and sometimes even provide unpleasant haptic feedback. A way to mitigate these problems is by incorporating soft, flexible and lightweight smart materials as actuators into these systems. Shape memory materials are a specific category of smart materials that have the ability to recover their original shapes from a deformation when certain stimuli are applied. They have the potential to bring hedonic characteristics to haptic technology such as providing organic sensations. Consequently, the haptic assistive devices become effective and comfortable interventions for the visually impaired.
This project demonstrates how these materials can successfully be incorporated to produce different types of tactile feedback as a form of an assistive-wearable and enrich the lives of the blind and visually impaired. The end demonstrator provides two types of sensations- dragging and squeezing.
An issue with currently available haptic solutions is that they typically use electromechanical systems that are heavy with large, obtrusive forms, produce sounds that hinder their usability and sometimes even provide unpleasant haptic feedback. A way to mitigate these problems is by incorporating soft, flexible and lightweight smart materials as actuators into these systems. Shape memory materials are a specific category of smart materials that have the ability to recover their original shapes from a deformation when certain stimuli are applied. They have the potential to bring hedonic characteristics to haptic technology such as providing organic sensations. Consequently, the haptic assistive devices become effective and comfortable interventions for the visually impaired.
This project demonstrates how these materials can successfully be incorporated to produce different types of tactile feedback as a form of an assistive-wearable and enrich the lives of the blind and visually impaired. The end demonstrator provides two types of sensations- dragging and squeezing.