Climate change and its effect on water is an unavoidable phenomenon. However, the scarcity of this precious resource is not just due to changing natural patterns but a highly man made disaster. ‘Water use has been growing globally at more than twice the rate of population increase in the last century, and an increasing number of regions are reaching the limit at which water services can be sustainably delivered, especially in arid regions’(UN Water). Similar to this condition, the water system in Jaipur has central instabilities. With high level of dependence on a single source at the moment, high transmission loss, increasing water pollution and degradation of the ecosystems, the resilience to such loss is low. This condition has further worsened due to the changing precipitation patterns leading to less rainfall in the last decade and intensive heat which causes high evaporation. But, in order to meet the rising demand of the population and industries, changing land use both in urban and peri urban areas, has resulted in over exploitation of ground and surface water, the city is now facing a severe water crisis. Nearby water reserves have run dry and the seasonal river (Dhravyawati) which passes through the city is now used as a sewage drain, catering to all domestic and industrial waste due to lack of efficient governance and inadequacy in providing effective infrastructure for supply and treatment. The existing traditional water systems which has been the only practice of rainwater harvesting in the region are non-operational and insufficient to meet the demand of the growing population and industries. All these trends are interrelated and create a cause effect scenario, ultimately leading to conflicts and drought conditions. Therefore, the research addresses issues of both ‘water scarcity’ and ‘water security’ for the city. In order to become resilient, there is a stronger need for communities to effectively manage water resources through conservation and reuse. Therefore, the project proposes a sustainable integrated multi scaler and multi-generational planning approach to water management strategy for the city of Jaipur, India, which has constantly been a victim of drought conditions. The aim of this graduation project can be categorized into two parts: the first half looks at the general goal to devise a sustainable strategy for integrated urban water management and urban planning for semi-arid zones, created by a hybrid system of centralized and de-centralized water management practices. Based on this knowledge, the main strategy proposes a toolbox of interventions in built form and landscape on different scales which can be applied across all cities. The second half is context specific, focusing on the region on Jaipur, India and how water sensitive spatial planning and design by using the toolbox can help to ensure a resilient urban environment. The research develops design proposals on multiples scales in a multi user setting, namely the regional, city and local, thus giving recommendations to regional and local authorities on developing a water sensitive city. As part of a long-term effort to this increasing shortage of water, it encourages greater conservation and management through spatial guidelines on the regional, urban and local scale where indigenous practices and green infrastructure become part of the contemporary system and solutions.

A Sprengenbeek is a stream that has been dug or deepened to tape groundwater from the hill. Most streams were built to drive watermills in order to generate energy, but they were also built to irrigate and supply water to moats, canals, or other waterworks. The efficiency of the water mills was overruled by modern energy supplies. Therefore most of the water mills were demolished, and the Sprengenbeek gradually lost its main function. At the same time, the landscape around changed into a productive agricultural landscape, causing today's environmental problems. The connection between the landscape and the Sprengenbeek disappeared. Moreover, due to climate change, the Sprengenbeek landscape is facing droughts and flood issues. The design aims to enhance the spatial, ecological and circular quality of the Sprengenbeek landscape by a slow transformation and the creation of a series of public spaces in which the cultural-historical elements of the Sprengenbeek contribute and can be experienced. The Sprengenbeek landscape can be divided into five areas: infiltration area, upstream, midstream, urban area, and downstream. Each area has different issues and asks for different strategies in terms of sustainability, management and possibilities for the development of public spaces. The result is a diverse, sustainable, readable Sprengenbeek landscape that provides approaches and is an inspiration for areas facing similar problems.

It is widely known that by 2050 the average temperature is going to increase by 2-3 °C while the precipitation is going to decrease 10-20 % in the North African region. The countries in this area have always been experiencing drought periods but due to the climatic changes, but, these periods are becoming more extreme leaving the population vulnerable. The inhabitants of Morocco have always lived in dry circumstances and for centuries created great water management systems to guide fresh water to the areas that needed it the most. Unfortunately, these systems cannot keep up with the rapid development of the country and even though the government is working on providing fresh water to the population, most of the inhabitants living in the rural areas do not receive the basic services, which leads to socioeconomic issues in these areas. The people in the rural villages do not have access to suitable quality and quantity fresh water, which causes health related problems amongst them. The traditional water systems that are still in use in the rural areas are not maintained properly, highly contaminated and polluted by the people as they do not have a good understanding on how these interventions work. The once respected water management elements and the riverside is neglected and the connection between the people and the water is getting lost. The graduation project aims to tackle the water related issues the rural communities experiencing today and in the future from a landscape architecture point of view of working with the spatial endowments and possibilities in the terrain. Apart for water scarcity the thesis focuses on the social issues in the disadvantaged communities by involving, educating and empowering the community in the development project to become self-sufficient and non-dependent on the government. The project works on three scales. The program starts in a middle school that acts as a testing ground for the larger developments. The findings are implemented into the development plan of the village, Adassil, located in the Atlas Mountains. Finally a zoning and recommendation are created for settlements along the Assif El Mal River for similar developments.

In an excerpt from the fictional work “Waterland” (Swift, 1992), the narrator labels water as “Nothing,” implying land and humans as “Something.” This was more of a philosophical expression that can alternatively be inferred from the real-world processes like land reclamation. Land was always associated with value, stability, certainty and utility in contrast to water. Subsequently, early civilizations and modern-day habitations fundamentally removed or controlled water. However, the traditional water systems did this in a more sustainable fashion. Here, water management was a unit of cultural expression of the site-specific challenges faced by people, be it in terms of topography, climate or social hierarchy. One such traditional water system, where land and water assumed identities of being something and nothing respectively is the “Kuttanad Kayalnilam Farming System”: a long-established land-water utilization system that practices paddy farming below sea level for more than a century now in Kerala, India. Positioned at the mouth of a delta, this agrarian landscape deals with the threat of periodically fluctuating water levels resulting in seasonal flooding which adversely influences the livelihood of the inhabitants. Taking the case of the Kuttanad deltaic landscape, this thesis brings to the foreground, a radical departure from the tenets of classical terrestrial centric approaches in geography and landscape architecture for creating a flexible landscape by redefining the relationship between land and water in order to improve the quality of life and space in the delta. The new fluid geographical approach was based on a systematic understanding of the amphibious qualities embedded in the site context through a four-lens approach. The lenses being volatility, hydro-sociality, rhythm and wetness, and reflect respectively: radical emergence of lives and landscapes, the mutual implications of social life and water flows, the pulsating temporality in hydro-social relations and the materialization of water in everyday life (Krause, 2017). Together these lenses led to a site-specific spatial framework for enhancing the amphibious value of landscapes. In the specific case of Kuttanad, this called for a revival of the indigenous relationship between land and water which can be accomplished by moderately restoring the cyclical movement of salt and water. This radical change is envisioned over a large time frame by means of a slow landscape architectural process where nature and humans evolve and adapt to the cycle of salt and water. Furthermore, an adaptive design calendar or water calendar was formulated to guide this slow landscape transformation. The water calendar is a very site-specific tool that can be used for both visual communication and decision making regarding the function, quality and diversity of space and life in a flexible landscape operating within the spatio-temporal context of any deltaic region. Ultimately, it will guide to gradually build a complex narrative of how humans and nature exchange roles between being makers and takers of the landscape over time. On the other hand, the role of the landscape architect is to facilitate this narrative by envisioning a slow landscape architectonic transformation. On the whole, this is a generic approach that can be applied to any other delta facing similar challenges and can be a model for the future direction of flexible and resilient landscapes.

This graduation project in the field of Landscape Architecture, conducted over a period of 9 months at the Circular Water Stories lab in Flowscapes studio in TU Delft, focuses on addressing water scarcity issues on the Greek island of Cyprus. The primary objective is to explore how local communities can actively contribute to alleviating water shortages while simultaneously raising awareness about the importance of preserving the natural habitat in a rural area in Paphos city. Initially, an extensive investigation was carried out to examine the historical water systems on the island, aiming to gain insights into how the residents coped with water scarcity. Cyprus, having been ruled by various conquerors, benefited from the introduction of advanced water management practices. Notably, the water source was located distant from the settlements, necessitating the transportation of water to households through aqueducts, street taps, conduits, and similar means. Furthermore, the focus of the thesis revolves around a rural region on the island. Specifically, the research site pertains to a valley situated alongside a seasonal river that incorporates a dam. This area is predominantly dedicated to agriculture, which greatly influences the overall landscape. Examining the local water management system aids in comprehending the spatial organization of the village, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of its structure. However, alternative ways of irrigation in order to combat the dryness of the area are proposed, so as not to be anymore independent on the dam. The raise of awareness is proposed through the interaction of the visitors with the environment and water, in order to involve them in the natural process. Especially, the concept is to begin with an experimental phase, initiated by a local farmer who takes action after engaging in discussions and interactions with the author. Over time, as the positive outcomes of these interventions become apparent in the farmer’s cultivation practices, other farmers in the area are influenced and begin adopting similar approaches. As local authorities strive to offer unique experiences to visitors, competition among the villages intensifies. Therefore, new infrastructure for educational and commercial purposes are introduced. Particularly, the local council takes the initiative to financially support village farmers by promoting their products. Furthermore, recreational activities are incorporated, providing opportunities for both children and adults to engage with the water and environment, particularly during weekends. The project introduces a unique and unparalleled characteristic to the entire island, making the area a magnet for residents and visitors alike. The extension of water presence in the region not only enhances the flora, fauna, and soil, but also serves as a catalyst for positive change and improved sustainability

This research uses the notion of ‘pluralism’ as an alternative starting point for landscape architectural design by focusing on aspects of time and interactivity as opposed to strategies of re-configuration of both form and agency of the landscape. It explores the role of design in a rural landscape characterized by land ownership through the concept of ‘borderscapes’ as a political vacuum and area for minor interventions. The site of interest is located at the Hunze stream valley in the province of Drenthe, the Netherlands. The water conditions since pre-historical times have formed this territory through high and low plateaus, different soil types and dry or wet vegetation types. Located at a geomorphologically rich location but also vulnerable to land reclamation, the landscape of the Hunze valley has been influenced by ecological degradation. This research examines the spatial conditions that result from years of implemented policies and the effects on everyday experiences of nature. The Hunze stream valley has often been approached as a north-south water system that runs from highlands to lowlands, however this project depicts the area as an east-west system of material conditions and human inhabitation. Concluding that the territory is now characterized by separation (zoning of nature and culture), displacement of problem areas (soil movements), and the negligence of resource proximity. The east-west routing is used as a starting point for creating a new representation of site and experience on three traverses: the source, the crossing and the community.

The Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico, known by the name of Mayapán by the Mayan civilization, remained an enclosed and remote area during every major historical transition of the country (Colonization, Independence from Spain, Internal Civil War). Located between the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, this rich landscape remained forever in the sight of powerful individuals and colonizers who never truly managed to rule the Mayan warriors. Today, the region is composed of three different states with a complex mosaic of rich biodiversity, fascinating landscapes and important coral reef systems competing for survival against the effects of nature and human actions. For decades, the focus remained mainly on the economic development of the coastal areas without considering the ecological stress and social uncertainty as a result of urban expansion. In the span of merely twenty years, the region was completely transformed following capitalist intentions and we can see the fragile state of the land as a direct result of this. Sadly, the region’s mostly mono-cultural economic practices focusing on tourism services have pushed the locals, from mostly indigenous background to leave their communities and seek job opportunities in the cities created for the new Mayan Riviera. This set of political, social, economic and natural elements have had enormous repercussions on the physical and social integrity of the landscape, which nowadays is threatened not only by the over-exploitation of resources and climate change, but also by the homogenization and simplification of an ancestral culture. However, it is in this richness of landscapes, biodiversity and cultural heritage where I see a possibility to think of new ways of co-existing and to imagine new ways of living in sync with our environment. What would be the long durée in this region where everything is the result of a process of legitimization and Disneyfication of the landscape and its culture? The aim of this thesis is to expose the critical issues, assess the damage and recover together with nature with the guiding principle that resources should be managed to reflect the relationships among all ecosystem components, including humans and nonhuman species, the environment in which they live, and physical, biological and socioeconomic interrelationships.

There is currently a "crisis of care" in our neoliberal capitalist society in which women are disproportionally affected and experience isolation in their homes trying to take care of their family members. For low-income households, the struggle involves balancing their time to work and also taking enough care of their family. Co-operative housing tenure could offer these households both affordable housing and support within the housing project with care. For this research I would explore the following question; How can a fourth-wave feminist housing concept with co-operative housing tenure organise social reproduction spaces to support low-income families who need more time for care? The first wave of feminists utilised architecture to realise their ideas for gender equality, but some also maintained the separation between gender and exclusion of lower-class citizens. The second and third-wave feminists managed to further equal access of all genders to domains dominated by men, but they lost the spatial connection as to why women are economically obstructed from financial independence. Now during the fourth wave, there is a crisis of care related to the distance between facilities and housing, the speculation of real estate and the financial disadvantages of women. The conclusion to this research is a housing concept in which a housing and a work co-op offer the residents different spaces and facilities that offer communal and individual care forms and expression.

The city of Puntarenas in Costa Rica is one of the many examples along the country’s pacific coast, where settlements have developed and survived by the extraction/exploitation of marine resources and the chain of industries that follow. Currently, these coastal communities are being affected by an amount of socio-economical issues, some examples being the significant percentage of unemployment, pollution, ecological degradation and flooding, which on communities of the pacific coast happen on average 42 times a year. Puntarenas has a particular condition of being a territory generated by sedimentation, not only allowing for human settlement and economic activities but also manifested in the ecological processes surrounding it. The sand stretch is a result of recent sedimentation patterns, a simultaneous dynamic of littoral and sea currents which over the years resulted in a series of morphological transformations, though becoming less strong once human settlement happened. Another consequence of this morphological process is the generation of a mangrove ecosystem which for years has benefited from the sedimentation and its spatial relation with the sand stretch barrier. Now these natural dynamics have been strengthened by climate change and anthropogenic activity, increasingly threatening the future of the landscape and the life within. Under this conditions flooding will evolve from what the residents of Puntarenas have perceived so far as a temporary phenomenon to becoming a permanent event. The combination of the structural, ecological and social vulnerabilities of the site highlights the need for a more systematic approach, where the ongoing natural processes are not only making room for ecology but also enriching human life and providing resilient and adaptive measures towards the future conditions.

Like many traditional water systems, salt fields in the coastal region of Danzhou are now facing unprecedented challenges from social development and climate change. In an era of rapid urbanization and tourism development, the project aims to provide a landscape approach that balances historical preservation with the development of local public life and tourism. By exploring the potential of the landscape narrative, the project uses landscape elements such as heritage structure, local material, local plants, buildings and roads to make salt heritage, a valuable cultural heritage, a driving force for the development of traditional salt villages. When the historic, economic and ecological value of salt fields is revalued, these traditional water systems can be revived and provide more opportunities for a coastal area to develop into a resilient system.

This project focused on the relationship between speed, mobility mode, human perceptions, and the landscape, using Zaanstad in the Netherlands as a research and design site. It examined the region's transportation history, shifting from water-oriented movement to land-based mobility. The cultural shift towards a fast-paced society led to environmental issues and changed people's connection with their surroundings. The project took an experimental approach to explore a new way of travelling. It proposed the concept of an Intermotion Landscape—a hypothetical mode that interstices both fast and slow flows. This landscape serves as a bridge between different ways of mobility, aiming to provide an alternative travel experience. The design proposal also aimed to restore the lost spirit of place and strengthen the connection between people and nature. By creating meaningful connections between individuals and their surroundings, the project sought to enhance the sense of belonging and re-establish a harmonious relationship between humans and the environment.

Estuarine area, as a transition area between land and sea, is the most dynamic and complicated area, due to its unique location and diverse ecosystem, but yet it is also the most vulnerable and fragile area, as it may be plagued with flooding risk, erosion, subsidence and etc. As the diagram show below, estuary area is influenced by three systems: land. Sea and human activitities. With the rising awareness of climate change, the safety of estuarine area is becoming one of the most important concern and tough challenges for urban planners, as estuarine areas are commonly the most urbanized areas, where some metropolises are built on. How to balance the physical and socioeconomic needs of urbanized estuarine area with the risks from extreme weathers is a challenge today.

Wuyuan is located in Jiangxi province, south-east China, which is famous for its unique ancient village identity. The long-existing villages in the Wuyuan area have been running in a balance that people living and working with the water. This identity of living and working with water attracts millions of tourists. However, these vulnerable villages are not well prepared for the development of tourism. Driven by tourism, more and more villagers gave up their traditional way of living and working with water, people have less awareness of the essence and importance of these traditional treasures, they tried to embrace the tourists for earning for money for the families and better living quality. However, on the other way around, these tourists disrupt their reliable living environment... this vicious Circle turns this beautiful land to the brink. The water management imbalance caused by climate change even makes this situation worse. As a landscape designer, how to balance the circular and scenic waterscape in Wuyuan for inhabitants and tourists fascinates me. This project is to redefine the watery life in The Villages in Wuyuan to bring back inhabitants and visitors' relationship to the water. But more importantly to recall, remodel, and revitalize the watery life in the villages in the Wuyuan area.

Living in the deep polders in the deltaic landscape of the Netherlands poses large-scale challenges. Biodiversity decline, weather extremes, sea level rise, salination, the housing crisis, and subsidence affect large parts of the Netherlands. These challenges should be tackled together through the integral question of ‘what does the area need?’ instead of the more contemporary idea of adding one aspect and the rest will follow. This thesis argues that the territory-oriented approach in relation to current functions and natural and cultural value support urban development to create value in low-lying Dutch polders. In this project, a design for the Benthuizer Noordpolder is created with the use of the territory-oriented approach that regards several aspects of the project, such as urban development, water management, agriculture, and recreation. Through the investment in time, cultural and natural values, integral design, and adaption a design is created that takes a proactive stance toward the current climatic and societal challenges. This is achieved by using water as a carrier. The hypothesis of a new waterway functions as the backbone of the transition of the area. This transition allows for the reconstruction of a landscape that is related to the natural cultural landscape. Through several steps towards 2100, the vision creates a new type of urban ecosystem that has a beneficial relationship with the landscape. Infrastructure, housing, and open spaces are reconfigured to enhance the system. Through the addition of floodable housing typologies and infrastructure, a new perspective is given on the relationship with the delta which argues for a shift from extreme water management to the creation of boundaries in which the water is allowed its natural rhythm. Through the territory-oriented approach and the use of the physical conditions of the site, the landscape is transformed from barren agricultural landscape to a multifunctional landscape in which there is space for agriculture, living, and recreation. With this design, the argument is made that it is possible to propose urban development in the low-lying polders. The project’s progression from today until 2100 is not without limitations. Questions have been put about the justness, the involvement of stakeholders, and water management specifications. This design for the area of the Benthuizer Noordpolder conveys that future value can be created by reimagining infrastructure, housing, and open spaces through long-term investment.

Water in Milan has always been a founding element for civilization, especially for its urban, working, and cultural development due to the presence of rivers, water springs, and a system of artificial canals known as Navigli. Therefore, the covering of the Navigli system in 1929 in lieu of large contemporary infrastructures led to the loss of sociability at both the urban and neighbourhood scale. This change has also led to the loss of a commercial route that connected the Alpine area with the Adriatic Coast, a system that gave the city the title of Italy’s third largest harbour during the XX century. Thus, covering the Navigli deprived Milan of the traditional features that enhanced the urban space and its continuity with a more complex context. In addition, the major rivers that cross the city has been covered. This choice, together with high levels of cementing and water pollution, has resulted in an urban fabric that is discontinuous from the water-related Roman and Medieval tissues and it is increasingly affected by the urgencies of climate change. This project aims to restore the Navigli system as a replacement for some of the modern infrastructures to rehabilitate the water identity of Milan. The emergent landscape should increase urban quality by emphasizing sociability on a local scale. Attention will turn to participatory activities capable of attracting citizens to water-related spaces to create a sense of caring and belonging to the place. The project also focuses on the balance between nature and culture through an unconventional aesthetic that interact more healthily with the environment. Nowadays, the ecological network is interrupted by the infrastructure: roads define the shape of often marginalized green areas, so different ecosystems are fragmented. Thus, the linear form of canals may suggest a new ecological corridor through different urban realities.

Gouda is one of several cities in the west of the Netherlands which still have a traditional medieval core, built on the long stretches of subsiding peat ground. The effects of subsidence, combined with the removal of surface water in the last century, are now further exacerbated by the increasing threat of climate change, which results in a growing flood risk. This thesis develops a plan to improve water storage and decrease risks using green-blue spatial interventions. The capacity of such interventions is calculated in various situations, ranging from normal rainy days to extreme precipitation occurrences without support from existing technical systems. At the same time, the potential for spatial changes is tested, both through analysis and workshops with inhabitants and other stakeholders. New interventions must be closely integrated within the existing structure of the city in order to protect the monumental value of the existing medieval core and ensure the character of the city centre remains recognisable. This leads to an integrated, three-pronged strategy in which the various characteristics and problems of the city centre each result in a different approach, including both monumental protection as well as a new drive towards innovative water management practices. To further ground these strategies into the existing city structure, new street profiles are developed, which show what level and type of adaptation can be added to specific streets. Interventions are chosen in such a way that each change references an already existing element of the city without being directly derivative. Instead they evoke the character of the city without copying it. In one location, water storage was brought back from where it was removed in the 20th century, adapted in a modernized way that brings more storage capacity as well as new functions. This creates a city in which monumental buildings are protected from flooding, precipitation is safely discharged and the potential for new water experiences is re-opened.

Norway is mostly known for its natural beauty, fjords and mountains, the amazing Northern Lights and the Midnight Sun - a great intimacy with nature. However, this impression we have of Norway, does not describe the real situation in Oslo. A total length of approximately 3,400 kilometres of Oslo’s coastline is mostly covered with paved concrete for harbour industry. Rivers were sent into pipes during the process of urbanization. The relationship between water and urban life is alienated. Besides, in the wild nature, people are keen on and are encouraged to do adventures and to explore, to conquer and to experience nature. However in the city, the first idea when facing the force of nature is to hide. Urbanization had derived something from us, which is the intimacy with nature. It doesn’t mean that we don’t need it. In Oslo lives 12.8% of the population in Norway, but it only covers 1.25‰ of the land area. There are many other major cities like Oslo where citizens don’t own the privilege of being closed to nature. Why can’t they be gifted the opportunity to engage with water? At this unique place on earth, the land of ice and snow, the temperature drops frequently below zero. The changing form of water is always reshaping the scenery. This city owns unique environmental and landscape architectonic elements. In this project, people are given the opportunity to experience these qualities, the harshness and possibilities of what nature can present in this northern land, in a sheltered condition. It focuses on the basic need from us as human beings to the landscape, which is to experience. The result of this project is a serious of public spaces engaging with nature. These interventions guided by minimal principles are proposed based on the main methodology in this project. It is specifically a characteristic of individual projects and the compositional impacts they create. It also becomes a paradigm in that it reveals the presence and the quality, in general of landscape architectonic environment. Landscape Architecture should not be only about solving problems, but also about valuing a place and make it appreciable. Especially in a modern society, life is fast, busy and exhausted. Behind the method of Minimal Intervention this thesis proposed, is the thinking of, Where locates landscape architects’ ability to provide opportunity of emphasizing nature’s free gift of materials? How could we experience the qualities of space in which we live and reside?

As the capital of Peru and one of the largest metropolises in South America, Lima's rapid development has attracted worldwide attention. In recent years, the water crisis has become a pressing problem as people flock to Lima with a thirst for opportunity. Lima is located in a coastal desert area on the Pacific coast, backed by the Andes Mountains, a unique natural condition that has resulted in the formation of this 'city without rain'. The 1,2 million residents of the city obtain their daily water supply from water trucks and water tanks. However, seasonal flooding accompanies the dearth of water. The abundance of water in the Andes does not appear to alleviate Lima's water crisis; rather, the three principal rivers that originate in the Andes, Chillón, Rímac and Lurín, are always accompanied by flooding as summer approaches. At the same time, along with the unequal distribution of water resources and water pollution, residents in large cities have developed a very negative attitude towards water. In contrast, Huamantanga, located in the Andean highlands, still relies on natural groundwater recharge systems and traditional man-made water systems. However, these systems have suffered damage due to climate change and mismanagement. At the same time, for the town's residents, a single mode of production has caused population loss and the devaluation of traditional water-related practices. The graduation project proposes landscape interventions as a means of water system restoration. From the Andean highlands to the lower Chillón River, Huamantanga and Lima have the opportunity to be connected through the restoration of the water system, thus helping to alleviate Lima's water crisis. The different communities through which the water system flows are also viewed as stakeholders in sustainable water management, and the project will provide multiple environmental, social, and spiritual improvements to their water-related lives. The design framework focuses on the restoration of water systems at different scales, utilizing water as a central element. Through an in-depth study of spatial and landscape identity, the project highlights the role of the landscape in facilitating water system restoration and the consequent positive changes in people's water-related practices. The analysis zooms in on two specific sites: Huamantanga town and the floodplain located in the lower Chillón River, offering a concrete understanding of how the landscape can contribute to water system restoration and shape people's water-related lives.

This thesis initiated from a project worked on in conjunction with the PBL, the Environmental Agency of the Netherlands. The project, with PBL, follows three case studies of landscapes to research the implementation of the landscape approach for reaching the new framework of sustainable development goals, developed at the 2015 climate change talks. The landscape approach uses integrated landscape management (ILM) to attempt to achieve these SDG’s. This is with the integration of all the varying stakeholders on the landscape level to address global challenges. ILM addresses the planet and environment, economic stability and governmental agendas as well as social development. It addresses all the stakeholders in the scope of the place, for agreed management of future landscape development. The landscapes researched were firstly the Northern Coastline of Honduras, secondly the Atewa Range in Ghana and thirdly the Ihelmi Cluster in Tanzania, all three with challenging land use issues by numerous actors, both locally and globally. This thesis has come as follow up to the research, by choosing one of the landscapes; that being the Northern Coastline of Honduras, and the challenge it faces with the monopoly of palm oil agriculture. As addition to the research done on the landscape, the thesis will result in a spatial landscape design which hopes to bring the research learnt of Honduras, and knowledge gained from using the landscape approach as methodology, into a reality.

This project envisioned three futures of San Francisco dominated by three notions of nature in the upcoming Data-ism age. Nature has always been the authority to justify landscape architecture design, and its definition changes all the time. When we are dealing with long-term issues, like climate change, our actions should be justified by the future notions of nature. The prediction of future nature notions is based on the theory of Data-ism. Full efficiency, holistic perception, and comprehensive understanding will be achieved with big data and the new technologies fueled by it. Accordingly, there will emerge new notions of nature: Nature as Eco-programme, Nature as Trans-reality and Nature as Post-humanity.