The development of advanced ship positioning and intelligent sensing technologies has transformed navigation at sea, moving beyond reliance on captains’ experience and standard routes. The trajectories traversed by ships at sea contain valuable data that can be mined to map maritime transportation networks and inform intelligent navigation systems. Ship trajectory data at scale enables discovery of the underlying network of maritime routes, providing key insights for applications like intelligent navigation, abnormal behavior detection, trajectory prediction, and maritime traffic pattern analysis. This study reviews the development of research on maritime route networks (MRNs) derived from ship trajectory data. It summarizes the technical process to construct a MRN, contrasting approaches for identifying waypoints, extracting routes, and representing the overall maritime traffic network structure. Finally, this study explores potential applications of MRNs and anticipates promising future research directions in this domain.

@en

As supply chains in today's world become more complex and fragile, enhancing the resilience of maritime transport is increasingly imperative. The COVID-19 epidemic in 2020 exposed the vulnerability of existing supply chains, causing substantial impacts such as supply shortages, procurement constraints, logistics delays and port congestion, highlighting the need to build resilient maritime transportation networks (MTNs) and reigniting research on the resilience of maritime transport. Based on science mapping, we quantitatively analysed the domain of resilience of MTNs. We mainly study the resilience of MTNs from the following aspects: the construction of MTNs and their topological characterization, vulnerability-orientated resilience analysis of MTNs, recovery-orientated resilience analysis of MTNs, investment decision-orientated resilience analysis of MTNs, climate change-orientated resilience analysis of MTNs and pandemic-orientated resilience analysis of MTNs. This study reviews recent advances in MTN resilience research, highlighting research topics, shortcomings and future research agenda.

@en

Identifying ships is essential for maritime situational awareness. Automatic identification system (AIS) data and remote sensing (RS) images provide information on ship movement and properties from different perspectives. This study develops an efficient spatiotemporal association approach that combines AIS data and RS images for point–track association. Ship detection and feature extraction from the RS images are performed using deep learning. The detected image characteristics and neighboring AIS data are compared using a multi-dimensional feature similarity model that considers similarities in space, time, course, and attributes. An efficient spatial–temporal association analysis of ships in RS images and AIS data is achieved using the interval type-2 fuzzy system (IT2FS) method. Finally, optical images with different resolutions and AIS records near the waters of Yokosuka Port and Kure are collected to test the proposed model. The results show that compared with the multi-factor fuzzy comprehensive decision-making method, the proposed method can achieve the best performance (F1 scores of 0.7302 and 0.9189, respectively, on GF1 and GF2 images) while maintaining a specific efficiency. This work can realize ship positioning and monitoring based on multi-source data and enhance maritime situational awareness.

@en

The construction of maritime route networks holds significant importance for autonomous navigation of vessels. In this study, a two-layer maritime route network modeling method based on huge amounts of ship trajectory data was proposed. Firstly, we introduce a novel method for extracting nodes of the marine route network, which identifies feature points in ship trajectories through clustering. Secondly, we use a spatial computing method to transform ship trajectory data into a sequence of waypoint regions and establish a node connection matrix to realize the nodes' connection of the topological layer route network. And routes are extracted between waypoint regions to characterize the connection relationship of the geometric layer network. Finally, by connecting nodes of the topological layer with the support of the connection matrix and waypoint regions of the geometric layer with the route, the two-layer maritime route network that combines topological and geometric layers is constructed. The proposed method was applied to the waters of Vancouver, successfully constructing a topological-geometric two-layer maritime route network. Overall, the proposed method is beneficial for improving the safety and efficiency of autonomous navigation of ships, and has a positive impact on the development of smart shipping industry.@en

Accurate fishing activity detection from the trajectories of fishing vessels can not only achieve high-precision fishery management but also ensure the reasonable and sustainable development of marine fishery resources. This paper proposes a new method to detect fishing vessels’ fishing activities based on the defined local dynamic parameters and global statistical characteristics of vessel trajectories. On a local scale, the stop points and points of interest (POIs) in the vessel trajectory are extracted. Voyage extraction can then be conducted on this basis. After that, multiple characteristics based on motion and morphology on a global scale are defined to construct a logistic regression model for fishing behavior detection. To verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the method, vessel trajectory data, and fishing log data collected from Chinese ocean squid fishing vessels in Argentine waters in 2020 are integrated for fishing operation detection. Multiple evaluation metrics show that the proposed method can provide robust and accurate recognition results. Moreover, further analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution and seasonal changes in squid fishing activities in Argentine waters has been performed. A more refined assessment of the fishing activities of individual fishing vessels can also be provided quantitatively. All the results above can benefit the regulation of fishing activities.@en

This study contributes to addressing the challenge of quickly obtaining an effective and accurate nonparametric model for describing ship maneuvering motion in three degrees of freedom (3-DOF). To achieve this, an intelligent ship dynamics nonparametric modeling method named improved PER-DDPG is proposed. This method leverages the deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm (DDPG) and prioritized experience replay mechanism (PER) and analyzes the characteristics between the goal of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) and the modeling process of the nonparametric model. The PER mechanism is utilized to enhance the agent's understanding of the overall mechanism of ship motion by improving the utilization of samples. The meaning of target value is redefined due to transforming DRL aiming at maximizing cumulative rewards into maximizing the set of immediate rewards at each time step. To validate the performance of the proposed modeling method, we conduct simulation studies using a benchmark ship model i.e., a Mariner cargo ship dynamic model, and experimental studies using a real unmanned surface vehicle (USV). In the simulation test, we demonstrate the effectiveness and generalization of the proposed method through zigzag and turning circle tests. Furthermore, we verify the robustness and applicability of the proposed method by using datasets with uncertain environmental disturbances and datasets with different sampling frequencies. Additionally, the experimental tests conducted on the USV indicate the consistency of the proposed approach.@en

The activity-based methodology is becoming an increasing way to calculate exhaust emissions from ships in a port. Existing studies make great effort to build and analyze ship emission inventory in a variety of ports by applying this method to historical ship trajectory data. This kind of static emission inventory however, cannot meet the needs of real-time ship emission monitoring. This article proposes a method of dynamic calculation of ship exhaust emissions based on real-time ship trajectory data. Firstly, real-time ship AIS messages are partitioned into continuous data blocks and go through a series of pre-processing operations, including trajectory extraction, association and interpolation. Ship activity parameters are then determined by database querying and regression analysis based on ship attributes. Subsequently, an improved activity-based methodology is employed to estimate exhaust emissions from ships in a distributed way. Based on the grid model, regional ship exhaust emissions can be statistically and dynamically calculated by the spatial allocation of all ship emissions. In a case study, a real-time monitoring platform for ship exhaust emissions in Shenzhen port is developed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.@en

The essence of the path planning problems is multi-modality constraint. However, most of the current literature has not mentioned this issue. This paper introduces the research progress of path planning based on the multi-modality constraint. The path planning of multi-modality constraint research can be classified into three stages in terms of its basic ingredients (such as shape, kinematics and dynamics et al.): Route Planning, Trajectory Planning and Motion Planning. It then reviews the research methods and classical algorithms, especially those applied to the Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) in every stage. Finally, the paper points out some existing problems in every stage and suggestions for future research.

@en

The special SOX Emission Control Areas (ECAs) had been established to reduce pollution in coastal region. Real-time ship emissions monitoring should be strengthened in SECA. The mainstream remote measurements of gas concentrations are the optical or sniffer monitoring methods. Exhaust emissions location and intensity could not be acquired by methods of remote measurements. Based on monitoring multiple sensors, this paper presents a new inversion method for characteristics of single ship emissions. The Gaussian plume diffusion model (GPDM) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) to calculate the position and concentration of single ship emissions. Simultaneous measurements of CO2, SO2 and NOX concentrations can be achieved by several monitoring stations on the wharf. Multiple solutions of the ship emissions location and intensity have been calculated by the selection, crossover and mutation of GA. As parameters of Gaussian plume diffusion model, those solutions are employed to calculate the gas concentrations on the location of the monitoring stations. The optimal one can be acquired by comparing the measurement and the calculation. The presented algorithm is verified by the real practice for Yantian harbor in Shenzhen.@en

Recognizing ship behavior is important for maritime situation awareness and intelligent transportation management. Some scholars extracted ship behaviors from massive trajectory data by statistical analysis. However, the meaning of the behaviors, i.e., semantic meanings of behaviors and their relationships, are not explicit. Ship behaviors are affected by navigational area and traffic rules, so their meanings can be obtained only in specific maritime situations. The work establishes the semantic model of ship behavior (SMSB) to represent and reason the meaning of the behaviors. Firstly, a semantic network is built based on maritime traffic rules and good seamanship. The corresponding detection methods are then proposed to identify basic ship behaviors in various maritime scenes, including dock, anchorage, traffic lane, and general scenes. After that, dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) is used to reason potential ship behaviors. Finally, trajectory annotation and semantic query of the model are validated in the different scenes of harbor. The basic behaviors and potential behaviors in all typical scenes of any harbor can be obtained accurately and expressed conveniently using the proposed model. The model facilitates the ships behavior research, contributing to the semantic trajectory analysis.@en

In the big data era, robust solutions are obliged to be proposed to integrate and represent data from different formats and with different contents to assist the decision-making. Current cartographic and geographic information systems have limited capabilities for solving these problems. This paper describes an automatic and comprehensive system that conducts data fusion from all potentially related sources. In this system, a new Semantic Location Model (SemLM) is established to present the semantic concepts and location feature and demonstrate how locations are interrelated. In the SemLM, various types of location descriptors in different application scenarios can be analyzed and understood. Additionally, considering the challenges involved in data-intensive computation and visualization, this paper implements a Place-based Pan-Information System (P2S) as an innovative 4D system that dynamically associates and visualizes place-based information, using public security as the case study.@en

With the booming of marine industry, occurrence of maritime oil spills will not only loss of life and property, but also has brought about a long-term and bad influence to ocean environment and ecosystem system. This paper introduces a platform architecture for marine oil spill response capacity visualization, and elaborates the visualization of oil spill emergency elements, emergency resources dynamic interconnection and regional oil spill response capability with marine oil spill accidents. The platform is based on the B/S (browser/server) framework along with the tools of Baidu map API and MapV visualization system to realize the oil spill emergency resources visualization, oil spill emergency capability visualization and oil spill emergency response. The successful running of the platform provides scientific support for the decision-making in handling the oil spill emergency.@en

At present, the supervision mode of inland ferrying was conducted passively by mainly human analysis and judgement based on VTS and AIS, which is not favorable to reply increasingly serious situation of marine security supervision. The historical AIS data of the ferryboat was analyzed to explore its motion pattern and obtain the probability density spatial distribution of motion characteristics of location, course and speed by using the kernel density estimation. Then on this basis, the detection algorithm of the ferryboat abnormal behaviors was established for location and speed abnormity, and actual AIS data was used to verify the algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can accurately recognize the abnormal behaviors of the ferryboat, which is helpful to the marine supervision.@en