The Your Turn guidebook is a step-by-step instruction for teachers (in training) to create and implement their own design projects for upper primary and lower secondary education. It provides an overview of the variety of tools for Co-design projects with children, a step-by-step guidance, advice on the approach and striking examples. Performing these kind of projects, students gain experience with designing around appealing themes from their daily life.The guidebook is based on the results of the research project Co-design with Kids, funded by Dutch research organizations NRO and NWO. In this project researchers from Delft University of Technology and a large consortium of scientific and public partners have collaborated with teachers and pupils. This guide provides support for building co-design processes that benefit both designers and the participants@en

Het lespakket ‘Ontwerp een buitenles’ is onderdeel van de nieuwe serie ontwerplessen ‘Your Turn – aan de slag als echte ontwerpers’ voor de bovenbouw primair onderwijs en onderbouw voortgezet onderwijs. Gebaseerd op recent wetenschappelijk onderzoek, bevat de handleiding een rijkdom aan mogelijkheden voor ontwerpend leren. Met Your Turn heeft de leerkracht een kant-en-klaar pakket in handen om creativiteit, communicatie en empathie te bevorderen. Hiermee doen leerlingen ervaring op met ontwerpen rond aansprekende thema’s uit de eigen leeromgeving. Elke handleiding bevat een aantal nieuwe werkvormen voor ontwerpend leren, bijvoorbeeld de omgevingsvlog, kiezen met een keuzekruis en het geven van feedback die inspireert@en

Design feedback is an essential pedagogical tool that can help young novice designers navigate divergent and convergent paths while designing. However, design feedback is often met with resistance, which counteracts its potential to help novice designers evaluate their design and generate new solution directions. In this paper, we report on the construction and utilization of a design feedback intervention during a real-life design project with a group of primary school children (aged 8–12). The goal of the intervention was to stimulate young novice designers’ creative thinking by guiding the design feedback dialogues with their peers and clients. The intervention was designed according to the following key principles: (1) guide towards a shared understanding of the design through low-level convergent feedback, (2) stimulate critical reflection and evaluation of the design to help identify and internalize possible shortcomings through high-level convergent feedback, and (3) provide a way to move forward by guiding new generative thoughts through high-level divergent feedback. Overall, the results show that the intervention can support young novice designers, their peers, and clients in engaging in constructive feedback dialogues, thereby stimulating their creative thinking. Our main contribution entails a detailed understanding of the successes and obstacles within the feedback dialogues, as guided by the intervention. Based on these results, we propose a set of refined design principles to inform feedback interventions. With this research we hope to give insight in the complexity of design feedback dialogues, while also inspiring design educators to actively try out these key principles.

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Het lespakket ‘Zenna in het ziekenhuis’ is onderdeel van de nieuwe serie ontwerplessen ‘Your Turn – aan de slag als echte ontwerpers’ voor de bovenbouw primair onderwijs en onderbouw voortgezet onderwijs. Gebaseerd op recent wetenschappelijk onderzoek, bevat de handleiding een rijkdom aan mogelijkheden voor ontwerpend leren. Met Your Turn heeft de leerkracht een kant-en-klaar pakket in handen om creativiteit, communicatie en empathie te bevorderen. Hiermee doen leerlingen ervaring op met ontwerpen rond aansprekende thema’s uit de eigen leeromgeving. Elke handleiding bevat een aantal nieuwe werkvormen voor ontwerpend leren, bijvoorbeeld gebruiken van verhalen, brainstormen met plaatjes, kiezen met een keuzekruis en het maken van een videostrip.@en

Het lespakket ‘Presenteer je gymidee’ is onderdeel van de nieuwe serie ontwerplessen ‘Your Turn – aan de slag als echte ontwerpers’ voor de bovenbouw primair onderwijs en onderbouw voortgezet onderwijs. Gebaseerd op recent wetenschappelijk onderzoek, bevat de handleiding een rijkdom aan mogelijkheden voor ontwerpend leren. Met Your Turn heeft de leerkracht een kant-en-klaar pakket in handen om creativiteit, communicatie en empathie te bevorderen. Hiermee doen leerlingen ervaring op met ontwerpen rond aansprekende thema’s uit de eigen leeromgeving. Elke handleiding bevat een aantal nieuwe werkvormen voor ontwerpend leren, bijvoorbeeld de omgekeerde brainstorm, puzzelen met ontwerppresentaties en het maken van een oplossingsverhaal.@en

In ‘Your Turn voor de leerkracht’ staan voor stap- voor stap instructies waarmee leerkrachten (in opleiding) een ontwerpproject over een eigen thema kunnen opzetten en uitvoeren voor de bovenbouw primair onderwijs en onderbouw voortgezet onderwijs. Hiermee doen leerlingen
ervaring op met ontwerpen rond aansprekende thema’s uit de eigen leeromgeving. Gebaseerd op recent wetenschappelijk onderzoek, bevat de handleiding een rijkdom aan mogelijkheden voor real-life ontwerpend leren. Met Your Turn heeft de leerkracht tal van werkvormen in handen om creativiteit, communicatie en empathie te bevorderen, bijvoorbeeld omgekeerd brainstormen, werken met persona’s, kiezen met een keuzekruis of het maken van een videostrip. De handleiding geeft concrete aanwijzingen om het niveau van ontwerpend leren te verhogen. Het bouwt voort op een serie toegepaste lespakketten ‘Your Turn – aan de slag als echte ontwerpers’, zie de achterflap.@en

Het lespakket ‘Gymmen in de Toekomst’ is onderdeel van de nieuwe serie ontwerplessen ‘Your Turn – aan de slag als echte ontwerpers’ voor de bovenbouw primair onderwijs en onderbouw voortgezet onderwijs. Gebaseerd op recent wetenschappelijk onderzoek, bevat de handleiding een rijkdom aan mogelijkheden voor ontwerpend leren. Met Your Turn
heeft de leerkracht een kant-en-klaar pakket in handen om creativiteit, communicatie en empathie te bevorderen. Hiermee doen leerlingen ervaring op met ontwerpen rond aansprekende thema’s uit de eigen leeromgeving. Elke handleiding bevat een aantal nieuwe werkvormen voor ontwerpend leren, bijvoorbeeld de omgevingsvlog, brainstormen
met plaatjes, kiezen met een keuzekruis en het geven van feedback die inspireert.@en

In this paper, we explore the early indicators of design fixation occurring during the concept development stage of children’s design processes. This type of fixation, which we named: concept fixation, causes a blind adherence to the current (possibly unfavourable) state of a design idea. Its occurrence hampers the creative thinking processes present in a design process, which in turn stagnates the development of initial design ideas into final designs. Until now, research on design fixation has mainly focussed on creative idea generation in the early phases of the design process through analysing (intermediate) design ideas and completed artefacts. However, children’s fixation behaviours might be identified at an earlier moment through the conversations that take place in the classroom about their design ideas. To this end, we present a case study in which we explored early indicators of concept fixation of a group of 24 primary school children (ages 9–11) carrying out a co-design project. Fixation was observed through the manner in which the design teams responded to questions and comments from their peers and the client. Four categories of response behaviours indicating concept fixation emerged from the verbal data, namely: ‘band-aids’, ‘already-in-there’, ‘question-not-relevant’ and ‘it’s-not-possible’. We expect that the indicators will be helpful in identifying concept fixation during the design process, especially in an educational context. The process of identification of fixation, and reflecting on it, creates awareness. This is considered as an important step by professional designers towards guarding oneself from fixation episodes in future projects, and thus being more creative.

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In this paper, we explore the divergent and convergent nature of design feedback and the various responses to this feedback from a group of 24 young novice designers (primary school children age 9-11) taking part in a co-design project. Earlier research emphasizes that feedback can encourage a designer to take divergent as well as convergent paths during their design process (Cardoso, Eris, Badke-schaub, & Aurisicchio, 2014; Yilmaz & Daly, 2014, 2016). Yet our previous research shows, that feedback given to primary school children while designing does not always spark creative thinking (Schut, Klapwijk, Gielen, Van Doorn, & De Vries, 2019). We presume that the responses we found might have been influenced by the type of feedback that preceded them. Therefore, we have elaborated on the results we’ve previously uncovered with an additional analysis of the same case study. This additional analysis shows that divergent feedback given by peers or a client will not necessarily promote divergent thinking processes, whereas convergent feedback will not necessarily promote convergent thinking. Furthermore, responses indicating resistance towards the feedback given were widespread. However, we believe that feedback from clients and peers can still be a fruitful strategy in learning to be creative and in promoting divergent thinking (DT) and convergent thinking (CT) and end with suggestions on how this might be achieved.@en

This paper presents a co-design project in a school with 16 children ages 10 to 11 in which three learning goals were defined upfront: creativity, empathy, and collaboration. The first part of the paper demonstrates how these co-design skills were implemented through an iterative process of explanation, practice, reflection, and application. Based on the results of post-interviews and short questionnaires, the second part discusses children's assessments of these skills. Whereas children reported fluctuations in applying these skills, the findings show an overall positive trend towards the end of the project. In future work, these findings will be triangulated with observational data.

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This study is carried out within the context of a research and innovation
project Co-design with Kids that aims to support teaching of broad so-called ‘21st
century’ skills. In this project, design toolboxes for use within primary education
are developed and studied, with real life clients and assignments. In the case
described in this paper, the assignment was to create new concepts for physical
education (PE). To be able to assess the value of design outcomes created in a
co-design trajectory by children, we compared their design outcomes to those
created in a similar design process by professionals. Six teams of children (n=21,
11-12 years old) and three teams of professionals (n=10, with a background in
design, sports or physical education) developed concepts in separate co-creation
sessions. We present a first assessment of the differences and similarities in
creativity of the design outcomes of the two groups. This assessment of textual
summaries shows no remarkable differences between design outcomes of
children and those of professionals in terms of elaboration, originality and
relevance. This indicates that children could be involved as design partners.
Further research is needed to gain insight into the specific value of involving
children as design partners.@en

This paper explores patterns in the feedback preceding instances of design fixation in children (age 9 to 11) carrying out a co-design project. Our goal is to find ways to improve the early mastering of their divergent (DT) and convergent thinking (CT) skills, which in turn will help the children to develop their creative abilities. Previous research has shown that children who participate in a design process experience difficulty in adjusting, changing and elaborating previously selected design ideas. This dynamic is referred to as design fixation. In the case study presented here we analysed the feedback preceding the fixation moments of the children, using Eris’s question-driven design model. We found that most of the feedback was convergent in nature and, additionally, that feedback that could be considered divergent did, for the most part, not spark any DT processes within the design teams. We presume that the expectations and assumptions that were implicitly present in the feedback has negatively influenced the possibility of any new DT processes. Based on the conclusions of this research we will explore new methods and tools stimulating divergent feedback in order to prevent and overcome design fixation during the children’s design process.@en

This paper explores how co-design activities in schools can contribute to developing children's empathy. A pilot case study is presented in which eight 10- to 12-yearold children participated. The design theme was outdoor education. After discussing the co-design procedure, preliminary results about three empathic techniques are discussed: (1) reflection on the role of empathy in design, (2) storytelling to introduce the design challenge, and (3) defining the needs and wishes of the story's protagonists. The lessons learned are taken into account in a comprehensive follow-up study.

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Today, it has been broadly acknowledged in the CCI community that children are not only active learners and users of technology, but can also actively participate in the design process. However, it remains challenging to analyze children's experiences and creative contributions resulting from co-design activities (e.g. stories, paper prototypes, enacted ideas). This workshop will explore different ways to analyze children's (0 to 18 years) experiences and contributions in co-design activities, the perceived benefits and challenges of these approaches, and will serve as a venue for synthesizing productive practices that will move the CCI community forward.

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This paper explores indicators of design fixation by following the development of the design ideas of a group of primary school children (age 10-12) carrying out a co-design project. Our goal is to find ways to improve the early mastering of DT (Diverging Thinking) and CT (Converging Thinking) skills, which in turn will help them to develop their creative abilities. The case study presented here indicates that the children showed adherence to the initial design idea and a lack of openness for divergent thinking at some points in the later stages of the design process, which led to little or no development of their design idea. Furthermore, we observed that the occurrence of design fixation in later stages of the design process has a negative influence on the creative development of the design idea. We grouped moments indicating design fixation into four categories that emerged from the data, which we named: “Band-aids”, “Already taken care of”, “Question not used for elaboration” and “It’s not possible”. We expect that these categories we found, which could be classified as indicators, will be helpful for a facilitator in identifying design fixation during the design process and adjusting the facilitation techniques accordingly. We expect these indicators to be present in sessions with students on different educational levels, which make these findings relevant to the education of future design professionals.@en