CMOS-based cryogenic control of silicon quantum circuits
Xiao Xue (TU Delft - QuTech Advanced Research Centre, TU Delft - QCD/Vandersypen Lab, Kavli institute of nanoscience Delft)
Bishnu Patra (Kavli institute of nanoscience Delft, TU Delft - Quantum & Computer Engineering, TU Delft - QCD/Sebastiano Lab, TU Delft - QuTech Advanced Research Centre)
Jeroen P.G. van Dijk (Kavli institute of nanoscience Delft, TU Delft - QuTech Advanced Research Centre)
Nodar Samkharadze (TU Delft - QCD/Vandersypen Lab, TNO, TU Delft - QuTech Advanced Research Centre)
Andrea Corna (Kavli institute of nanoscience Delft, TU Delft - QCD/Vandersypen Lab, TU Delft - QuTech Advanced Research Centre)
Brian Paquelet Wuetz (TU Delft - QuTech Advanced Research Centre, TU Delft - QCD/Scappucci Lab, Kavli institute of nanoscience Delft)
Amir Sammak (TU Delft - BUS/TNO STAFF, TU Delft - QuTech Advanced Research Centre)
Giordano Scappucci (TU Delft - QCD/Scappucci Lab, Kavli institute of nanoscience Delft, TU Delft - QuTech Advanced Research Centre)
Menno Veldhorst (TU Delft - QuTech Advanced Research Centre, TU Delft - QCD/Veldhorst Lab, Kavli institute of nanoscience Delft)
Fabio Sebastiano (TU Delft - QuTech Advanced Research Centre, TU Delft - Quantum & Computer Engineering, TU Delft - Quantum Circuit Architectures and Technology)
Masoud Babaie (TU Delft - Electronics, TU Delft - Quantum & Computer Engineering, TU Delft - QuTech Advanced Research Centre)
Edoardo Charbon (Intel Corporation, TU Delft - QuTech Advanced Research Centre, TU Delft - Quantum Circuit Architectures and Technology, TU Delft - QCD/Sebastiano Lab, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Kavli institute of nanoscience Delft)
Lieven M.K. Vandersypen (Kavli institute of nanoscience Delft, TU Delft - QuTech Advanced Research Centre, Intel Corporation, TU Delft - QN/Vandersypen Lab)
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Abstract
The most promising quantum algorithms require quantum processors that host millions of quantum bits when targeting practical applications1. A key challenge towards large-scale quantum computation is the interconnect complexity. In current solid-state qubit implementations, an important interconnect bottleneck appears between the quantum chip in a dilution refrigerator and the room-temperature electronics. Advanced lithography supports the fabrication of both control electronics and qubits in silicon using technology compatible with complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS)2. When the electronics are designed to operate at cryogenic temperatures, they can ultimately be integrated with the qubits on the same die or package, overcoming the ‘wiring bottleneck’3–6. Here we report a cryogenic CMOS control chip operating at 3 kelvin, which outputs tailored microwave bursts to drive silicon quantum bits cooled to 20 millikelvin. We first benchmark the control chip and find an electrical performance consistent with qubit operations of 99.99 per cent fidelity, assuming ideal qubits. Next, we use it to coherently control actual qubits encoded in the spin of single electrons confined in silicon quantum dots7–9 and find that the cryogenic control chip achieves the same fidelity as commercial instruments at room temperature. Furthermore, we demonstrate the capabilities of the control chip by programming a number of benchmarking protocols, as well as the Deutsch–Josza algorithm10, on a two-qubit quantum processor. These results open up the way towards a fully integrated, scalable silicon-based quantum computer.