This thesis explores how strategic and communication design can have an influence on the adoption process of blockchain or distributed ledger technology. It does so through dividing the thesis into four parts: Discover, Define, Develop and Deliver. In short: Discover: What is found is that distributed ledger development is a technology push development. Companies only explore the technical possibilities and the viability and desirability of the technology are underexposed. This has caused for a chasm to appear between the enthusiasts and the rest of business and society. Define: Through a set of interviews it is discovered distributed ledger technology can grow the fastest if it is developed in a collaborative setting. For this to happen, more people need to join in the movement. It is determined that a new mindset needs to be created. A mindset that is daring, bold and experiment friendly. Failure should be seen as a learning moment. Develop: To make sure companies can engage in mindset development, a tool is created. This tool is based upon the realisation that an immersive and playful experience is the best way to reach an audience. Thus, a workshop is developed, based on a set of canvasses. Define: As this thesis follows a lean development cycle, a simple prototype is developed. This prototype is then iterated upon through testing, reflecting and redesigning. In the end, a design of four canvasses and a booklet is created that help companies to on-board new partners. What was found, is that strategic and communication design are two fields that compliment each other in just right way to influence the adoption of DLT. Through the iterative and user focused process of strategic design, tools were created that help people to understand the complexity of DLT through a simple and smooth experience. At the same time, communication design provided the exact approach needed in guiding a group of people through the multiple layers of complexity of DLT-ecosystems. By understanding the abstraction of their own context in contrast to the technological possibilities, new understanding and appreciation of networked-collaboration was created. This new-found appreciation should ultimately result in a foundation of common ground and understanding, upon which the adoption of DLT can be built and spread.

Hydrogen technology offers a promising opportunity to mitigate problems that arise due to the energy transition. It can enable storage and balancing for surplus in electricity production from intermittent resources as solar energy and wind power. Electrolysis converts green electricity into hydrogen. Hydrogen is suggested to be introduced into the current natural gas grid as sustainable replacement of natural gas in households. This allows for reduction of CO2 emissions and heating buildings that are not easily insulated. The number of poorly insulated homes is difficult using electrical low temperature heat pumps. Even though hydrogen offers many functional advantages, there are potential barriers that may restrain the introduction of hydrogen into the energy system. Often siting of large-scale renewable energy technologies such as wind turbines and solar panels, causes anxiety and societal opposition. The reason for opposition is often distrust in institutions and technology that fails to equally distribute costs and benefits amongst stakeholders, authorities and residents. To prevent this for hydrogen infrastructure, this research studies how hydrogen technology can incorporate local values. This allows for adapting technology to local needs and involving households in decision making. Acceptable technology and a responsible process increase trust and acceptance when the infrastructure is actually adjusted. This research answers the question which technical design choices provide for an acceptable and responsible design of hydrogen distribution and domestic use to households in Stad aan ´t Haringvliet. Stad aan ‘t Haringvliet is used as case to research how to identify values and capabilities that play a role when designing hydrogen infrastructure for a specific local context. A participatory modelling approach is developed and executed. The approach involves stakeholders and households in the process of developing an Agent-Based Model. The model simulates the acceptability of hydrogen technology for households and identifies issues to be addressed in the next project phases. The Capability Approach and Value-Sensitive Design form the conceptual basis of this research. The effects of technology on households is assessed in terms of valuable capabilities and individual well-being. Capabilities create well-being as they allow users to choose e.g. how to heat and what technology to buy. The outcomes of this research are specific local requirements and general knowledge on how to develop acceptable technology. Hydrogen infrastructure is acceptable when it has only a small impact on households and offers comfort and security against the same costs as the current system. Higher costs are possibly acceptable when the new system reduces CO2 emissions or offers higher comfort. However, technology alone is not able to incorporate the whole set of important values. Additional institutional measures as for example information, participation and support are required to gain long term acceptance.

This research project aims to find a way for the Gemeentemuseum in The Hague to communicate about their museum building to its visitors. The museum building is to become an explicit part of the visitor experience. By means of design-based research a list of design requirements was composed and a web-based mobile application was designed as communication tool.

This project has researched the consequences of blockchain technology on the expected future role of banks. And furthermore, how banks can respond to these effects to improve the innovation strategy and remain their future relevance.

Patients are becoming more involved in scientific projects, as evaluators, advisors or partners of academic researchers. From a science communication perspective, these experiences are a fascinating laboratory about the challenges of knowledge sharing and exchange between stakeholders with very different perspectives. Little is known about those who facilitate the blending of the experiential knowledge of patients and the scientific knowledge of researchers within these initiatives. This thesis explores the professional profile of practitioners within patient organizations that are responsible for patient participation in research projects. Their position is analyzed from the perspective of the theory of knowledge brokering, which puts them at the center of the flow of science communication between the stakeholders. While existing literature has studied the emerging role of knowledge brokers in the transfer of scientific knowledge to decision-makers in healthcare, this thesis offers an original perspective on the context of patient participation, and compares the activities, professional knowledge, skills and personal attributes of the practitioners with that of knowledge brokers in healthcare. The needs that the practitioners express in terms of improvement of both their own profession as well as the process of patient participation have been analyzed using the concept of professionalization, which puts the focus on the development of new professional profiles. A predominantly qualitative approach was chosen to gather reflections of nine practitioners on their current and desired professional profiles. They were selected after identifying Dutch patient organizations involved in participatory research projects. The methodology included semi-structured interviews and a card-sorting exercise inspired by Q methodology in which they were invited to rank skills and personal attributes related to knowledge brokering. The practitioners emerge as “enthusiastic connectors,” who put an emphasis on knowledge brokering activities and skills that foster the interaction between stakeholders, rather than on knowledge management. Many of the aspects they report as being part of their professional profile are consistent with those reported about knowledge brokers in the healthcare sector. However, the particular context of patient participation shapes their specific characteristics mainly related to their closest stakeholder, the patient. The practitioners confirm that academia, policy makers and funding organizations are increasingly interested in patient participation, and call for organizational changes in order to face this demand: increased recognition as a partner by external stakeholders, further internal recognition within their organization, as well as adequate human and financial resources. The thesis serves to gain both academic insight, useful for developing measures of effectivity of knowledge brokering and further study, as well as practical insight, useful for recruitment of knowledge brokers and further professionalization of knowledge brokering and patient participation processes.

Building with Nature (BwN) is a relatively novel way of thinking for flood protection. Unlike traditional flood protection solutions that are poised to bring forces of nature to a halt, the BwN’s philosophy is to use natural dynamic processes for engineering advantage as a protection against natural disasters and events. Yet, the BwN design philosophy faces obstacles in terms of technical efficacy and evaluating added benefits when compared to traditional flood defence solutions. This research sets out to understand how these obstacles faced by the BwN design philosophy play a role in the consideration of a BwN flood defence solution during project development. This is done by relating the assessment of the added benefits to five discussion fields, namely Costs, Function, Policy, Responsibility and Support. In doing so it can be determined which discussion fields play an important part in embracing a BwN design based on its added benefits while considering its technical uncertainties. This research limits itself to a case study of the Houtribdijk reinforcement project where both traditional and BwN flood defence solutions were employed. Furthermore, this research limits itself to the project phase where flood defence options are still considered. This research found that although BwN flood defence project face technical uncertainties and discussions on efficacy, there is willingness to embrace a BwN solution when involved parties can agree on shared responsibilities. The curators of a flood defence project were found to be least willing to accept a technically uncertain design as they are accountable should it fail. The curators’ concern regarding their responsibilities can be mitigated and they can be more open to alternative solution if they are ensured of proper research and shared accountability when other values are destroyed in favour of flood protection. It was also found that the effect on stakeholders in financing and taking share of the responsibilities also have a positive effect on embracement of a BwN solution when the discussions on efficacy have not yet been settled.

The study is the first to describe and model the dynamics and characteristics of communication during midstream modulation. A meta-model of seven communication traditions is deployed to frame the nature of communication. The study also validates the effectiveness of midstream modulation in the field of medical device technology.

Much is still unknown about the cause of migraine attacks in the brain. Similarly, a lot is unclear about the influence of patient-physician communication on migraine outcomes. An analogy between the migraine brain and the migraine patient by means of network analysis was therefore carried out in this research to search for new insights into both systems.

The use of Agile methodologies has been steadily growing in popularity in recent years, with many organisations across various industries adopting it to manage their projects. This shift in project management practices has replaced traditional project management styles, and Agile methodologies like Scrum, SAFe, and Kanban are widely used. However, there has been a lack of research into the impact of Agile on project success in the financial industry, specifically in the Netherlands. This research aims to fill this gap by examining the perceived impact of adopting agile methodologies in technology-driven projects within asset management firms in the Netherlands through a qualitative study using thematic analysis through semi-structured interviews and document analysis. The study aimed to gain insights into the reasons, challenges, benefits, success criteria, and key factors influencing project success in the context of agile implementation. Through interviews with experienced agile team members, valuable insights were obtained. It was found that agile methodologies are not the sole cause of project success, as success is influenced by a combination of factors. Agile methodologies empower teams to adapt and respond to changing circumstances, providing a solid foundation for handling challenges and embracing positive change. The research highlights the importance of having the right people with the right mindset and behaviour in key positions within the organisation. Teamwork and acceptance of other contributing factors are at the core of agile methodologies. Agile provides a framework for effective collaboration and flexibility, enabling organisations to leverage its benefits and improve project outcomes. The findings emphasise the need for alignment between the organisation's culture and the principles of agile methodologies. It is crucial to create an environment that fosters teamwork, encourages open communication, and supports continuous improvement. The research findings reveal that asset management firms adopt Agile methodologies in technology-driven projects for various reasons, such as increased flexibility, faster delivery cycles, improved collaboration, and better adaptation to changing requirements. However, challenges related to resistance to change, stakeholder alignment, and the need for continuous learning and skill development were identified. Despite these challenges, the perceived benefits of Agile were evident, highlighting its ability to enhance project outcomes. The criteria used to measure project success in technology-driven projects within asset management firms encompass a combination of quantitative and qualitative factors. While meeting project timelines and budgets was important consideration, other success indicators included customer satisfaction, quality of deliverables, stakeholder engagement, and adherence to project goals. This multidimensional approach to measuring success reflects the complex nature of technology-driven projects in the asset management sector. The research identifies several key factors that influence project success in technology-driven projects within asset management firms. These factors include effective teamwork, strong leadership, clear communication, stakeholder involvement, and the alignment of project goals with organisational objectives. The findings emphasise the critical role of these factors in overcoming challenges and ensuring successful project outcomes in the asset management industry. The experiences and perspectives of agile team members shed light on their perception of best practices for using agile methodologies in technology-driven projects. They emphasise the importance of continuous improvement, transparency, and adaptability in Agile adoption. A supportive organisational culture, ongoing training and development, and effective collaboration between team members and stakeholders are identified as crucial elements for the successful implementation of agile practices. These insights from agile team members provide valuable guidance for optimising the use of agile methodologies in technology-driven projects within asset management firms. The research concludes that agile methodologies, when implemented effectively and supported by the right organisational culture and mindset, can significantly enhance project success in technology-driven projects within asset management firms. It is recommended that organisations invest in developing and nurturing the necessary skills, behaviours, and mindset to fully leverage the potential of agile methodologies. The study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing insights into the perceived impact of agile methodologies in the specific context of asset management firms. The findings can guide organisations in making informed decisions regarding the adoption and implementation of agile methodologies to enhance project outcomes.

Background: There is an increasing need for structured methods that encourage effective knowledge sharing and collaborations at the working floor to implement innovation strategies, especially in case of employer - employee relationships. Objective: This research (master thesis) focused on knowledge sharing on the work floor during interprofessional collaborations to achieve durable innovation in hierarchical organisations using Communities of Practice. An integrative practical and theoretical study has been conducted. Research results: Communities of Practice managers can facilitate knowledge sharing in hierarchical organisations by actively fulfilling the connecting role between the innovation strategy managers and the executive professionals at the working floor. The COP managers can facilitate knowledge sharing by integrating the three levels (strategic, tactical and operational) using the Community Builder Program. Therefore, three steps need to be taken: 1) Develop close connections between the innovation strategists and themselves to align the organisation’s innovation strategy with their communities of practices’ raison d’être. 2) Design a COP strategy (using the Collaboration Analyser) aligned with the innovation strategy and simultaneously should all COP managers’ personal perspectives be aligned prior to the execution of the COP strategy. 3) Facilitate knowledge sharing and open communication in the design of the collaboration between COP members and their employers they are working with to share the gathered COP knowledge and put into practice. Use the C-Booster. Deliverables: The research resulted in three parts: 1) Collaboration Analyser: A conceptual collaboration model that supports in knowledge sharing and helps COP managers to analyse the collaborations between COP members. 2) C-Booster: A tool that facilitates creative and collaborative thinking and open communication during the ‘fuzzy front design stage’ of the collaboration between two professionals at the working floor. 3) Community Builder Program: A program that facilitates COP management in the alignment with the innovation strategy with the collaborations at the work floor, using the model and tool.

“Heating and cooling remain neglected areas of energy policy and technology, but their decarbonisation is a fundamental element of a low-carbon economy.” (IEA, 2012). In The Netherlands the total heat demand needs to be reduced and the heat provision needs to become more sustainable (Kamp, 2015). By 2021, municipalities therefore need to have formulate plans on how they will realize the phase-out of natural gas in all districts in which the phase-out will take-place before 2030. In South Holland, district heating is considered a cost-effective alternative for the current gas based system. However, the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) and the Province of South Holland (PZH) think differently about how district heating should be implemented and it is currently unclear what these differences exactly are and how they influence municipal policy for the phase-out of natural gas. In this thesis, we have therefore researched what the relevant differences between the two regional transition approaches are with regard to the implementation of district heating at a municipal level for realizing cost-efficient CO2 abatement. In consultation with the PBL and the PZH, we have developed four scenarios for the development of district heating. To analyse these scenarios, we have adapted an existing model of CE Delft, which can calculate the investment costs and fixed costs of district heating infrastructure. Furthermore, we have developed a dispatch model that can calculate the performance of a district heating system in terms of CO2 abatement and marginal costs of heat production. Based on this comparison of the approaches, a trade-off appears between cost-effective CO2 abatement, and maximizing the overall reduction of CO2 emissions. In which the scenarios of the PZH in general result in higher levels of CO2 abatement and the scenario of the PBL is more cost-effective. Additionally, in the light of the full phase-out of natural gas the approach of the PZH appears to suffer from higher initial investment risks but also provides better opportunities to realize large-scale district heating. However, the research has also pointed out that there are many uncertainties regarding the development of demand and supply that can average out the relatively small differences between the scenarios. One of these uncertainties is the willingness and ability of residents to participate in district heating. The decision-mandate lies with the consumer; however, current forecasts and policy processes are not sensitive to this mandate. Therefore, we have researched if Q-methodology can support municipalities in developing communication-and-decision making processes that fit with the need of heat consumers in this transition. The case study and focus group have indicated that Q-methodology can provide relevant and unique insights. However, to truly test the method it is necessary to run a larger case study in which the resulting perspectives are used to design a policy process and where this process is re-evaluated by the participants of the study.

Peer assessment (PA) is a process that involves students assessing each other’s work and providing their peers with (elaborated) feedback. This thesis investigates how an elaborated form of formative PA can be implemented in the mathematics class to promote students’ achievement in mathematics. A mixed methods investigation at a third-grade mathematics class was conducted. For this investigation, a teacher’s guide and a student guideline were developed. The teacher’s guide helps the mathematics teacher in implementing PA in the class. The students’ guideline was developed to guide students doing online PA during distance learning due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Using this student guideline can require more effort for the teacher to monitor students’ participation and more effort for students to do elaborated online PA. Students were trained with the technique “two stars and a wish” for providing peer feedback. With this feedback technique, students could provide their peers with two reinforcing feedback and one suggestive feedback. The feedback has to first be written in their peer’s work and later be elaborated when the work is being returned. As a result of this investigation, implementing PA promoted students to interact and learn from one another during online distance learning. Evidence was found that by implementing PA, students were more involved in their learning process, and students’ achievement increased. PA can be used as an effective learning method for students. However, it is preferably for PA to be implemented during physical class, especially when it is implemented the first time.

Decision-makers in low-lying coastal zones are confronted with uncertain developments around flood risk.These drivers are surrounded by large uncertainties, which requires delta management to be adaptive. This research offers insights about adaptive delta management for the Rhine-Meuse estuary from three perspectives: a physical, a socio-political and a integrated perspective. In the physical perspective, the effect of pump capacity on the water system of the Rhine-Meuse estuary is quantified; one of the adaptation options against sea level rise. To assess the adaptation potential of pumps, the case study Delta21 is used; a plan to construct an artificial lake with an area of 35 km2 next to the Maasvlakte 2 in combination with a pump capacity of 10 000 m3/s. The Rhine-Meuse estuary is divided into four sub-areas depending on the dominant hydrodynamic process: storm surge dominant area, flood storage dominant area, discharge dominant area and transition area. For each sub-area, the effects of Delta21 are computed on 1) water flows, 2) hydraulic loads and 3) failure probabilities. Delta21 succeeds in lowering the hydraulic loads and corresponding failure probabilities. At the same time, reductions are disproportionately over the Rhine-Meuse estuary leading to low reductions in some sub-areas. In the socio-political perspective, the focus is on decision-making and learning processes in management in delta management. The Rhine-Meuse estuary is characterized by a network structure, which means that knowledge and decisions do not belong to one single actor, but those decisions come about during interactions between various groups of actors. Not only the decisions need to be adaptive to cope with uncertain circumstances, but the learning process itself must also become adaptive. To achieve this aim, a conceptual mode is developed. Two case studies are used; the Delta Program and Knowledge Program Sea Level Rise. A longitudinal analysis of the Delta Program resulted in different narratives over time and various learning types. Subsequently, the Knowledge Program Sea Level Rise is analyzed with semi-structured interviews, process-tracing and the conceptual model. Observations and challenges are translated into a roadmap of learning activities. Moreover, the DEALTa learning handbook is developed, to support actors in designing learning activities. The physical and socio-political perspective are united in the integrated perspective. On the level of technical studies, insights are shared about the relation between both aspects and how the integration can be improved in the future.

The goal of this graduation project, conducted for the master science communication at the Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), was to design a tool to help partners of diabetes type 1 patients to come closer to the patient, by conversations about diabetes, to gain more insights in how the patients feels and how to support. The project is part of the Integrated Care Program for Diabetes type 1 patients (INCAP) in which ultiple partners are involved (SERMAS, Medtronic, Universidad Politécnica Madrid, TU Delft).

In het hedendaagse onderwijs wordt steeds meer aandacht besteed aan 21e-eeuwse vaardigheden. Ontwerpend leren is een goed middel om leerlingen 21e-eeuwse vaardigheden bij te brengen, aldus de Verkenningscommissie wetenschap en technologie primair onderwijs (2013). Om sturing te geven aan ontwerpend leren zijn de breed geformuleerde 21e-eeuwse vaardigheden door Klapwijk, Kok, Visschedijk en Holla (2017) verder gespecificeerd en aangevuld tot zeven ontwerpvaardigheden. Om te bepalen wat formatieve evaluatie van ontwerpvaardigheden oplevert, is onderzocht welke invloed het formatief evalueren van de ontwerpvaardigheid divergent denken heeft op het leerproces van leerlingen in de bovenbouw van het primair onderwijs.Om deze vraag te beantwoorden is een casestudie opgezet binnen de context ‘Gymmen in de toekomst’, waarin leerlingen uit groep 8 van het primair onderwijs een nieuw gymspel ontwerpen in groepen van vier leerlingen. In de casestudie zijn twee interventies van formatieve evaluatie opgenomen. In de eerste interventie voorafgaand aan het brainstormen, hebben de leerlingen klassikaal de leerdoelen van de ontwerpvaardigheid verhelderd door gezamenlijk adviezen op te stellen om divergent te denken. In de tweede interventie is de brainstorm stilgelegd om te bepalen of de leerlingen aan deze succescriteria voldoen (feedback) en waar nodig het proces bij te sturen (feed forward). Uit het onderzoek is gebleken dat de twee aangereikte werkvormen voor formatieve evaluatie de leerlingen ondersteunen bij het divergent denken. Door het opstellen succescriteria voor divergent denken in de werkvorm vaardigheid in beeld, hebben de leerlingen een gemeenschappelijke taal ontwikkeld waarmee zij de ontwerpvaardigheid divergent denken kunnen concretiseren. Uit de post-interviews blijkt dat het nadenken over de invulling van de ontwerpvaardigheid divergent denken, en het vastleggen hiervan in woord en beeld, een effectieve aanpak is om de leerdoelen voor de leerlingen te verhelderen. De werkvorm op de goede weg? ondersteunt de leerlingen bij het bepalen van het eigen niveau ten opzichte van de gestelde succescriteria voor de vaardigheid divergent denken. De werkvorm helpt de leerlingen om te bepalen welk deel van de vaardigheid zij al beheersen en waar zij zichzelf kunnen verbeteren. Zo bleek bij het stilleggen van de brainstorm dat veel leerlingen vooral binnen één ideegroep (balspelen) aan het divergeren waren, waardoor er weinig gevarieerd werd. Bij het bepalen van de volgende stap in het leerproces van de leerling is de werkvorm minder effectief gebleken, aangezien de werkvorm voorziet in klassikale feedback die niet toegespitst is op het proces van de individuele leerling of dat van de projectgroep. Concluderend kan worden gesteld dat het formatief evalueren van de ontwerpvaardigheid divergent denken ervoor heeft gezorgd dat de leerlingen zich beter bewust zijn van deze ontwerpvaardigheid. De leerlingen hebben een helder beeld van de vaardigheid en kunnen dat verwoorden in hun eigen taal. Daarnaast stelt het de leerlingen in staat om voor zichzelf te bepalen in welke mate zijn de vaardigheid beheersen, het helpt de leerling om te identificeren wat goed gaat en wat verbeterd kan worden. In het bepalen van een actie om het divergente denken te verbeteren ondersteunt de werkvorm in dit onderzoek onvoldoende. 

In the Netherlands, 2,5 million people are low-literate, which means they have trouble with reading, writing, numeracy or digital skills. As a result, they can experience difficulty with everyday tasks such as making a grocery list or taking public transport. Low-literacy negatively impacts both the individual as well as society. Despite efforts to address low-literacy, the percentage of low-literates is rising. It is not just the older generation, five percent of 16-24-year-olds are low-literate, and children of low-literate parents are three times more likely to become low-literate themselves than other children are. Two-thirds of low-literates in the Netherlands are natives, but in practice, they are the group reached less by literacy efforts. They are often ashamed and successful at hiding it because they are fluent speakers. Those in programmes are often already in mature adulthood, whereas for both the individual and society it would be beneficial if education is sought earlier in life. Therefore, this thesis tries to design an intervention reach and activate a younger group to want to address their literacy issues. The main research question is: “What are the barriers and enablers to reach and activate native Dutch low- literates, in particular, young parents?”Because low-literacy is a social problem, both the individual and societal perspective is explored: the individual perspective through interviews with the target group, the societal perspective through desk-research, and both through conversations with employees at Stichting Lezen & Schrijven who have much experience with the topic. These explorations resulted in ten design factors that serve as a basis for the intervention, as well as the insight that the low-literate’s dependency on those around him as well as the government, might be the core of the problem. As a result of this dependency, people’s self-efficacy can be diminished. A third perspective, a theoretical one, focussed on self-efficacy and related constructs, is taken. This perspective resulted in 18 extra design factors. At the same time of the theoretical exploration, the design of the intervention was started, in this way both influenced each other in the focus they had. The 19 theoretical factors go beyond the context of low-literacy and could, therefore, be applied to design projects that wish to increase self-efficacy. Resulting from insights based on context and theory, a design intervention is created that focusses on supporting young low-literate parents to engage with their children in the context of literacy through crafting. The design intervention is proposed to be offered as a promotional 11-week programme at a supermarket, available to all parents of young children, as a way to not single out those that are low-literate. The crafting instruction contains very little text, nevertheless the difficulty will slowly rise each week, the goal is to make the parent feel capable (self-efficacious) but at the same time show them they could benefit from improving their skills. The design is evaluated with professionals and users, showing that it is overall well-liked but the link to education could be improved. Due to time limitations, it was not possible to assess whether the intervention manages to increase self-efficacy, a pilot is proposed as a way to verify the effectiveness of the design. As a result of these evaluations, a final design is created that incorporates reading of the instruction even more fully.

The energy system is a complex socio-technical system, characterised by a multitude of stakeholders, different goals, long-term investments, and large scale sub systems with long lifetimes. The government of the Netherlands aims to support the transition of the energy system of the Netherlands towards a sustainable system by implementing policy measures. Recently, companies have voiced their concerns on the fluctuating effects of policy measures in the Netherlands and have asked for a more long term vision of policy measures. This long term vision can be (partly) provided by analysing the interference in the energy system. Another component of a policy strategy is that to develop and implement a long term policy strategy, multiple governmental organisation have to collaborate. The policy measures are designed by different ministries within the Netherlands. In order to implement the coherent policy strategy, collaboration between these ministries is essential. This research proposes a methodology to identify five types of interference and to analyse the effects of the identified interference on the Dutch energy system. This categorization of interference allows for a discussion on the unavoidable nature of interference. Moreover, it shows which types of interference can prove to be beneficial at certain times. A conceptual theoretical framework for factors that influence interorganizational collaboration between public parties has been constructed based on literature, and is tested and validated within the case study. The research into interorganizational collaboration also includes a focus on the relations between the identified factors. The relations can provide insight into the more complex system view of the factors that influence interorganizational collaboration between public parties. Both researches are based on a view of the world in systems, and for both is searched for links between sub-systems. Finding the link between the technical energy system and the collaborations required in policy making was based on this system perspective. These two topics are invariably linked together. The integrations in the energy system increases the need for collaboration, whereas collaboration can increase (the effectiveness of) the integrations in the energy system.

This series – “Speaking – is part of a graduation project for a double degree in Architecture and Science Communication at the Delft University of Technology. The overall aim of this project was to design a form language that can be used in complex problem-solving processes in the field of science communication. The graduation project consists of three parts: Part I: “Speaking architecture, a semiotic study toward understanding visual communication in architecture; Part II: “Speaking architecture, design and analysis of a multi-interpretational market space in Haarlem; Part III: “Speaking through form, an analogy between architectural form and communication to contribute to complex problem-solving processes. Part I describes the research for MSc Architecture. This research was part of the Explore Lab graduation studio. This part tried to understand visual communication in architecture. The framework of visual communication that derived from this research formed the foundation for the graduation design, described in Part II. The architectural meaning of the design of a Market Hall for Haarlem was later analysed using the same method as in Part I. Based on this fourth case study, the framework of architectural communication was refined.This review was necessary to better understand the subject of architectural communication in order to cross the border into the field of science communication. Part III, lastly, translates the way in which architecture communicates to the design of a form language.