In existing wind farms, the overall power output can be increased through yaw control. However, the cooperative control of start/stop, yaw and turbines positions is often overlooked, leading to wake superposition to downstream wind turbines and suboptimal power output. This paper proposes a synchronized optimized method that considers start/stop, yaw and turbines positions control based on a three-dimensional wake model and yaw flow superposition model. The objective function of the proposed strategy is to maximize the power output of the Chapman Ranch (CR) wind farm. Four cases are considered: start-stop, yaw control, start-stop & yaw control and start-stop & yaw & turbines positions control. The particle swarm algorithm is introduced to optimize the wind farm layout. According to the results, considering start-stop, yaw and turbines positions optimization can not only increase the annual power output of the wind farm by 8.85 %, but also avoid the colliding wake in the CR wind farm. However, the other three cases will cause colliding wake in some fields of the CR wind farm. This study provides important guidance on improving the overall power output of existing wind farms.

We introduce a novel simulation tool capable of calculating the energy yield of a PV system based on its fundamental material properties and using self-consistent models. Thus, our simulation model can operate without measurements of a PV device. It combines wave and ray optics and a dedicated semiconductor simulation to model the optoelectronic PV device properties resulting in the IV-curve. The system surroundings are described via spectrally resolved ray tracing resulting in a cell resolved irradiance distribution, and via the fluid dynamics-based thermal model, in the individual cell temperatures. A lumped-element model is used to calculate the IV-curves of each solar cell for every hour of the year. These are combined factoring in the interconnection to obtain the PV module IV-curves, which connect to the inverter for calculating the AC energy yield. In our case study, we compare two types of 2 terminal perovskite/silicon tandem modules with STC PV module efficiencies of 27.7% and 28.6% with a reference c-Si module with STC PV module efficiency of 20.9%. In four different climates, we show that tandem PV modules operate at 1–1.9 °C lower yearly irradiance weighted average temperatures compared to c-Si. We find that the effect of current mismatch is significantly overestimated in pure optical studies, as they do not account for fill factor gains. The specific yields in kWh/kWp of the tandem PV systems are between −2.7% and +0.4% compared to the reference c-Si system in all four simulated climates. Thus, we find that the lab performance of the simulated tandem PV system translates from the laboratory to outdoors comparable to c-Si systems.