Alternative fermentation feedstocks such as ethanol can be produced from CO₂ via electrocatalytic processes that coproduce O₂. In this study, industrial-scale fermentation of ethanol with pure O₂ for single cell protein (SCP) production was studied using a modeling approach. This approach considered (i) microbial kinetics, (ii) gas–liquid transfer, and (iii) an exploration of potential operational constraints. The technical feasibility for producing up to 58 kt/y of SCP in a 600 m³ bubble column operating in continuous mode was assessed and attributed mainly to a high O₂ transfer rate of 1.1 mol/(kg h) through the use of pure O₂. However, most of the pure O₂ fed to the fermenter remains unconsumed due to the large gas flows needed to maximize mass transfer. In addition, biomass production may be hampered by high dissolved CO₂ concentrations and by large heat production. The model estimates a microbial biomass concentration of 114 g/kg, with a yield on ethanol of 0.61 g_x/g_ethanol (> 95% (Formula presented.)). Although the large predicted O₂ transfer capacity seems technically feasible, it needs further experimental validation. The model structure allows the analysis of alternative substrates in the same way as identifying the best carbon feedstock.

The valorization of fruit-derived residues under the biorefinery concept has been a topic of interest in the last years due to the presence of high value-added substances in their composition. However, feasible alternatives for their implementation at an industrial level are still being developed since the abundance of pectin and extractives has made its biorefining challenging compared to conventional lignocellulosic residues. In this study, the sequential valorization of Orange Residues (OR) in a biorefinery was evaluated following the principles of biomass cascading and considering the composition of residual streams as a valuable input to maximize recovery after each processing step, without focusing on a sole product. To extract full value from the side-streams, fermentation with conventional and non-conventional yeasts was explored. The proposed biorefinery sequence produced essential oils, phenolic compounds, pectin, and fermentable sugars that were later converted to ethanol, xylitol, and single-cell protein. A detailed mass balance allowed to track compositional changes throughout the cascade and identify how extraction substances accumulate after each step, affecting further processing and side-stream utilization. The sequence proposed in this work extracted/transformed ∼85 % of the initial biomass into value-added products.

Residues from orange processing are being continuously generated in vast amounts due to the increasing demand for this fruit and its byproducts worldwide. The valorization of Orange Residues is challenging in contrast to conventional “lignocellulosic residues” since this fruit-derived biomass contains high amounts of pectin and an extractive fraction rich in sugars, essential oils, and polyphenols. The relative amounts of these fractions are highly influenced by the juice/pulp extraction process. Even though several studies have explored how to produce added value from this biomass, it is necessary to compare how different techniques and operating conditions influence the bioactive compounds that can be recovered and the remnant biomass after processing. This study compares essential oil extraction, solvent extraction, and acid hydrolysis for fermentable sugar and pectin production to elucidate a feasible sequence for a biorefinery from Orange Residues. From our results, it was proposed a technically feasible sequence that maximizes the yields of i) essential oils (0.70 ± 0.05 g/ 100 g DM) from steam distillation (4 h, 1500 W), ii) naringin (0.19 g/100 g DM), hesperidin (1.27 g/100 g DM), and glucose (3.9 g/100 g DM) from solid-liquid extraction (Ethanol 61.6 % (w/v), 45.8 °C, 155.5 min, and 5 % (w/v) biomass load), iii) pectin (25.24 g/100 g DM) from citric acid hydrolysis (pH 1.5, 90 °C, 82.1 min, and 5 % (w/v) biomass load), and iv) glucose (12.41 g/100 g DM) and xylose (10.13 g/100 g DM) from sulfuric acid hydrolysis (Sulfuric acid 0.68 % (w/v), 121 °C, 24.1 min, and 7.32 % (w/v) biomass load), in a biorefinery scheme.

Coffee processing encompasses the conversion of coffee cherries into marketable products, including the removal of outer layers to produce green coffee and, in extended chains, their roasting into roasted coffee, and grinding into ground coffee. Calculating the carbon footprint (CF) in coffee processing is crucial for identifying and mitigating key sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Utilizing the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, the current study quantifies the CF associated with Robusta dry coffee processing by collecting primary data through interviews with coffee producers and visits to coffee processing units, roasting, and grinding facilities in Wayanad, India. The study identifies GHG emission hotspots across two scenarios. Scenario A includes transportation of dried coffee beans from farm to coffee processing unit, green coffee production, packaging, roasting, and grinding at a local unit, while Scenario B covers local transportation of green coffee beans from India to The Netherlands, green coffee production, packaging, and its transportation from India to The Netherlands. Cultivation and harvesting of coffee cherries, consumer-level preparation and use, and disposal of coffee products are outside the scope of this study. The functional unit is defined as 1 kg of green coffee for both scenarios. Findings show that the CF equals 0.62 and 0.38 kg CO_2eq per kg of green coffee for scenarios A and B, respectively. Roasting (78 % of CF), and sea transportation (66 % of CF) emerged as the main hotspots of GHG emissions for scenario A, and scenario B, respectively.

This research estimates the number of agricultural residues burned in open field, their pollutant emissions and the energy lost in the 2,476 municipalities that make up Mexico. The emissions of Particulate Matter 10 (PM10) and 2.5 (PM2.5), Black Carbon (BC), Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Methane Gas (CH4) at the municipal level were estimated. The bioenergy loss was also estimated, in terms of anhydrous ethanol. In addition, the economic value lost was estimated, as well as the amount of gasoline that could have been oxygenated at 6 % volume and the percentage of participation in the national gasoline demand. The results, aggregated at the national level, show that Mexico annually incinerates 4.1 million tons of corn stover which emits 13,662 tons of PM10, 11,178 tons of PM2.5, 787 tons of BC, 7.2 million tons of CO2 and 8,653 tons of CH4 to the atmosphere. If this amount of biomass were used to produce anhydrous ethanol, a volume of 1,106 million liters, worth US$840 million, could be produced, which might also be used to oxygenate 18,425 million liters of gasoline, covering approximately 100 % of the national demand for this biofuel. The results provide empirical evidence on open burning of agricultural residues in Mexico and can be used to design public policies to reduce the country's share of global pollutant emissions.

This study aims to design and evaluate the techno-economic feasibility of socially just and context-specific biohubs for producing marine biofuels based on olive residues with hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) in Spain, using existing infrastructures. The conceptual process and biohubs design are co-designed using a multi-actor approach, involving local stakeholders through participatory methods, with the help of a Capability-sensitive design. The material and energy balances (from Aspen Plus simulations) are used to evaluate the technical and economic performance (such as capital expenses, operational costs, and minimum fuel selling price) of biohub. 21 possible scenarios are investigated to understand the impact of design aspects (such as scale, distributed configuration, and co-processing) on the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP). The MFSP of the HTL biofuels varied by a factor of 0.6–3.1 compared to the conventional fossil-based fuels. Additionally, co-processing of HTL bio-crude at existing petroleum refineries reduces equipment costs by 16%. The study also recommends that the minimum scale of the HTL facilities should be between 588–882 dry tons per day (DTPD) of crude olive pomace processing capacity, to benefit from economies of scale. Overall, the investigation shows an economically feasible way to develop context-relevant olive residue-based biohubs for marine biofuel production with existing infrastructures in Spain, while ensuring social justice near biomass production sites. We argue this approach can be replicated in the other olive-producing regions in the Mediterranean and conclude that olive residues from the Mediterranean region have a huge potential to provide alternative advanced “drop-in” biofuels for the shipping sector.

This research explores the optimization of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) production in Colombia, emphasizing economic and environmental factors. It examines feedstock availability, production technologies Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ), Fischer-Tropsch (FT), and geographical considerations to determine the Minimum Fuel Selling Price (MFSP) of SAF. The environmental analysis employs a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), considering CO2 emissions at each value chain step with an energy allocation factor for equitable carbon footprint distribution. Results highlight increased SAF demand in urban centers, necessitating diverse biomass sourcing. Fischer-Tropsch proves efficient but with high energy requirements impacting costs, while Alcohol-to-Jet offers an alternative leveraging existing bioethanol facilities. The study emphasizes data sensitivity importance, addressing limitations and showcasing 0.072 USD/L change for 1% allocation change and 0.03 USD per liter for 1% conversion drop in Gas-to-Liquid Fuel, and 0.04 USD/L for allocation and 0.1 USD/L for 1% conversion drop in Alcohol-to-Jet. Compared to prior work, this research provides detailed economic and environmental insights, extending analysis depth and acknowledging limitations, thereby enhancing research comprehensiveness and applicability.

Purpose
This work aims to provide insights on the application of social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) in evaluating the social impacts associated with municipal wastewater treatment (WWT). The study assesses the social risks and social performance of two municipal WWT systems in Catalonia, Spain: a conventional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) (Reference System) and a novel system that recovers water and other valuable resources (Novel System).

Methods
S-LCA was conducted at Generic and Site-Specific levels using 1 m3 of wastewater treatment as the functional unit (FU). The Generic assessment was conducted via the Product Social Impact Life Cycle Assessment (PSILCA) database, while the Site-Specific assessment employed the Subcategory Assessment Method (SAM) with four-level reference scales to assess the social performance of the WWTP operator and its first-tier suppliers. Furthermore, activity variables were calculated based on organizations’ shares in the total costs per FU, and the Novel System’s multifunctionality was solved through economic allocation. Results were aggregated by (i) assigning equal weights to organizations and (ii) factoring in organizations’ weights and the allocation factor, leading to results per FU.

Results and discussion
The Generic analysis results indicated that the Novel System entailed fewer social risks than the Reference System. Most social risks in both systems occurred in the subcategories “Access to material resources,” “Fair salary,” “Freedom of association and collective bargaining,” “Contribution to economic development,” and “Corruption.” In the Site-Specific assessment, the Novel System presented better social performance than the Reference System per 1 m3 of wastewater treatment. The latter’s performance per FU did not meet the basic requirement in four out of eleven subcategories, mainly due to the performance and weight of a chemical supplier. Allocation greatly benefitted the Novel System’s results per FU compared to the results obtained when equal weights were applied.

Conclusions
Activity variables were used to connect organizations’ conduct with particular WWT systems, and multifunctionality was solved. This approach allowed for obtaining results per FU at both assessment levels. However, social performance was also evaluated by calculating the average social performance of each system without considering activity variables and the FU, leading to different results. The social performance of the Novel System per FU was satisfactory across all subcategories but required improvement in four subcategories based on the average results. Given the limitations of using activity variables and allocation in S-LCA, further research is necessary to appropriately evaluate and compare the social effects of novel resource recovery systems.

The production of capital goods is often ignored in the life cycle inventory phase of life cycle assessment studies. In this study, we investigated whether capital goods production, i.e., manufacturing of capital equipment and construction of infrastructure, and operation affect the results of the social life cycle assessment (S-LCA), using a case study of a desalination plant with multiple co-products in Lampedusa, Italy. The assessment was conducted using the PSILCA database to evaluate 20 impact subcategories and four stakeholder categories: Workers, Value chain actors, Society and Local community. Monetary data were collected for the manufacturing of equipment, labor and miscellaneous work during plant construction, working hours of employees during operation, consumed electricity and chemicals, and recovered materials during operation. Furthermore, multi-functionality was addressed through substitution, system expansion, and economic allocation to examine how these approaches affected the results. The functional unit was 1 m³ industrial water. Equipment manufacturing and plant construction contributed up to 15% to stakeholder categories and between 2% and 75% to impact subcategories of the substitution approach, and up to 51% for impact subcategories of system expansion and economic allocation. Equipment manufacturing and plant construction contributed to a high extent to “Health and safety” (of Workers), “Discrimination” and “Local employment” due to the construction and electrical sectors. Credits in substitution lead to a lower contribution of the operational stage and negative societal impact values. If S-LCA practitioners must limit the considered impact subcategories, for generic or site-specific analysis, the “Health and safety” (Workers), “Local employment”, and “Fair salary” should be investigated.

The aim of this study is to introduce and showcase the applicability of the ‘Green-by-Design method’, a tool created by the cooperative Cosun that integrates different indicators involving economic, environmental, inherent safety and health aspects for comparative analysis at an early design stage. Two case studies are presented to exemplify the evaluation principles and steps considered along the ‘Green-by-Design method’: ethylene glycol production and fava bean protein isolate extraction. The results indicate that the ‘Green-by-Design method’ provides a comprehensive comparison of different design concepts, by combining various indicators into a single score, enabling sustainability to be an integral aspect in the decision-making during an early design phase.

Compositional data on vegetable biomass is widely available from research papers and online databases. However, the high diversity of biomass characteristics and composition represents a challenge for researchers and companies willing to produce novel substances from residues, and that should decide on the best and most feasible options for their use as feedstocks. The present study constructed a database with information gathered from the proximate, ultimate, and chemical composition of different biomass residues that can be used for data analysis and classification to elucidate better how they can be valorized. Different data clustering techniques were implemented to determine how compositional data can be segmented. The identified groups, that contained residues with similar characteristics, allowed to have an insight into the valorization of these biomasses, which can be used as an initial tool for biorefinery design. The use of data clustering facilitated the identification of different types of biomasses in a systematic way, which until now has not been reported in the literature.

Fruit waste (FW), mainly from agroindustry, is currently left behind in landfills despite its rich composition. The bioactive compounds (e.g., oils, polyphenols), carbohydrates, and lignin present in this biomass type require comprehensive characterization (i.e., identification and quantification) before they can be used as raw materials in biorefineries. This review collected information from scientific papers on FW compositional analysis methods and characterization data; the information needs to be compiled in a systematic, standardized, and comprehensive way to understand and quantify the true potential of FW as feedstocks for biorefineries. The information gathered in this review allowed us to identify the biomass fractions that could be valorized further depending on the kind of FW (peels, seeds, or seed vessels, and pomace or mixed residues). Fruit waste differs from conventional lignocellulosic biomass due to the presence of higher amounts (>5%) of extractives – pectin, and starch. This review describes current compositional analysis methodologies to identify possible strengths and weaknesses that could affect the adequate selection of valorization platforms. As no current methodology allows the composition of FW to be described thoroughly, this work identifies procedures applicable to biorefineries that use FW. Possible improvements are suggested to fill methodological gaps in the quantification of samples with large amounts of extractives and pectin. The standardization of methods for FW's quantification is fundamental for the adequate integration of different valorization platforms into biorefineries. It is essential to consider all the substances present in FW to exploit fully their potential for new value-added molecules, including oils, polyphenols, and pectin.

This study assesses the economic and environmental implications of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) production using Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) and Gasification Fischer-Tropsch (GFT) technologies, focusing on Colombian lignocellulosic feedstocks and evaluating key performance indicators such as yield, minimum fuel selling price, and life cycle assessment. GFT demonstrates promising results, yielding and Minimum Fuel Selling Price (MFSP) of about 1.3 USD/L and a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of 3.2 to 7.7 gCO2 eq/MJ. However, its scalability is constrained by the volumes it manages. On the other hand, ATJ has an MFSP between 1.9 and 2.4 USD/L. Aligned with aviation industry goals for carbon-neutral growth, this analysis provides valuable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders, supporting informed decisions toward sustainable aviation fuel adoption in the Colombian context.

The aeronautical sector faces challenges in meeting its net-zero ambition by 2050. To achieve this target, much effort has been devoted to exploring sustainable aviation fuels (SAF). Accordingly, we evaluated the technical performance of potential SAF production in an integrated first- and second-generation sugarcane biorefinery focusing on Brazil. The CO2 equivalent and the renewability exergy indexes were used to assess environmental performance and impact throughout the supply chain. In addition, exergy efficiency (ηB) and average unitary exergy costs (AUEC) were used as complementary metrics to carry out a multi-criteria approach to determine the overall performance of the biorefinery pathways. The production capacity assumed for this analysis covers 10% of the fuel demand in 2020 at the international Brazilian airports of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, leading to a base capacity of 210 kt jet fuel/y. The process design includes sugarcane bagasse and straw as the feedstock of the biochemical processes, including diverse pre-treatment methods to convert lignocellulosic resources to biojet fuel, and lignin upgrade alternatives (cogeneration, fast pyrolysis, and gasification Fischer-Tropsch). The environmental analysis for all scenarios shows a GHG reduction potential due to a decrease of up to 30% in the CO2 equivalent exergy base emissions compared to fossil-based jet fuel.

The iron and steel industry is responsible for 30% of all industrial CO2 emissions, largely emitted via hot Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) gas (CO, H2, CO2). Gas fermentation can convert the BOF gas into valuable chemicals such as the disinfectant and platform chemical isopropyl alcohol (IPA), which is currently only produced with petrochemical cracking. The goal of this research was to model the state-of-the-art industrial-scale BOF gas fermentation to IPA and identify the key process parameters affecting technical performance. The designed and modelled industrial-scale process was based on the published LanzaTech technology with Clostridium autoethanogenum. In the process model, the IPA is purified through extractive distillation with pure glycerol as an entrainer. During sensitivity analysis, eleven process parameters were investigated for their effect on the eighteen chosen technical Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). These process parameters are (product selectivity (YIPA/CO), CO volumetric mass transfer rate (VMTCO), CO conversion, reactor dilution rate (D), temperature off-gas condenser, biomass separation liquid loss, extractive distillation glycerol mole fraction, extractive distillation molar reflux ratio, glycerol recycle purge, broth recycle purge and anaerobic digestion waste conversion). The sensitivity analysis identified that the key technical parameters affecting the KPIs are the gas fermentation parameters (CO conversion, VMTCO, YIPA/CO, and D) as well as the biomass filtration liquid loss. Moreover, increasing CO conversion, VMTCO, YIPA/CO as well as decreasing D and the biomass filtration liquid loss all individually had the greatest positive impact on the KPIs. Thus, this study has successfully synthesised and modelled a state-of-the-art industrial-scale BOF gas fermentation to IPA process and identified the key process parameters to improve its technical process performance. These findings can be used both to optimise the BOF gas fermentation to IPA process, and perform further economic evaluations and environmental impact assessment.

The sustainable supply of water is crucial, especially on islands where water is scarce. Our study applied the social life cycle assessment (S-LCA), under the organizational approach, to assess industrial water production on the island of Lampedusa, Italy. A novel plant for industrial water production considering a circular concept was compared with the existing linear production plant based on reverse osmosis. An online survey, brief literature review and generic analysis were conducted to prioritize impact subcategories selection for site-specific analysis that regarded six organizations in the system boundaries. These subcategories were Local employment, Access to material resources, Promoting social responsibility, End-of-life responsibility, Health and safety (Workers), and Public commitment to sustainability issues. The social performance of organizations involved was assessed based on equal weighting and weighting with cost values. The generic analysis showed that wastewater treatment in Italy is underdeveloped, and water scarcity can become a serious problem in the future. The site-specific analysis based on equal weighting showed that the novel water plant results in improving social performance for all considered impact subcategories by 88 % to 91 % due to co-production when compared with the existing plant. Even increasing impacts allocation to industrial water production social benefits are still expected due to co-production. The type of weighting based on cost values showed that two organizations are the main contributors to the social performance of the novel system, and improving their corporate conduct can result in improving impacts up to 25 %, such as Public commitment to sustainability issues. To conclude, the novel plan does provide social benefits but mainly due to co-production, thus, it should be investigated more how to apply the S-LCA to linear production systems as they become more circular.

In the last few years, healthy foods have increasingly attracted consumers' interest, leading to an increase in sales worldwide. Using by-products from the agroindustry to produce healthy/fortified foods is a promising approach since peels and seeds of fruits have significant amounts of bioactive compounds. In this sense, this work evaluated the possibility to add fractions recovered from residues of orange, lime, and peach palm in a food product. First, the proximate, ultimate, and chemical composition of the residues was determined to identify the main substances that could be valorized. Then, the selected high-value-added molecules extracted from fruit residues were used to formulate a high-fiber brownie. A Box-Behnken experimental design was used to determine if fat replacement, flour replacement, and the addition of encapsulated extracts influenced the food product's color, texture, and humidity which were determined from the analysis of the texture profile of the samples. It was possible to identify with the help of an electronic tongue a formulation with similar properties to a commercial brownie but with enhanced functional properties due to the novel ingredients added, which could potentially improve consumers' health.

Advanced biofuels from thermochemical liquefaction, such as pyrolysis (PY) and Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), of olive residues in the Andalusian region of Spain (specifically in the province of Jaen) can potentially play a crucial role in the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the maritime sector. In this study, an attributional life-cycle assessment (ALCA) was performed to estimate and compare the GHG emissions for producing marine biofuels via pyrolysis and HTL from olive pomace (COP) and pruning biomass (OTPB), to provide 1 megajoule (MJ) of marine biofuel, as a functional unit. For convenience, the different technology-feedstock combination scenarios are represented as scenario 1 (PY_COP), scenario 2 (PY_OTPB), scenario 3 (HTL_COP), and scenario 4 (HTL_OTPB). The life-cycle GHG emissions of the biofuels were 42.0, 44.1, 22.1, and 32.1 g CO₂-eq/MJ for PY_COP, PY_OTPB, HTL_COP and HTL_OTPB scenarios, respectively, corresponding to 47–73% GHG emissions reduction compared with petroleum fuels. The scenarios were also evaluated based on other impact categories such as Sulphur dioxide in the air, Nitrogen oxides in the air, Particulates in the air, and Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) in the air. The scenarios reduced the SO₂ emissions, Nitrogen emissions, NVMOCs, and particulates in the air by at least 50%, 90%, 20%, and 25% respectively in comparison to fossil fuels. A contribution analysis revealed that olive cultivation and upgrading as hot spots for emission in pyrolysis-based systems. Likewise, HTL conversion and upgrading steps were emitting more emissions for an HTL-based system. Therefore, marine biofuel obtained through the thermochemical conversion of olive residues has better environmental performance on a life cycle basis, with a preference for HTL based system over pyrolysis.

To be the first carbon-neutral continent by 2050, the European Union (EU) should decarbonize the aviation sector. According to the ReFuel initiative, sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) are crucial in reducing carbon emissions from the sector. The Clean Sky 2 program by the EU commission, shortlisted four promising technologies - hydro-processed esters and fatty acids (HEFA), Fischer–Tropsch (FT), fast pyrolysis (FP), and alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) for the production of SAFs from bio-based sources. This study addresses the potential of these four technologies to reduce net and total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the aviation sector. With a focus on mapping feedstock availability in 33 European countries for meeting the national demand in 2030. The investigation identified the best pathway combinations for each country, having the highest GHG emissions reduction while satisfying fuel demand when considering different degrees of biomass competition. Without any political and economic barriers to SAF production and biomass competition, we estimated a sufficient biomass supply exists to support the European SAF demand across all forecasted scenarios in 2030.

Purpose: Gold mining has historically and significantly contributed to the Colombian economy. Gold extraction in Colombia is mainly done through two techniques: open-pit and alluvial mining. In this study, the environmental impacts of both these mining systems were analyzed using the life cycle assessment (LCA) framework, including identification of the system components that contribute most to impacts. Methods: Inventory data were obtained for two medium-scale mines in Colombia, one representing the open-pit method and the other the alluvial method. Environmental impacts were classified and characterized by mid-point impact categories and further aggregated into end-point indicators through the ReCiPe (v. 1.11) methodology, which uses a hierarchist perspective. Results: Results for end-point indicators show that the open-pit mining presents higher values in the human health damage category, influenced primarily by tailings and by the excavation process. For the alluvial mining, the overall impacts were an order of magnitude lower, with ecosystem quality as the most significant contributor due to the stripping of soil and vegetation. In the case of mid-point indicators, freshwater and marine ecotoxicity contribute the most to open-pit mining, while for alluvial mining, metal depletion and natural land transformation contribute the most. Climate change is also a significant impact category for alluvial and open-pit mining. Conclusions: The is a substantial difference in environmental impacts between the two mining systems: the quantified total environmental impact was 1.0 × 10⁰⁴ points for the open-pit mine and 2.4 × 10⁰³ points for the alluvial mine. Since these mines represent specific Colombian operational conditions, this conclusion cannot be confidently extended to other operational contexts. For example, results in other cases may depend on the local geological features and natural environment conditions. Knowing the critical mining supply chain stages for environmental performance will allow the decision-makers to provide the tools for more sustainable extraction and production.