In the face of climate change, water challenges and rapid urbanisation in the area of Delfland, we stand at a pivotal moment where the way we design our cities will have a significant impact on how we will live in the future. As the Water and soil system is reaching its limits in trying to fulfil our human centric needs. A shift towards a water-oriented urban development is needed to safeguard a sustainable future. Therefore the following research question is defined: “How to envision a balanced water cycle for new neighbourhoods in Delfland while establishing a synergy between water, ecology and humans?’’

The maximisation method has been used to find solutions for the four challenges of Water and soil, Green and landscape, Human and water and Livability. While exploring scenarios of an open and temporal water system through the Purifying vein and the Urban sponge. The methodology, when combined with the established pattern language, creates a transferable approach for upcoming Dutch developments. With overarching recommendations such as: Integrated approach, Water as metabolism, Design with temporality and be a Team player. In addition, with specific advice to use a temporal water system as a starting point, but consider an open water system when subsidence is problematic, water treatment is required, when there is regular rainfall and sufficient space obtainable. Regarding Fortunapark as a case study, it is recommended that the Urban sponge (temporal water system) forms the fundamental basis that embodies a Water friendly future-proof neighbourhood.

Midden-Delfland is located in Zuid-Holland and bordered by cities like Delft, Den Haag, Vlaardingen, Schiedam and Rotterdam. The area consists of an open, peat-meadow landscape dominated by livestock farming. Over the past 50 years, this landscape has transformed into a densely urbanized and fragmented part of the Southern Randstad, reducing available space to mitigate the effects of climate change. The KNMI climate scenarios predict a temperature increase of 4.9°C and a sea-level rise of 2.5 meters by 2100. Located at the end of a river delta and mostly below sea level, Zuid-Holland is increasingly vulnerable to flooding as extreme weather events become more frequent. Additionally, infrastructure like the A4 highway and railway cross the landscape from north to south, creating a fragmented landscape. In light of these concerns, a strategic plan is needed to mitigate the effects of climate change, with Midden-Delfland emerging as a location of interest. Beside the need to create more green buffer zones, the importance of connecting urban areas with rural areas becomes clear. The municipality of Midden-Delfland describes its role as an outdoor green area for the 2.3 million inhabitants of the metropolitan region of Rotterdam-The Hague. This recreational demand places considerable pressure on Midden-Delfland. In 2017, this region was designated the title as a ‘Bijzonder Provinciaal Landschap’ highlighting its cultural heritage and distinctive provincial landscape. However, this designation is not legally binding and serves more as a qualitative label. The design titled ‘the Metropolitan Park’ aims to emphasize the area's significance for surrounding urban areas, guided by three main themes: ecology, agriculture, and recreation.

In addition to its agricultural function, Midden-Delfland also has a strong ecological character, consisting of a multitude of ecologically rich habitats, including peat bogs, wetlands, meadow bird zones, and forests. Currently, the agricultural sector plays a significant role in conserving the ecological character, with numerous farmers participating in the management of their land for the meadow birds populations. Despite this contribution, the agricultural sector still negatively impacts the environment. Farmers strictly control the water level for their agricultural practices. Low water levels dry out the peat soil, which in turn causes the peat to oxidize and emit CO2. This oxidation leads to subsidence, making the land increasingly vulnerable to floodings and droughts. Furthermore, pesticide and fertilizer use results in eutrophication, water pollution, and nitrogen emissions, harming the natural environment.

This thesis proposes a new vision, accompanied by a development strategy for the future of the ‘Bijzonder Provinciaal Landschap’. The research is divided into two sections: a design section and a governance-oriented section. The maximization method is used to investigate each theme, with the aim of identifying optimal solutions. In order to develop an integrated vision for the year 2070, spatial conflicts are addressed. The research will also address the development of policy, the identification of stakeholders, and the outlining of strategic steps. Eventually, this thesis provides insights for municipalities such as Delft, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Midden-Delfland itself, encouraging the formation of integrative alliances and the pursuit of sustainable trajectories.

This graduation project aims to address the pressing issues of climate change, the population growth and population shifts, as well as the housing crisis that is simultaneously created, in the Dutch context. As cities in the Netherlands are facing shortages in housing, more and more strategies are being created on a National and a Regional level to tackle this problem. In order to build more homes, less space need to be given to nature in the urban environments. As a result, cities and their inhabitants, are vulnerable against the effects of climate change. The quality of life shrinks, although the environment to live in grows.

Zwolle, is one of these cities: as the capital of the province Overijssel, the city is prompt to grow in the next decades, and is already conducting strategies to accommodate the population growth. A number of strategies and plans have been created to address the housing crisis, and yet, the natural elements come as “additions” to them. More people in houses means also more people in the public space. So how do we create green vibrant public spaces when the priorities lie in tackling the housing demand?

This graduation project is in the search of a new strategy for integrating nature into Zwolle’s urban environment, by using the “3-30-300” rule by Dr. Cecil Konijnendijk. This tool provides simple and measurable guidelines to integrate green spaces into the city, to provide better quality of life and create climate resilient environments.

Focusing on the Kamperpoort neighbourhood of Zwolle, which is susceptible to the effects of climate change (Urban Heat Island Effect, flooding probability, etc.), due to lack of accessible green spaces, the projects aims to create a design framework that prioritises the human-nature relationship, fostering the creation of a city that is healthy, liveable and resilient.

This graduation project explores the implementation of integrated and sustainable land use planning as a crucial strategy for transforming the BPL MD region into a thriving and biodiverse area that benefits both humans and nature. By emphasizing landscape identity, water storage, the livability of meadow birds, and balancing recreational activities, this project proposes a comprehensive design that ensures the long-term health and well-being of both the environment and communities. A new perspective on the open polder landscapes in the metropolitan region of Rotterdam and The Hague in 2070 is created. Creating three zones, with local food and recreation on the outskirts and a nature center at the heart. These zones create water buffers, improve diverse recreation opportunities, and provide quiet zones for meadow birds. This new design for the BPL MD could be used as inspiration for the future of this region. In addition, this research provides new insights into combining climate change and cultural heritage in such a historically significant location.

The city Winnipeg, built on the wet prairie, has been threatened by severe flooding for decades. The initial decision to build the city at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers led to the inevitable consequence of recurrent natural flooding. The floods prompted the provincial government to take a series of flood control structural measures to prevent the city property. However, the waterlogging crisis has still not subsided.

During the significant territorial transformations in the last two centuries, the rivers and creeks have been heavily dammed and channelized. The hasty attempt at city development resulted in immediate economic benefits, but at the expense of eliminating the land’s ability to drain water through naturally occurring streams and coulees. Due to environmental impacts on a wider geographical scale, most notably climate change, both floods and droughts are hitting the extremes, which is escalating the challenge on flood management.

One of the main obstacles in this project is to solve the problem of threatening floodwaters and turn the negative impacts into the opportunities for a more sustainable lifestyle. Tracing back to last century, the indigenous peoples of the plains used to share a mutually beneficial living pattern with beavers and other species on the prairies. This coexistence approach towards humans, wildlife and nature deserves an opportunity to be brought back to Winnipeg. Through flood-mitigation measures based on natural processes, the urban hydrologic system is anticipated to move toward sustainable development and provide fairness and reliability to the living environment and urban ecosystems in response to challenges posed by habitat loss, climate change, and emerging conservation issues.

More and more frequently, the streamflow of the Rhine becomes dangerously low. Drought is exacerbated by climate change, glaciers are melting at rapid rates. These problems affect the functions and ecosystems around the Rhine. The Rhine accounts for two-thirds of all inland waterway transports across Europe and thus experiences severe economic consequences when the streamflow gets low. Goods can no longer be shipped, and industries and agriculture depend on this water supply. More importantly, the Rhine also serves as a source of clean drinking water. With growing urbanisation, industries and agriculture along the Rhine, the pressure on the drinking water supply grows. The chances of periods of drought are increasing. Problems like salinisation, water pollution, damage to ecosystems and rising water temperatures will only become more apparent in the future.

In Every Drop Counts, the vision for the Rhine is to become a connected green-blue infrastructure. This proposal combines nature-based solutions that form a coherent system on a small scale and a green-blue infrastructure that works in a cross-border approach. Together they provide habitat diversity, mitigate drought, and human-nature interactions. The riverscape of the Rhine has to deal with more extreme fluctuations in water levels and more intense periods of drought and flooding. To battle the problems the Rhine faces, this thesis attempts to create a pattern catalogue focussing on drought-mitigating design strategies. These strategies are implemented around the Rhine to create a riverscape able to deal with streamflow fluctuations.

The design strategy will have other positive benefits besides a drought-resilient riverscape. Flooding of urbanised areas can be avoided, and living and recreational spaces will stay functional during periods of drought. Industries, agriculture and thus the economy around the Rhine will remain stable during periods of drought, as water retention capacity will be increased and buffers can be implemented.
Habitat diversity will develop and improve biodiversity. The implemented green-blue infrastructure creates a connected structure of habitats where species can flourish. Part of this strategy will be restoring historic riverscapes, creating more space for the Rhine and bringing back old habitats that got lost during the reconstruction of the Rhine.

To create a functional riverscape during streamflow drought, the Rhine will have to use all available water throughout the seasons. To mitigate the drought problems, the urban and rural areas have to create a synergy where strategies are combined, and land is optimally used to develop a drought-mitigating strategy. For this, it is essential to know what each area around the Rhine offers and what type of drought-mitigating measures are most suitable to implement.

The nature-based solutions embedded in the green-blue infrastructure are combined into a drought-mitigating pattern catalogue. This multiscalar pattern catalogue can be filtered for different types of landscapes, land uses, and more requirements. This approach is tested on other design locations and leads to a selection of measures that apply to different landscapes. By implementing the green-blue infrastructure approach with nature-based drought-mitigating solutions in rural and urban areas, a functional riverscape during streamflow drought can be created.

The built environment of the future should move with the changes the weather brings as well as evolve with slower and larger trends in our society like climate change, demographic changes, and technical advancements. By planning for the future now we can reduce obstacles for future generations of planners, designers, and governing bodies.

The built environment should be able to function well whether water is in high or low flux. Water is fluid. It is shaped by and shapes its surroundings. Cities can learn a lot from this fluidity. By increasing the flexibility of urban design, we can anticipate and move with the changes the future brings instead of being in a continuous cycle of trying to catch up. The built environment should follow the current of the future and adapt to the changes in our climate and weather. Creating a city that adapts to new circumstances and moves with water.

The climate crisis and unsustainable growth are worldwide interrelated problems. Population growth increases the demand for natural resources and the demand for housing. This is all putting pressure on the natural system and is strengthening the conflict of space between the built environment, agricultural land and the natural landscape. Drylands are expected to expand due to climate change and human activities. As the natural resources are already scarce in these regions, human societies who live there are challenged even more by population growth. Including the future generations. The conflict of space deteriorates the quality of life and space in these regions. To counteract this development, measures must be taken now.

This research proposal searches for an integral approach to sustainably address population growth and urbanisation in arid regions. This is done via a case study of the Moroccan new town Tamansourt. Tamansourt is one of the nineteen Moroccan new cities developed via the state-led national-scale Villes Nouvelles strategy. Tamansourt, Marrakech’s satellite city, is the first new town under this strategy, it is founded in 2004. The spatial analysis, site visit, and interviews conducted in this research show that the city of Tamansourt is still under construction. The city has not reached its target population nor its desired level of urban activity yet. However, environmental issues already manifest themselves in the city, which resulted in the national government’s aim to transform Tamansourt into an ecocity.

In the Urban Arid Green project, the vision Tamansourt Ecocity 2040: Regreen to Rewild is formulated. This is a proposal to advance on a transformative framework for Tamansourt towards an ecocity. This could help Tamansourt to reach its original goals, respond to current injustices and face the environmental crises at the same time.

To transition Tamansourt into an ecocity, systemic change is needed. The environment must be harnessed. The now degraded soil quality must be restored. This environmental change can be sparked by making optimal use of the limited amount of water. By educating, training and employing the local community, the ecocity can be co-created, using bottom-up initiatives and top-down support.

To support this systemic change, a common language among all future stakeholders is needed. This common language is developed as a set of urban development guidelines, patterns. This is a brief visual overview of all measures included in the systemic change, vision, and design of Tamansourt Ecocity 2040. The patterns focus on the biosphere and add to the original design guidelines for Moroccan new towns, which were developed by Al Omrane in 2010. Together, they form the Urban Arid Green pattern language which aims to sustainably address population growth and urbanisation in the arid region.

In the Urban Arid Green project, the case of Tamansourt is used to show how to translate these generic patterns and ecocity principles into a unique site-specific design. Design proposals on the neighbourhood scale are made for several key locations in the Tamansourt Ecocity 2040 vision. The design aims to formulate a framework for the stakeholders to use in the city’s transition towards an ecocity. This framework aims for a triple scope of better services, amenities, and connections on one hand and to counteract environmental decay and climate change variability on the other. Via an adaptive pathway approach, the process can adapt to future uncertainties, while learning from the past. This approach allows different scenarios to reach the Tamansourt Ecocity 2040 goal.

The process of applying these patterns to the Tamansourt Ecocity 2040 project was one of constantly adjusting, designing, and testing. By testing the method in Tamansourt, other arid landscapes that need to sustainably address population growth and urbanisation, can learn from this, and use it as a tool to communicate with all different stakeholders involved. Every landscape might need to add its own site-specific pathway to the pattern language. By this, the Urban Arid Green Language allows unique dialects for different landscapes.

Tamansourt sets the example to other urban arid areas, being the first new town ecocity, focused on a regenerative productive urban landscape.

In the past few decades, urbanisation in China has been witnessed with great speed. While this has brought a rocketing economy and improved citizens’ average living standards, it does not come without any expense. Such intensive urban sprawling and industrialization in China has added up a great risk to upcoming climate challenges, especially bringing about water issues such as flooding, water pollution and drinking water scarcity that are closely linked with citizens’ safety, well-being and future prosperity. Though many policies and initiatives have been proposed to mitigate these water issues, few of them can solve the issues systemically.

Hence, with the Lake Chao Basin as a backdrop, the project aims at tackling these water issues from the perspective of systemic design and thus proposes a 'water- oriented urban development'. Through the maximization method, a pattern language for 'water-oriented urban development' is constructed. This set of pattern language not only provides solutions to address the main problems regarding water quantity, water quality and water safety in the region but also is targeted at bringing about a systemic change in the area by intervening on deep leverage points.

To illustrate the implementation of the pattern language, a multi-scale framework for the Lake Chao Basin is created, with the vision for Tanchong River Basin 2030 as a strategic project. It shows how the implementation of the pattern language could reshape the landscape on different scales, engage various stakeholders and promote a sustained commitment to the water system among citizens. This will also provide transferable knowledge to other areas on how the patterns could be integrated into the future urban development process and contribute to the sustainable water system.

This project answers the research question “How can we design with climate adaptation measures in existing neighborhoods in the Netherlands while respecting other aspects of sustainable development?” The methods used to carry out the research are mixed methods. Both deductive and inductive research is done. Theory describes the problem, and existing solutions and methods used, to do research. Through research by design, site specific problems are offered solutions. Later on, by linking the specific sites to the general theory, more general solutions are formed based on the design. This approach is chosen, because, by combining deductive and inductive research more general solutions can be found in a design on a small scale. This is necessary for this research because the problem is too big and very site specific to be solved from deductive research only. Lessons learnt are needed from practical examples to take steps towards answering the research question as a whole.
The project location for the research by design is the Abtswoudse polder in Delft. It is a diverse polder with many different neighborhood types. For the design part, one neighborhood selected based on the climatic and liveability problems and neighborhood type. One design location is worked out, due to the potential of the location because of the liveability and amount of public space. The research is set up in such a way that the method and selection used can be transferred to other locations in the Abtswoudse polder but also to other locations in the Netherlands. The designs are guided by general design principles based on the three main design tools in this project: climate adaptation measures, liveability criteria and sustainable development goals.
The answer to the main research question is: by setting up a framework with design tools that consist of the components: climate adaptation, spatial design and sustainable development. By using the tools to find the overlap between them, and make general design principles to make insightful how they have influenced the design interventions, we can design with climate adaptation measures in existing neighborhoods in the Netherlands while respecting other aspects of sustainable development.

Due to population growth, a growing housing shortage, and a space shortage, it is expected that new urban developments in the Netherlands will mainly take place inside existing city boundaries and in high densities. At the same time, it is projected that the effects of climate change will increase, as climate change is expected to intensify. These two trends cause an increased climate risk for the liveability in these new urban areas. Climate adaptation is essential to reduce this risk. Climate adaptation planning is crucial to ensure the development of sustainable urban areas with high liveability standards for future and far-future inhabitants. However, traditional spatial design and -planning practice does not match with the climate adaptation task. If no climate adaptation action is taken now by spatial actors, the problems could be passed on to future generations. Hence, there is a need for a different way of working. A paradigm shift towards adaptive planning is needed to plan for climate adaptation and adaptive pathways are promising approaches to support this.

The objective of this research is to contribute to the search for new approaches that support climate adaptation planning. This research aims to investigate the usability of the Spatial Adaptive Policy Pathways (SAPP) approach for climate adaptation planning in new urban areas in the Netherlands. This research explores this approach to define the possibilities and points for improvement, through four main stages: analysis, identification, development, and application. To test the approach, Haven-Stad in Amsterdam has been selected as a case study area. The evaluation of the outputs and approach provide input to answer the main research question of this thesis: How can the Spatial Adaptive Policy Pathways approach support climate adaptation planning for new urban areas in the Netherlands?

The research has shown that the Spatial Adaptive Policy Pathways (SAPP) can support climate adaptation planning for new urban areas in the Netherlands. The SAPP approach brings forward a paradigm in which uncertainty is embraced and adaptivity is central. SAPPs do not show which trajectory is best to follow, but can address certain options, decision points, and consequences. In addition, it can bring different actors together through spatial- and governance elaborations. Thereby, SAPPs can form a basis for a broad dialogue about the future of an area in the short-term and long-term. It supports the development of adaptive designs and can address potential future governance challenges. The SAPP approach could thus be a promising approach to apply in practice. However, it would have to be further developed first.

Further development of the approach requires more testing at different case study locations and testing in practice. More research needs to be done on the applicability of the approach at different scales and the potential integration of scales and climate stresses.

There is a gap in the discourse between urban designers and civil engineers, within the field of urban water management. The gap is caused by the different educational background, perspective, approach and language used in the respective fields. It causes multidisciplinary projects like the redevelopment of Schieoevers Noord in Delft to be unnecessarily difficult or inefficient.

This thesis studied the effect of the gap in discourse on the redevelopment plans of Schieoevers Noord, with the aim of bridging the gap and making the plans more water inclusive. To achieve that, the area and plans were thoroughly analysed and research was done into the principles behind healthy surface water systems in the Netherlands and climate adaptation measures. Using the data from these analysis five evaluation criteria were set up.

Next using the principles of water management and the climate analysis of Schieoevers Noord, four strategies for an improved water system in the area were made. The evaluation criteria helped define the strengths and weaknesses of these strategies. This made it possible to take the strong points and combine them into a final proposal for the water system in Schieoevers Noord. The proposal was also tested using the evaluation criteria and the results showed that it held up really well in all categories.    

The lessons learned from going through this process for Schieoevers Noord, are that bridging the gap between urban designers and civil engineers within urban water management is achievable. But it requires effort from both parties to go back and forth between the two fields, while using existing tools to ease communication. A very useful tool for this would be the Climate Resilient Cities Toolbox. With some further research into quantifying design goals this toolbox can be improved even more, and therefore become a great tool for bridging the gap between the two fields.

Another important lesson learned from this research is the importance of thinking about the water system in a very early stage of the planning process. Surface water systems are often complex and adding to them will take up a large amount of space. However, a healthy surface water system is more efficient than only using climate adaptation measure, when combatting the negative externalities of climate change. Because the effects of climate change are rapidly increasing, it is imperative that developers, municipalities and other stakeholders prioritise healthy water systems in their development plans.

The intended research and design exploration for resilient heritage landscapes of the future, looks at the heritage estate not just as a composition of a historic building and its garden ensemble but as a centrally organized economic system and a spatial assemblage of living, leisure and production. In the Achterhoek region from the Province of Gelderland, Netherlands, the agricultural lands and the forestry were lifelines of the living and leisure functions of the estates even in the early 20th century.
In the production history of Achterhoek, two major events took place that largely determine today’s landscape character of the area. These events were respectively, the ‘Marken division’ in 1820’s initiated by the powerful estate owners and the ‘post-World War 2 land consolidation’ after 1950's mostly taken up by the farmers. Most of the forestry and the characteristic ‘backstage landscape’ of the estate area, were developed at the time of the Marken division. During the land consolidation after World War 2, the East Achterhoek landscape accommodated intensification of agriculture. Thus, the forestry and the characteristic landscape along with its diversity were somewhat lost into a more homogenized open landscape in the East Achterhoek. On the contrary, the estate owners protected the cultural landscape of the estate area for the appreciation of its experiential qualities, its nature value and the leisure opportunities it provided them. But over time, the productive hinterland lost its value and strong connection with the estates as it was not enough as an economy generator anymore. As a consequence, most of the estates were taken up by conservation organizations in the 1970’s for their maintenance and protection.
Today, the richly protected heritage estate zones only cover the estate building and the garden, but the hinterland is not equally seen as an important part of the heritage. Once, the hinterland was an invaluable part of the estate and even during the post WW2 crisis, the estate owners ensured the protection of their hinterlands along with the characteristic features of the cultural landscape of Achterhoek. That is why, there is a need for re-exploring its value and finding new functional and experiential links between the hinterland and the estates.
In the current scenario, the severe scarcity of water in the estate grounds can be seen rather as a possibility for new links. Going back in history of water management, it is found that the productive landscape and its processes have influenced and altered the ‘Baakse Beek’ (brook system) and the wetness storage capacity of the region especially the East Achterhoek area. Here, a lack of awareness of its impact on the adjacent estate area is noticed. Thus, we find another missing link between the estates and the the broader cultural landscape as well.
If suitable measures are taken in the productive landscape, this situation might improve. This, in turn, generates new possibilities of re-purposing and revaluing the productive hinterland and restore its link to the heritage estates through different scales.

Istanbul Water and Sewage Administration’s estimations of decline of water supply is calculated as 24%, with a 2 °C increase in temperature by 2030 caused by increasing evaporation from reservoirs (van Leeuwen & Sjerps, 2016, 12). Considering the fact that 97% of water sources are these dams/reservoirs, it is obvious that İstanbul is vulnerable in terms of water supply without any alternative water supply. It can be indicated that the water that is supplied to the city is not being used efficiently. Even though the water comes from the taps are drinkable, according to a study made by Kanat (2017, 526-527) the use of tap water as potable water is 4% in the city. Furthermore, the treated wastewater is discharged to the Marmara Sea, and the Black Sea through Bosphorus Strait. Because of low water regeneration caused eutrophication of the Marmara Sea, higher effluent quality wastewater discharged in there, while the less advanced treated wastewaters are discharged to the Bosphorus Strait to reach the Black Sea by the currents (van Leeuwen & Sjerps, 2016, 7-8). It can be concluded that the current water management of Istanbul has many technical problems that affects and will be affecting the everyday life of its inhabitants. Examples can be given to these water related problems as drought due to lack of available water, or nuisance due to precipitation. If these current practices continue, with the effects of climate change and the fast, uncontrolled urban growth, problems affecting daily life will get worse in future. ‘Modern Water’ understanding of today sees water as a service to be provided and makes it invisible to users, thus, causes lack of awareness, responsibility and loss of a socio-cultural value which is the meaning of water. While these problems could be answered by spatial solutions, lack of integration between infrastructural and urban design only enlarges the deficiencies. This research aims to discover the relation between the modern water understanding and the unsustainable water practices that currently exist in İstanbul. This is aimed to be done through questioning ‘Modern/Rationalized Water’ and discussing how this caused the abstraction of the socio-cultural aspect of water. The thesis mainly studies the spatial manifestation of this rationalized water that is reduced to be only a natural element of H2O especially in public spaces. This is done by creating a new approach to water related problems in cities, which is inspired by the newly introduced fields of Hydro-sociology and Socio-hydrology. This new approach that aims to preserve the cultural and the social meanings of water while understanding the hydrological cycle of a city is later combined with Urban Water Mass Balance analysis that provides the quantitative examination of the water cycle. After concluding that the natural drainage network of İstanbul is damaged and is under the pressure of the fast urbanization of the city while the trends in the planning still using outdated methods and technologies to control the situation. The needed new approach is studied in the scale of the Kagithane Creek Basin of the Metropolitan Area of İstanbul. The study continues with a proposed design for a specific location near the Kagithane Creek to discuss how this new approach can lead to design activities and change locals everyday experience of water in the city.The thesis concludes that changing the perspective on the water management by including social and cultural aspect to it, changes the way of finding solutions to the technical water management problems by making more integrated management principles necessary.

In 2018 Cape Town faced the threat of becoming the first city in modern age to run out of drinking water and reach Day Zero, the day when due to a 3-year long drought the city’s taps are switched off and residents are compelled to fetch their daily 25 liters of water from communal taps. This time the city successfully managed to avoid the critical date; however, the underlying problems are not solved permanently, the future is not secured. The city is pushed forward to take action and „be a beacon in Africa through the progressive realization of Cape Town as a water sensitive city (CoCT, 2018A)”. However, water scarcity is further complicated by high levels of inequity and poor water quality in the city’s townships, where the legacy of apartheid is still present in forms of social and spatial segregation. The thesis seeks to explore and develop spatial strategies that can foster the transition towards a water sensitive Cape Town, while also providing inhabitants with equal access to water services and amenities. The Cape Town urban water cycle and resource flows are evaluated using the Water Mass Balance equation. The metabolic analysis is completed with spatial mapping of regional water flows, which reveals vulnerable territories and potential intervention zones. Three peri-urban cluster areas along different watercourses have been selected to showcase water sensitive design interventions focusing on the water-food-energy nexus. A micro scale design for Imizamo Yethu township exemplifies the details and technical aspects of implementing Water Sensitive Urban Design and Sustainable Drainage Systems. Spatial measures are translated into typologies to enhance their transferability as design principles to various locations. Besides the spatial strategies, the thesis provides recommendations on improving public participation in water governance by bridging the communication gap between local communities and decision-makers through catchment forums. The thesis concludes that the urban water cycle is an epitome of why we cannot ‘divide’ a city without serious consequences. As water flows through the city and interlaces neighbourhoods regardless of any border, Cape Town can only achieve its goal and become a water sensitive city if strategies address the whole urban ecosystem including still often neglected areas and marginalized communities.

The purpose of this graduation report is to give an overview and inspiration on the route towards a resilient & attractive metropolitan [food] landscape of Amsterdam in 2050. The topic of research is the impact of climate change, unsustainable agriculture and urbanisation towards 2050, on the agricultural landscapes in the metropolitan region of Amsterdam, in the Netherlands. With the challenges and the problems that arise from these, it becomes inevitable to design a transition of the [food] landscapes in the region. Therefore the following research question is defined: ‘‘How to design a new perspective on the food landscapes in the metropolitan region of Amsterdam towards 2050 for a landscape that is resilient to the effects of climate change, to restore the ecosystem (in the freshwater) of the landscape and create opportunities for new activities to start that will strengthen the connection between cities and landscapes, for a resilient & attractive region?’’ A new method is used to find solutions for the three challenges in an integrative way, as there is a lot of potential in the synergy of the solutions. The maximization method provides an overview of individual solutions for the problems in the region, which can be used if the challenges change over time. Subsequently, in the optimization phase, the solutions with the most potential to be combined are given (water storage, new food types, a circular water system, purifying nature & greenhouses). In the final integration phase, the solutions are integrated into the landscapes of the region. An innovative element in this research is the addition of scenarios for the future transition of agricultural landscapes to the maximization method to create climate resilient, purifying agriculture or recreational [food] landscapes. This, together with interviews, results in a new perspective on the [food] landscapes in the region, that is a design for the landscapes created by the synergy between the solutions for the challenges (with a focus on the purifying & climate resilient scenarios). With a new perspective, pilot projects are designed to give an example of the new perspective solutions through the scales and by using the unique characteristics of the agricultural landscapes in the region (in Waterland, Haarlemmermeer, Zaanstreek & the Beemster). In the conclusion, the new perspective combined with pilot projects will create solutions for the challenges in the metropolitan region of Amsterdam towards 2050.

Located in the large urban area named Randstad, the Rotterdam-The Hague metropolitan area (MRDH) has the largest European port and the majority of Dutch greenhouse sector residing within its borders. Accounted for only 2.7% of the area in the Netherlands, the MRDH consumes 17.3% of the total energy use. However, the MRDH is almost impoverished in terms of energy resources. Most of the fossil fuel energy used in the region is imported. Therefore, this energy intensive development model has also brought challenges from both climate change and fossil fuel depletion, resulting in multiple ecological, environmental, economic and social issues, which obstruct the further growth of the region. There has been an urgency in transforming traditional energy landscape to sustainable energy landscape.

Although the Netherlands has released many policies and regulations on sustainable energy, the current approach is still far too slow. Only 6% of the energy used in the Netherlands comes from renewable sources in 2016. One of the reasons that can explain the slow approach is that the renewable energy technologies are facing public resistance. People keep holding protests because of the negative impacts on landscape. Thus, the practical gap within energy landscape which separates sustainable energy transition and landscape quality apart needs to be addressed. Energy transition and landscape quality have, to date, been treated as two separate conceptual domains. The deficiency in spatial planning and design has evoked the public resistance because people are more aware and concerned about the quality of living environment.

With the focus on sustainable energy landscape and landscape quality, this project gives a new insight on how spatial planning and design can improve the landscape quality of energy landscape, in order to increase public concern and support about sustainable energy transition, thus to contribute to creating a more sustainable, livable and resilient MRDH.

Concrete consumption is one of the major environmental issues of our time. This building material is used twice as much as all the other building materials combined. Furthermore, the United Nations predicts that human global population will reach 10 billion inhabitants by 2050. Correspondingly, it is projected that due to global migration from land to cities, almost 75% of the world’s population will be urbanized. For the building industry, this means that in thirty years we will roughly equal the entire volume of the construction made in the world’s history. In other words, the consumption of concrete is predicted to double over the next three decades. Given the importance that concrete has for the building industry, the ability to optimise the material usage can have a global impact in reducing both pressure from the natural environment and carbon footprint. To fully exploit the potential of concrete in a cost-effective and environmentally sensible way represents one of the greatest challenges posed to building technology today. The research question has been formulated based on this problem statement: How can a prefabricated structural concrete slab be designed to optimise the use of concrete, minimise material waste and allow for efficient (dis)assembly and reuse to extend its exploitation life? Currently, one of the main issues to reuse concrete elements is the implementation of steel rebars as reinforcement. This type of reinforcement corrodes and causes internal cracks in the concrete elements. This means that after time, the element cannot be reused as its structural capacity is compromised. This has led this research towards investigating novel strategies to provide concrete with tensile strength. Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) emerges as a potential solution. However, it is well known that the performance of FRC largely depends on the orientation of its fibres. To achieve this, production methods that can achieve a controlled fibre orientation are also reviewed. Here, 3D printing concrete (3DCP) emerges as an approach worthy to be explored. It has been observed that the fibres orient parallel to the deposition of the concrete layer. If this strategy is applied, this means that a printing path can be programmed and, the fibres will orient accordingly. A general outlook of 3DCP characteristics is reviewed in this research. Consequently, such characteristics are applied to the design of the reusable 3DCP slab. Besides the material characteristics, Circular Economy (CE) presents strategies to exploit the full potential and retain the optimal value of the physical environment. Principles of the CE are reviewed in this research through literature study. Special consideration has been put in the principle of Design for Reuse (DfR) as the objective of this research is to enable multi service-lives of the new 3DCP slab. Suitable aspects have been identified and applied to the design based on the properties of concrete and fabrication techniques. Here, the engineering of dry mechanical connections is sensible as the 3DCP slab can be efficiently demounted without the need to break or cut part of the slab. The simplicity of the connections is crucial in this research as this translates into savings of energy and CO2 emissions due to a rapid building process. Furthermore, the simplicity of the connection means an easy replacement upon damage without affectation to the whole concrete slab. The engineering and mechanical performance of the connections are addressed in this research. To conclude the research, the utility of the reusable 3DCP slab is studied. The results are compared to those of a traditional concrete slab and conclusions are drawn to assess the relevance of this new approach to reduce concrete consumption. Economic utility, policies and business models are excluded from this research as they are not the main focus and due to time constraints. This master thesis answers the research question by designing a concrete slab that can optimise the usage of concrete. This is achieved both by material characteristics, production process and the engineering of demountable connections. However, further physical research and testing are needed to properly evaluate the production process and its applicability to the current design. Nevertheless, the result looks promising.

This graduation project is about the storm water resilience of Amsterdam. The effects of climate change and urban growth, like extreme weather conditions and a larger paved area, cause undesirable conditions regarding storm water resilience of (Dutch) cities. Water nuisance and sewage overflows caused by heavy rainfall occur more and more often. This is undesirable since it may cause dangerous situations related to accessibility, water quality and ecology and it disturbs daily life. Most interventions which are currently used are insufficient as they could address way more sustainable urban aspects at the same time. Therefore, the goal of this graduation project is to make Amsterdam a storm water resilient city, while simultaneously address other local and sustainable urban aspects, in order to create a future-proof city.

Reaching this goal started with an extensive analysis of the current water nuisance in the city. The water nuisance has been explained by several correlations: the correlation between water nuisance and streets with a predominant retail function, and between water nuisance and the most common spatial typology. These correlations form the basis for the chosen strategic design locations: OLVG west on building scale, Javastraat on building (block) scale, Rokin on street scale and Rivierenbuurt on neighbourhood scale. Similar locations are of frequent occurrence in the city and could be transformed in the same way.

The four design sites have been extensively analysed to find out what aspects of that location were in need of improvement, apart from the storm water resilience itself. This analysis has been done on several scales and revealed guidelines for the desirable interventions, related to environmental and socio-economic urban aspects. At Rokin, for example, the high pressure on public space resulted in underground interventions related to storm water resilience and interventions above the surface that provide the human activities of that location. Most of the design components contribute to the stormwater resilience of the city, but address other, additional benefits as well. These additional benefits include both environmental and socio-economic aspects. The designed vegetable garden on the roof of OLVG west, for example, improves the storm water resilience of that location, but creates a recreational facility too.

Implementing interventions on several scales creates a network of interventions that work together. In practise this means that when the storage or infiltration of a design component has been reached, other components should compensate. In this way, interventions on smaller scales can create a network of interventions that functions on the city scale. When the locations similar to the strategic design sites are being transformed too, this network arises. In this way, Amsterdam will become a storm water resilient, future-proof and liveable city.

Climate change and other challenges such as energy transition and social transition in Bergen mean the urban structure and spatial qualities would be influenced and the lifestyle of people might also change. In order to sustain or improve the current level of livability of the city, certain policies and interventions through spatial planning and design would be necessary. This project firstly redefines the new livability of Bergen in 2030 and related strategies and goals that could adapt to the main challenges. Then improvement of the urban structure and systems is designed to allow developments that confirm with the requirements of the new livability. Design options and guidelines are provided to support the system design.