There are more than 2000 estates reserved in Netherlands, of which 18% are in Gelderland. However, with time going by, the surrounding environment of the estates has changed and new challenges which the estates are faced with has happened, including climate change threat, spatial fragmentation and increasing tourism. The city I am studying, Arnhem used to be surrounded by the mansions of affluent city dwellers who transformed their riches into magnificent country houses in the countryside. After the period of city fast expansion, the estates are threaten by the heavy influence of urbanization process which caused territory separation, function isolation etc. Under this condition, transformation of the estates are required to adapt surrounding urban environment. Therefore, my project is to explore how to integrate the estates in the city. After preliminary analysis, I proposed the acupunctural strategy is to transfrom the estates as landscape infrastructures in the city. Under this proposal, there are three precise sub-strategies could be applied, consisting of reorganizing the spatial layout, renewing the functions/facilities/programs and repairing the interfaces between the estates and surrounding urban context.

The Netherlands is facing urbanisation and densification, and the domination of car use in our mobility system. Both challenges result in built structures and hard surfaces claiming the public space and leaving less space for green and other functions, resulting in the imbalance in public space demand. Within public spaces the green has a low ecological value and climate change challenges, such as Urban Heat Island Effect and water infiltrattion problems, are not addressed. Yet, we see a call for a mobility transition that is oriented to dominantly soft and shared modes of transport. This thesis investigates how the mobility transition can be used to create green structures within movement spaces that cater to the urban ecological demand, using the region of Haaglanden as a case study. The urban ecological demand concerns three themes: ecology, social activities, and climate. Each of these themes are represented in the ecosystem services (such as water infiltration or food provision) that natural green and blue structures provide and from which we, as humans, derive direct and indirect benefits. A strong regional green structure can be created through urban environments by making use of the existing mobility network. By moving the focus away from transportation by car to slow and shared transport and by creating linear green structures, the street is used to connect larger green patches within and around the urban fabric. To realise a regional green structure the street profiles need to change; more soft surfaces are to be applied by minimising the space reserved for car use. A Green Street Toolbox is developed as an instrument to obtain an integrated design where all urban ecological demands are considered by applying a systematic approach to the various considerations. Linking the tools of the instrument to the services they provide to the public space allows for this systematic approach. By applying the toolbox in combination with new street profiles to the chosen design locations in The Hague, this thesis shows that an average result of softening almost 50% of the street surface is a reachable goal. All these softened surfaces provide ecosystem services to our urban environment, leaving us with healthier and higher quality public spaces.

Urban flooding is a problem faced by many mayor cities around the world nowadays. That is the case of several areas of the Greater Miami Area. Rapid urbanization and the depletion of natural buffer zones that used to storage rain water, added to climate change effects, specifically the increase of heavy rainfalls and sea level rise have only aggravated the situation during the past two decades. This thesis focuses in the necessity to provide new types of resilient and sustainable landscapes for the cities of Hialeah and Miami Springs in order to deal with this issue. There have been and still on the going, numerous urban regeneration projects throughout the Miami Dade County. However, most of these plans don’t contemplate the use of landscape as a mean to deal with water management problems like floods. The goal of this graduation project is to improve the current and future social and ecologic needs of both cities through new types of urban landscapes that will also contribute to water management solutions for the area. The purpose of the research is to gather information to understand the problem and the site in order to establish a comprehensive set of design principles and strategies to guide the design. The key concept of the theoretical framework is the implementation of landscape as water infrastructure through the transformation of existing underused public space and urban infrastructures, as well as future areas for redevelopment within the sites. The expected result is to achieve responsive socio environmental local solutions to create an evolutionary landscape in the cities of Hialeah and Miami Springs.

The Netherlands is a place where the interplay between mankind and Nature1 resonates deeply within the roots of its omnipresent cultural landscape. Proactively shaping this landscape, which is widely considered as the most eminent aspect of place identity of the Lowlands, stands at the cradle of the by now long and rich tradition of planning urban development. The unintentional production of this key facet of Dutch culture traces back to the Middle Ages when the peatlands of the western delta were cultivated and colonized, gradually forming over millennia through natural processes. Inhabiting this inhospitable environment led early settlers to adopt a technophilic2 approach, perceiving nature as something that needed to be controlled. This organized endeavour resulted in rapid polycentric urbanization, where manmade inland waterways interconnected medieval cities and rural villages spatially, socially and economically, on the territorial scale of what is referred to in this thesis as the Deltametropolis3. However, the transition to modernity disrupted this equilibrium, creating a divide between the increasingly separate spheres of ‘urban’ and ‘rural’ driven by the pursuit of global economic competitiveness. A metropolitan region was starting to take shape based on the already centuries-old urbanized configuration – complete with mutually competitive and independent cities in a discontinuous countryside, connected by an extensive infrastructural network, and where each individual citizen could compose their own polycentric city. While urban and rural typologies have long been dissolved into a continuum, today public policy still prioritizes compact city models and sectoral economic development, overlooking strategic interdependencies within the metropolitan region and worsening socio-economic inequalities. With the increasing pressure from Natural forces – once the core catalyst of the production of Dutch culture – the Anthropocene is experiencing a second deep transition that will once more inevitably alter our relation towards our natural environment. In anticipation of an uncertain future, this design exploration aims to express an authentic articulation of the spatial configuration of the Deltametropolis, drawing lessons from the past to shape the future, in which urban and rural spatial qualities are symbiotically reintegrated and our relation with Nature is critically reassessed. (de Geyter et al., 2002; Geuze et al., 2016; Koolhaas et al., 1993; Palmboom, n.d.; Van der Woud, n.d.)

Heritage landscape as a dynamic system that bridges the past and the future, on the one hand tells the history of an area and contributes to the identity of local people, and on the other hand need to meet the contemporary demand and deal with future challenges. In that case, apart from traditional strategy of isolating cultural heritages from urbanisation for protection, is there a new perspective to view heritage landscapes and a new approach to tackle them? Hof te Dieren is an estate located in Gelderland province. With rich cultural-historical value lying in the land not fully recognised by people, it is simultaneously facing a series of challenges that are common in other Gelderland estates. This thesis studies Hof te Dieren as a case and uses palimpsest as an approach to read the historical traces in the site and to design new development.

Homeworking can have benefits both for employees and employers, such as a productivity increase and a better work-life balance. Still, homeworking arrangements were less implemented than expected throughout the years. Now, due to Covid-19, every office worker is highly recommended to work from home as much as possible. Therefore, everybody works at home with either a suitable or an unsuitable home work environment. During this ‘mass experiment’ new insights can be gathered on the experience of homeworking and the influence the home work environment has on productivity. Employees are sometimes forced to carry out certain work activities at home that were considered unsuitable beforehand. So, prejudices about homeworking can be confirmed or invalidated and specific aspects of the home work environment that influence productivity can be determined. For this study quantitative data of the research project, ‘We Werken Thuis’ (We Work at Home; WWH) are used. First, a literature review is conducted to have a clear overview of what already has been researched on the topic of homeworking and the work environment related to productivity. From the literature study, a theoretical model is developed. This theoretical model includes the home work environment, divided into the physical home work environment and the social environment, the satisfaction with the home work environment, and individual control variables being of influence on the perceived productivity. It was predicted that all these elements affect productivity, both directly and indirectly. The findings from the literature review are tested by statistical analyses (N = 36,102). Bivariate and regression analyses were performed, followed by integral path analysis. These analyses showed that the physical home work environment, satisfaction with the home work environment, and individual control variables directly affect productivity. Also, the physical home work environment indirectly affects productivity via satisfaction with the home work environment. The same was found for the individual control variables. Furthermore, the individual control variables influence the physical home work environment itself as well, which indirectly affects the perceived productivity via the satisfaction with the home work environment. The outcomes of this research can be used by practitioners to revise their current corporate real estate strategy or by real estate consultants to advise companies about their office use in the future. It fills the gap in research on the influence specific aspects of the home work environment have on productivity during homeworking.

Bosnia and Herzegovina suffered a lot from the civil war, and among all the cities, Mostar is the longest and most tragic place. It is also a divided city today in both physical and mental aspects. Along with the reduction of public space and the decline in quality, people lost their places of public life, consequently, causing the mental division between people and the loss of city collective memory.This project would focus on the city of Mostar as a post-conflict area and aims to mitigate the mental division of the city and bring back people and collective memory by redesigning and improving public spaces. The historical and current condition in the city would be analysised to provide a comprehensive understanding of the working site. Memoryscape and placemaking for peace making would then work as the method to lead the intervension of this project, mainly focus on:1)Traditiional and new activities that keep attracting people; 2)Public landscape that involves the history elements reflecting to the city history and collective memory; 3)In a long run, the continual public space network would gather and lead people to step over the mental border line.

Report of the MSc Landscape Architecture 2019 - 2020, Graduation Lab Resilient Heritage Landscapes. In this graduation lab landscape architecture students from TU Delft explored the landscape assets of private and dispersed heritage properties and developed design strategies to engage them in future-proof landscape development. The focus of the lab is on the landscape system of castles and historic country estates in Gelderland, a region in the East of the Netherlands, also known as the ‘Garden of Gelderland’. Strategically chosen learning cases are elaborated via research-through-design to explore landscape architecture principles for context-sensitive water management, landscape coherence, ecological development and recreation at multiple scales, as well as their spatial implications.@en

Sandy shores around the world suffer from coastal erosion due to land subsidence, a lack of sediment input and sea level rise. This often leads to the construction of hard structures, such as sea walls and breakwaters, that consolidate the coastal zone but disrupt the dynamic system of coastal deltas. To compensate for coastal erosion in a more natural and systemic way, sand nourishments are now increasingly executed. This so-called ‘Building with Nature’ (BwN) technique uses natural resources and dynamics to restore sediment balance within coastal zones and promote coastal regeneration and dune formation. These dynamic nourishment techniques are still in development, placing new demands on coastal spatial planning. How can we position and tune these nourishment dynamics for land formation; not only to optimize coastal safety but also to integrate these dynamics with the ecological and urban functions of the coastal landscape? An integrated design approach is necessary to guide both land-shaping processes and adaptive urban and ecological configurations to support BwN-based dune-formation following nourishment and boost the buffer capacity of coastal zones. This research aims to develop design principles for integral coastal landscapes that connect geomorphological processes, ecology and adaptive urban design to exploit their potential for the spatial development of multi-functional coastal landscapes— shore-scapes. It focuses on coastal configurations featuring pro-active sediment management through aeolian BwN techniques to build up the coastal buffer in a natural and multifunctional way. The first step was to reframe BwN nourishment design as a landscape approach, employing natural onshore dynamics to sustain the coastal buffer and increase the multiplicity of the coastal landscape. The coastal landscape can be regarded as the result of the interaction between the geomorphological, ecological and urban system, in response to sea level rise. The mapping of their interactions (via literature review, fieldwork, GIS and CFD-modelling), identified three potential spatial mechanisms to support nature-based dune formation following nourishment: natural succession, dune farming and urban harvesting. To activate these processes for coastal reinforcement and landscaping, and bridge the spatial and time scales involved, three subsequent tools for dynamic design were defined: morphogenesis, dynamic profiling and aeolian design principles. In the second half of the research, the BwN landscape approach and principles were contextualized and tested across four case studies, which revealed how coastal system’s characteristics and nourishment strategy affect dune formation. Responding to various nourishment and urban conditions, spatial arrangements were composed that enhance the aeolian build-up of coastal profiles and landscapes over time, supporting dune reinforcement, multifunctionality and landscape differentiation. The outcome of this research is threefold. First, BwN was redefined as a landscape approach that employs intersystemic land-shaping processes to support coastal safety, multifunctionality and spatial quality. Second, a set of validated design principles was developed for natural aeolian coastal adaptation following nourishment. Third, spatial arrangements were composed to illustrate how BwN processes ashore can be guided in space and time across various nourishment and urban contexts. @en

In de zeventiende eeuw liet de stedelijke elite op grote schaal buitenplaatsen en landgoederen in het Hollandse laagland aanleggen. Zij verkoos de meest welgelegen plaatsen voor hun zomerverblijf met speelhuizen, bomenlanen en geschoren hagen. De voorkeur om in elkaars nabijheid te gaan wonen was veelal ingegeven door eenzelfde gebruik of vanwege een vergelijkbare stedelijke of landschappelijke beleving van de omgeving. Door identieke keuze drukte de elite hun stempel op het landschap. Door historische kaarten en inventarisaties met verklaringen uit historische bronnen te combineren zijn de belangrijkste vestigings-en compositiefactoren met de daarbij samenhangende gebruiks-en belevingsmotieven bepaald. De analyse toont met behulp van kaarten en historische prenten aan, hoe destijds de buitenplaatsenaanleg door stedelijke en landschappelijke vernieuwingen werd beïnvloed (trekvaarten, droogmakerijen, afzandingen, jacht en wandelen, wonen in de stad aan straten en pleinen in het groen en dergelijke). Op basis van de bovengenoemde factoren en motieven zijn de meest typerende buitenplaatsenlandschappen tussen 1630 en 1730 bepaald en deze zijn samengevat in Hollands Tempe, de lustlandschappen van Holland. In de afgelopen decennia heeft provinciaal ruimtelijk erfgoedbeleid over buitenplaatsen steeds meer aandacht gekregen voor het behoud van de omgeving van buitenplaatsen in buitenplaats-of landgoedbiotopen of buitenplaatsenlandschappen. Deze groepen buitenplaatsen, buitenplaatsenlandschappen, vormen veelal de basis voor onze groene structuren en parken in en om de steden. Voor de toekomst van deze groenstructuren is het nodig om naast de klimatologische, ecologische en economische waarden ook de cultuurhistorische en identiteitswaarden te onderstrepen. Dit onderzoek heeft een bijdrage willen vormen in het vergroten van het begrip van deze erfgoedlandschappen voor toekomstig gebruik. @en

Het oeuvre van de tuin- en landschapsarchitect Lucas Pieters Roodbaard (1782-1851) is toonaangevend voor de Noord-Nederlandse landschapsparken uit de eerste helft van de 19de eeuw. Zijn oeuvre is te verdelen in drie categorieën: openbare wandelparken, landschapsparken bij buitenplaatsen en landschapstuinen bij (stads) villa’s. Aan de hand van ruimtelijk architectonisch onderzoek is een schat aan oorspronkelijke plantekeningen uitgebreid gedocumenteerd en geanalyseerd om zo tot de kern van de ontwerpmethode van Roodbaard te komen. Daarmee is zijn vorminstrumentarium, ook wel de ‘meetkundige gereedschapskist’ ontrafeld. Het heeft geresulteerd in zes compositorische ontwerpprincipes. Dankzij dit onderzoek en de nieuwe inzichten in Roodbaards handschrift kan een aantal landschapsparken worden geïdentificeerd en aan zijn oeuvre worden toegevoegd. Het gaat daarbij niet alleen om Roodbaards collectie van landschapsparken, maar ook om de samenhang van deze collectie met het omliggende historische cultuurlandschap. Dit overzicht biedt handvatten om het oeuvre van Roodbaard aan te duiden als een buitenplaatsenlandschap dat een samenhangend tuinen landschapsarchitectonisch ensemble vormt in het Noord-Nederlandse cultuurlandschap. Dit ‘parkachtige’ landschap, ook bekend als de Noordelijke Lustwarande, is grotendeels gelegen in het kustlandschap dat grenst aan het Unesco Werelderfgoed Waddenzee. In de epiloog is een proeve van een reconstructie van een ontbrekende ontwerptekening gemaakt voor het landschapspark De Braak te Paterswolde. Het vormt de opmaat voor de integrale reconstructie van deze bijzondere collectie groen erfgoed. @en

This research focuses on the transformation of the Groningen gas field region, which has transitioned from a symbol of national pride due to its vast natural gas reserves to a region grappling with the significant impacts of gas extraction. With the permanent closure of gas production, the region faces ongoing challenges such as land subsidence, earthquakes, and socio-economic shifts. This study aims to explore sustainable and commemorative landscape-based transformation strategies to address these issues and redefine the identity of Groningen. The research identifies two primary areas of concern: the existing gas extraction sites and the broader landscape affected by environmental changes and social disruptions. By analyzing the current state and potential of these sites, the study proposes design interventions that integrate industrial heritage into public spaces and enhance regional resilience. Three representative sites—Slochteren, Ten Post, and Noordbroek—are selected as case studies. Slochteren, the first gas extraction site, is considered for its potential to become an open-air museum, akin to the Duisburg-Nord Landscape Park in Germany. Ten Post, located in the most seismically active and subsidence-prone area, and Noordbroek, one of the first sites undergoing cleanup, offer insights into how design can mitigate environmental impacts and foster a sense of place. The theoretical framework incorporates principles of landscape architecture, the concept of guilty landscapes, and post-industrial landscape transformation. These theories provide a systematic approach to understanding and addressing the multifaceted issues associated with the Groningen gas field. The goal is to create a cohesive strategy that connects these sites to their surrounding landscapes and communities, turning them into meaningful public spaces that reflect the region's history and identity while promoting sustainability and resilience. This research contributes to the broader discourse on post-industrial landscape transformation by demonstrating how integrated design approaches can address environmental, social, and historical challenges. The findings aim to offer a replicable model for other regions facing similar transitions from industrial heritage to sustainable future landscapes.

The Chinese Eastern Railway Heritage stands as the largest modern heritage group in Northeast China, a special geostrategic heritage between Russia and China. Since the inception of modern heritage protection in China, this railway heritage has garnered significant attention due to its extensive span, large quantity, scale, and series of heritage buildings. However, with rapid urbanization, heritage areas are inevitably eroded by new urban areas and most railway heritage leaves people with an abandoned and neglected impression. Starting from the current poor condition of the heritage, I analyzed and identified spatial issues from larger scales and contexts. By integrating theories from different scales, deepening the understanding of the historic environment and the readable context of heritage, I propose design strategies for the preservation and development of historic environments and specific landscape intervention measures. These interventions aim to revitalize heritage by opening them to tourists and enhancing the surrounding environment and landscapes. I have chosen an almost abandoned Eastern railway line(Mudanjiang-Suifenhe line) to test these design principles and strategies. This testing also provides feedback for previous theoretical research and insights and guidance for future railway heritage conservation practices.

The Aa is a channelized stream system with an out-of-balance hydrological system. Being too dry in the summer and having no room for water during the winter. There is also no room for natural processes and the biodiversity is low. This together with the intensively large-scale agricultural landscape makes the Aa an unattractive landscape. To change this in order to make the Aa resilient and attractive component of the Van Gogh National Park, is the landscape studied through three lenses; hydrological, nature, and recreation. In the area three landscape types are identified as having the potential to contribute to a resilient and attractive landscape; these are the stream, the wet areas, and the higher grounds. Looking at the three landscape types through the three lenses yields nine elements which together make an illustrative masterplan which is detailed in zoom-ins. The nine elements are called Meandering, Retention, Infiltration, Beekprik, Boomkikker, Boommarter (BBB), Kano, Boots, and Mountainbike.

The Aa is a channelized stream system with an out-of-balance hydrological system. Being too dry in the summer and having no room for water during the winter. There is also no room for natural processes and the biodiversity is low. This together with the intensively large-scale agricultural landscape makes the Aa an unattractive landscape. To change this in order to make the Aa resilient and attractive component of the Van Gogh National Park, is the landscape studied through three lenses; hydrological, nature, and recreation. In the area three landscape types are identified as having the potential to contribute to a resilient and attractive landscape; these are the stream, the wet areas, and the higher grounds. Looking at the three landscape types through the three lenses yields nine elements which together make an illustrative masterplan which is detailed in zoom-ins. The nine elements are called Meandering, Retention, Infiltration, Beekprik, Boomkikker, Boommarter (BBB), Kano, Boots, and Mountainbike.