Enabled by planarized phase engineering, metalenses based on metasurfaces offer compact and scalable solutions for applications such as sensing, imaging, and virtual reality. They are particularly attractive for multi-pixel, large-scale heterodyne focal plane arrays in space observatories, where a flat metalens array on a silicon wafer can replace individual lenses, greatly simplifying system integration and beam alignment. In this work, we demonstrate a superconducting niobium nitride (NbN) hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer coupled to a silicon-based metalens operating at terahertz frequencies. The metalens phase profile was derived from a finite-size Gaussian beam source using the Rayleigh–Sommerfeld diffraction integral, and its focusing behavior was validated through 2D simulation. Experimentally, the metalens-coupled NbN HEB receiver exhibited a noise temperature of 1800K at 1.63THz. The power coupling efficiency from free space to the mixer via the metalens was measured to be 25%. Measured far-field beam profiles are Gaussian-like with sidelobes below −14dB. These results demonstrate the feasibility of integrating metalenses with HEB mixers for THz detection, offering a scalable path for compact focal plane arrays in space-based THz instrumentation.

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a widely used non-invasive imaging technique, particularly in ophthalmology, offering high-resolution cross-sectional images of biological tissues. However, traditional OCT faces limitations in penetration depth and sensitivity, especially in highly scattering tissues. This work explores the integration of orbital angular momentum (OAM) with classical OCT. We demonstrate the generation of high-purity OAM modes in an OCT-compatible setup. The purity of these modes was evaluated through phase retrieval and OAM spectrum decomposition. While the use of a broadband source results in a reduction of mode purity, the dominant component remains the correctly generated OAM mode. Our preliminary results suggest the potential for using OAM as an additional degree of freedom in OCT, with applications for noise filtering and resolution enhancement. Furthermore, this approach could be extended to quantum OCT, where OAM entanglement is naturally integrated into the spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) process for photon generation.

We propose a method for optimizing the geometry of a freeform lens to redirect the light emitted from an extended source into a desired irradiance distribution. We utilize a gradient-based optimization approach with MITSUBA 3, an algorithmic differentiable non-sequential ray tracer that allows us to obtain the gradients of the freeform surface parameters with respect to the produced irradiance distribution. To prevent the optimizer from getting trapped in local minima, we gradually increase the number of degrees of freedom of the surface by using Truncated Hierarchical B-splines (THB-splines) during optimization. The refinement locations are determined by analyzing the gradients of the surface vertices. We first design a freeform using a collimated beam (zero-etendue source) for a complex target distribution to demonstrate the method’s effectiveness. Then, we demonstrate the ability of this approach to create a freeform that can project the light of an extended Lambertian source into a prescribed target distribution.

Optical tweezers have proved to be a powerful tool with a wide range of applications. The gradient force plays a vital role in the stable optical trapping of nano-objects. The scalar method is convenient and effective for analyzing the gradient force in traditional optical trapping. However, when the third-order nonlinear effect of the nano-object is stimulated, the scalar method cannot adequately present the optical response of the metal nanoparticle to the external optical field. Here, we propose a theoretical model to interpret the nonlinear gradient force using the vector method. By combining the optical Kerr effect, the polarizability vector of the metallic nanoparticle is derived. A quantitative analysis is obtained for the gradient force as well as for the optical potential well. The vector method yields better agreement with reported experimental observations. We suggest that this method could lead to a deeper understanding of the physics relevant to nonlinear optical trapping and binding phenomena.

The terahertz frequency region of the electromagnetic spectrum is crucial for understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies and stars throughout the universe's history, as well as the process of planet formation. Detecting the unique spectral signatures of molecules and atoms requires terahertz spectrometers, which must be operated in space observatories due to water vapor absorption in the Earth's atmosphere. However, current terahertz spectrometers face challenges such as low resolution, limited bandwidth, large volume, and complexity. In this paper, the issues of size and weight are addressed by demonstrating a concept for a centimeter-sized, low-weight terahertz spectrometer using a metasurface. The design of the metasurface spectrometer is first discussed for the 1.85 to 2.4 THz range, followed by its fabrication. Next, an array of quantum cascade lasers operating at slightly different frequencies around 2.1 THz is utilized to characterize the spectrometer. Finally, a spectrum inversion method is applied to analyze the measured data, confirming a resolution R (λ/Δλ) of at least 273. This concept can be extended to other application areas, such as planetary observations and various wavelengths in the far-infrared (FIR) and near-infrared (NIR) ranges.

We study the broadband scattering of light by composite nanoparticles through the Born approximation, FEM simulations, and measurements. The particles consist of two materials and show broadband directional scattering. From the analytical approach and the subsequent FEM simulations, it was found that the directional scattering is due to the phase difference between the fields scattered by of each of the two materials of the nanoparticle. To confirm this experimentally, composite nanoparticles were produced using ion-beam etching. Measurements of SiO₂ / Au composite nanoparticles confirmed the directional scattering which was predicted by theory and simulations.

Recently a spectrometer concept has been invented which uses compressive sensing in combination with photonic crystal filters. Here we present an adaption of this concept in push-broom configuration for earth observation. This implementation allows for a compact design, while maintaining a high spatial resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio compared to other traditional implementations. The photonic crystals have a unique transmission profile and act as a spectral filter, which allows for the computational reconstruction of the input spectrum with a limited number of filters. We show, using simulations, that our approach is able to reconstruct input radiance spectra with high accuracy and assess the performance for different number of filter sets. We furthermore show proof-of-principle measurements of the transmission profile of a manufactured photonic crystal. Future research will focus on the effect of noise on the reconstruction algorithm as well as further filter set optimization by combining the filter selection process with trace gas concentration retrieval.

Algorithmic differentiable ray tracing is a new paradigm that allows one to solve the forward problem of how light propagates through an optical system while obtaining gradients of the simulation results with respect to parameters specifying the optical system. Specifically, the use of algorithmically differentiable non-sequential ray tracing provides an opportunity in the field of illumination engineering to design complex optical system. We demonstrate its potential by designing freeform lenses that project a prescribed irradiance distribution onto a plane. The challenge consists in finding a suitable surface geometry of the lens so that the light emitted by a light source is redistributed into a desired irradiance distribution. We discuss the crucial steps allowing the non-sequential ray tracer to be differentiable. The obtained gradients are used to optimize the geometry of the freeform, and we investigate the effectiveness of adding a multi-layer perceptron neural network to the optimization that outputs parameters defining the freeform lens. Lenses are designed for various sources such as collimated beams or point sources, and finally, a grid of point sources approximating an extended source. The obtained lens designs are finally validated using the commercial non-sequential ray tracer LightTools.

Wavefront shaping is a technique to study and control light transport inside scattering media. Wavefront shaping is considered to be applicable to any complex material, yet in most previous studies, the only sample geometries that are studied are slabs or wave-guides. In this paper, we study how macroscopic changes in the sample shape affect light scattering using the wavefront shaping technique. Using a flexible scattering material, we optimize the intensity of light in a focusing spot using wavefront shaping and record the optimized pattern, comparing the enhancement for different curvatures and beam radii. We validate our hypothesis that wavefront shaping has a similar enhancement regardless of the free-form shape of the sample and thus offers relevant potential for industrial applications. We propose a new figure of merit to evaluate the performance of wavefront shaping for different shapes. Surprisingly, based on this figure of merit, we observe that for this particular sample, wavefront shaping has a slightly better performance for a free-form shape than for a slab shape.

We show that the scattering of light by a composite nanoparticle leads to directional scattering through the phase difference between the light scattered by each of the materials. The resulting scatter pattern is experimentally verified.

When redistributing the light emitted by a source into a prescribed irradiance distribution, it is not guaranteed that, given the source and optical constraints, the desired irradiance distribution can be achieved.We analyze the problem by assuming an optical black box that is shift-invariant, meaning that a change in source position does not change the shape of the irradiance distribution, only its position. The irradiance distribution we can obtain is then governed by deconvolution. Using positive-definite functions and Bochner s theorem, we provide conditions such that the irradiance distribution can be realized for finite etendue sources.We also analyze the problem using optimization, showing that the result heavily depends on the chosen source distribution.

We show that composite nanoparticles can be designed to scatter light into a desired direction. By choosing the materials of the nanoparticle carefully, the phase of the scattered light by the different components can be controlled. This leads to constructive interference is certain directions and destructive interference in others, resulting in directional scattering obtainable for a large bandwidth. FEM simulations were used to validate the theory. Furthermore, SiO2/Au nanoparticles were fabricated and measured confirming the directional scattering.

As a two-dimensional planar material with low depth profile, a metasurface can generate non-classical phase distributions for the transmitted and reflected electromagnetic waves at its interface. Thus, it offers more flexibility to control the wave front. A traditional metasurface design process mainly adopts the forward prediction algorithm, such as Finite Difference Time Domain, combined with manual parameter optimization. However, such methods are time-consuming, and it is difficult to keep the practical meta-atom spectrum being consistent with the ideal one. In addition, since the periodic boundary condition is used in the meta-atom design process, while the aperiodic condition is used in the array simulation, the coupling between neighboring meta-atoms leads to inevitable inaccuracy. In this review, representative intelligent methods for metasurface design are introduced and discussed, including machine learning, physics-information neural network, and topology optimization method. We elaborate on the principle of each approach, analyze their advantages and limitations, and discuss their potential applications. We also summarize recent advances in enabled metasurfaces for quantum optics applications. In short, this paper highlights a promising direction for intelligent metasurface designs and applications for future quantum optics research and serves as an up-to-date reference for researchers in the metasurface and metamaterial fields.

Nonlinear responses of nanoparticles induce enlightening phenomena in optical tweezers. With the gradual increase in optical intensity, effects from saturable absorption (SA) and reverse SA (RSA) arise in sequence and thereby modulate the nonlinear properties of materials. In current nonlinear optical traps, however, the underlying physical mechanism is mainly confined within the SA regime because threshold values required to excite the RSA regime are extremely high. Herein, we demonstrate, both in theory and experiment, nonlinear optical tweezing within the RSA regime, proving that a fascinating composite trapping state is achievable at ultrahigh intensities through an optical force reversal induced through nonlinear absorption. Integrated results help in perfecting the nonlinear optical trapping system, thereby providing beneficial guidance for wider applications of nonlinear optics.