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M.J.B. Boon
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1
Disgust is a strong emotion of aversion. In the context of food, it is often referred to as a guardian of the mouth, preventing close contact with pathogens and the accidental consumption of poisons. However, disgust can also create a certain level of attraction and be part of positive experiences, even in the context of food. In this article, we discuss different ways of using disgust to influence eating behaviour and contribute to healthier food consumption. We outline ten different bridging concepts accompanied by various design exemplars on how to use disgust in the context of critical food design. In addition, we present four different lenses that can help to refine the design concepts.
...
Disgust is a strong emotion of aversion. In the context of food, it is often referred to as a guardian of the mouth, preventing close contact with pathogens and the accidental consumption of poisons. However, disgust can also create a certain level of attraction and be part of positive experiences, even in the context of food. In this article, we discuss different ways of using disgust to influence eating behaviour and contribute to healthier food consumption. We outline ten different bridging concepts accompanied by various design exemplars on how to use disgust in the context of critical food design. In addition, we present four different lenses that can help to refine the design concepts.
Conference paper
(2020)
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Boudewijn Boon, S.E. Baha, A. Singh, F.E. Wegener, M.C. Rozendaal, P.J. Stappers
Since its introduction, Research through Design (RtD) has taken on a wide variety of forms. Currently, there is a lack of clarity about what connects and separates different RtD approaches. Several attempts have been made to clarify these matters, often in the form of a top-down categorization. Here we start on a different path, one that is open for different points of view and grounded in the ongoing concerns and needs of RtD practitioners. Over a two-month period, we engaged a local research community in weekly discussions about RtD in their work. Thoughts and questions were posted on a dedicated wall-space, maintained, and clustered over the weeks. As a result, we identified 11 themes that indicate concerns among participants about RtD. We suggest the themes can help in articulating different RtD ‘styles’ and ‘genres’, and believe this should be a collaborative and bottom-up effort that crosses disciplinary and institutional boundaries.
...
Since its introduction, Research through Design (RtD) has taken on a wide variety of forms. Currently, there is a lack of clarity about what connects and separates different RtD approaches. Several attempts have been made to clarify these matters, often in the form of a top-down categorization. Here we start on a different path, one that is open for different points of view and grounded in the ongoing concerns and needs of RtD practitioners. Over a two-month period, we engaged a local research community in weekly discussions about RtD in their work. Thoughts and questions were posted on a dedicated wall-space, maintained, and clustered over the weeks. As a result, we identified 11 themes that indicate concerns among participants about RtD. We suggest the themes can help in articulating different RtD ‘styles’ and ‘genres’, and believe this should be a collaborative and bottom-up effort that crosses disciplinary and institutional boundaries.
Playscapes
Creating Space for Young Children's Physical Activity and Play
Doctoral thesis
(2020)
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Boudewijn Boon, Pieter Jan Stappers, Marry M. Van den Heuvel-Eibrink, Marco Rozendaal
Young children often lack opportunities to play in a physically active way. This is particularly the case for children with cancer and other chronic diseases, who regularly undergo periods of hospitalization. Promoting their physical activity and play can contribute to their health, wellbeing, and development. This thesis develops ‘Playscapes’ – a design perspective that emphasizes the unstructured and spontaneous nature of young children’s physical activity. Playscapes encourages designers to enable such physical activity through the design of open-ended and ambiguous playthings. By designing such playthings for children with cancer, this thesis contributes to turning hospital environments, such as patient rooms and waiting areas, into potential ‘landscapes for physical activity and play’.
...
Young children often lack opportunities to play in a physically active way. This is particularly the case for children with cancer and other chronic diseases, who regularly undergo periods of hospitalization. Promoting their physical activity and play can contribute to their health, wellbeing, and development. This thesis develops ‘Playscapes’ – a design perspective that emphasizes the unstructured and spontaneous nature of young children’s physical activity. Playscapes encourages designers to enable such physical activity through the design of open-ended and ambiguous playthings. By designing such playthings for children with cancer, this thesis contributes to turning hospital environments, such as patient rooms and waiting areas, into potential ‘landscapes for physical activity and play’.
Design Strategies for Promoting Young Children’s Physical Activity
A Playscapes Perspective
Journal article
(2020)
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Boudewijn Boon, M.C. Rozendaal, Marry M. Van den Heuvel-Eibrink, J.J. van der Net, M. van Grotel, P.J. Stappers
This paper develops a set of design strategies for promoting young children’s physical activity. These strategies are developed by taking the design perspective of Playscapes as a starting point. Playscapes suggests that three play qualities are key in promoting young children’s physical activity: free, bodily, and dispersed play. We present two field studies in a pediatric oncology center, in which we observed how these play qualities were reflected in children’s interactions with two Playscape designs: Stickz, a collection of branch-shaped objects, were placed in a semi-public waiting area; Fizzy, a self-propelled robotic ball, was introduced to patient rooms. Free play was analyzed according to the diversity of play activities, bodily play according to the diversity and exertion level of bodily movements, and dispersed play according to the floor area covered. Based on the findings, we discuss how Fizzy and Stickz contributed to each play quality, and derive a set of design strategies that can be applied in different contexts to stimulate young children’s physical activity. With these strategies, Playscapes offers a concrete alternative to existing approaches, supporting designers in directing interactions towards physical activity while leaving room for children’s unstructured and spontaneous play.
...
This paper develops a set of design strategies for promoting young children’s physical activity. These strategies are developed by taking the design perspective of Playscapes as a starting point. Playscapes suggests that three play qualities are key in promoting young children’s physical activity: free, bodily, and dispersed play. We present two field studies in a pediatric oncology center, in which we observed how these play qualities were reflected in children’s interactions with two Playscape designs: Stickz, a collection of branch-shaped objects, were placed in a semi-public waiting area; Fizzy, a self-propelled robotic ball, was introduced to patient rooms. Free play was analyzed according to the diversity of play activities, bodily play according to the diversity and exertion level of bodily movements, and dispersed play according to the floor area covered. Based on the findings, we discuss how Fizzy and Stickz contributed to each play quality, and derive a set of design strategies that can be applied in different contexts to stimulate young children’s physical activity. With these strategies, Playscapes offers a concrete alternative to existing approaches, supporting designers in directing interactions towards physical activity while leaving room for children’s unstructured and spontaneous play.
Objects with intent
Designing Everyday Things as Collaborative Partners
In HCI there is an increasing trend to approach computing artifacts as agents. In this article, we make a case for "Objects with Intent" (OwI's) as an emerging type of agents that take advantage of the meaning of everyday things as the site for their intelligence and agency. After reviewing relevant existing research in HCI and related fields, we demonstrate how OwI's provide a new perspective on human-agent interaction. We then elaborate on how the notion of OwI's is informed by Dennett's theory of intentionality and Leontiev's Activity Theory. Thereafter, we illustrate the application of OwI's through the design case of Fizzy, a robotic ball used to stimulate hospitalized children to engage in physical play. We end by discussing the nature and merit of OwI's and reflecting more broadly on the challenges involved in designing OwI's.
...
In HCI there is an increasing trend to approach computing artifacts as agents. In this article, we make a case for "Objects with Intent" (OwI's) as an emerging type of agents that take advantage of the meaning of everyday things as the site for their intelligence and agency. After reviewing relevant existing research in HCI and related fields, we demonstrate how OwI's provide a new perspective on human-agent interaction. We then elaborate on how the notion of OwI's is informed by Dennett's theory of intentionality and Leontiev's Activity Theory. Thereafter, we illustrate the application of OwI's through the design case of Fizzy, a robotic ball used to stimulate hospitalized children to engage in physical play. We end by discussing the nature and merit of OwI's and reflecting more broadly on the challenges involved in designing OwI's.
Design research in healthcare can be demanding. We report on eight challenges that designers and design researchers face when working on healthcare projects. We conducted four workshops with design researchers active in healthcare: six PhD candidates, a mixed group of thirteen design researchers, twelve design students, and eight design practitioners. Participants shared critical events from recent projects and reflected collaboratively to identify common challenges across different design approaches or disciplines. An analysis of the workshop materials resulted in eight themes of challenges, divided into three clusters. The first cluster, challenges in practice, includes (1) conducting fieldwork, (2) involving end users, and (3) dealing with sensitive situations. The second cluster, managerial challenges, includes (4) managing relations, (5) building understanding, and (6) communicating value. Finally, in the third cluster, generic challenges, includes (7) attuning to time and financial restrictions and (8) establishing rapport. This overview can contribute to design education and practice by helping both novice and experienced designers recognize and anticipate potential hurdles when engaging with the complexities of the healthcare environment.
...
Design research in healthcare can be demanding. We report on eight challenges that designers and design researchers face when working on healthcare projects. We conducted four workshops with design researchers active in healthcare: six PhD candidates, a mixed group of thirteen design researchers, twelve design students, and eight design practitioners. Participants shared critical events from recent projects and reflected collaboratively to identify common challenges across different design approaches or disciplines. An analysis of the workshop materials resulted in eight themes of challenges, divided into three clusters. The first cluster, challenges in practice, includes (1) conducting fieldwork, (2) involving end users, and (3) dealing with sensitive situations. The second cluster, managerial challenges, includes (4) managing relations, (5) building understanding, and (6) communicating value. Finally, in the third cluster, generic challenges, includes (7) attuning to time and financial restrictions and (8) establishing rapport. This overview can contribute to design education and practice by helping both novice and experienced designers recognize and anticipate potential hurdles when engaging with the complexities of the healthcare environment.
Design is increasingly concerned with changing people’s behaviours. A common characteristic to behavioural design approaches is their directionality: products
provide clarity about or guidance towards the designer’s intended behavioural outcome. In this paper we propose an alternative perspective that emphasizes
ambiguity (i.e. affording multiple interpretations) and open-endedness (i.e. affording multiple courses of action). We build on two design cases in pediatric healthcare in
which the aim was to stimulate young children’s physical activity during hospitalization. Instead of commonly used exercise-based approaches, our focus was
on physical activity in the form of spontaneous and unstructured play. We describe how interactions with ambiguous and open-ended playthings gave rise to intended
behavioural outcomes. The findings are explained by drawing on Activity Theory, suggesting products can direct and leave things open on different levels of interaction.
With our contribution we open up a new design space for behavioural design that reconciles designer’s intentions with end user’s appropriation. ...
provide clarity about or guidance towards the designer’s intended behavioural outcome. In this paper we propose an alternative perspective that emphasizes
ambiguity (i.e. affording multiple interpretations) and open-endedness (i.e. affording multiple courses of action). We build on two design cases in pediatric healthcare in
which the aim was to stimulate young children’s physical activity during hospitalization. Instead of commonly used exercise-based approaches, our focus was
on physical activity in the form of spontaneous and unstructured play. We describe how interactions with ambiguous and open-ended playthings gave rise to intended
behavioural outcomes. The findings are explained by drawing on Activity Theory, suggesting products can direct and leave things open on different levels of interaction.
With our contribution we open up a new design space for behavioural design that reconciles designer’s intentions with end user’s appropriation. ...
Design is increasingly concerned with changing people’s behaviours. A common characteristic to behavioural design approaches is their directionality: products
provide clarity about or guidance towards the designer’s intended behavioural outcome. In this paper we propose an alternative perspective that emphasizes
ambiguity (i.e. affording multiple interpretations) and open-endedness (i.e. affording multiple courses of action). We build on two design cases in pediatric healthcare in
which the aim was to stimulate young children’s physical activity during hospitalization. Instead of commonly used exercise-based approaches, our focus was
on physical activity in the form of spontaneous and unstructured play. We describe how interactions with ambiguous and open-ended playthings gave rise to intended
behavioural outcomes. The findings are explained by drawing on Activity Theory, suggesting products can direct and leave things open on different levels of interaction.
With our contribution we open up a new design space for behavioural design that reconciles designer’s intentions with end user’s appropriation.
provide clarity about or guidance towards the designer’s intended behavioural outcome. In this paper we propose an alternative perspective that emphasizes
ambiguity (i.e. affording multiple interpretations) and open-endedness (i.e. affording multiple courses of action). We build on two design cases in pediatric healthcare in
which the aim was to stimulate young children’s physical activity during hospitalization. Instead of commonly used exercise-based approaches, our focus was
on physical activity in the form of spontaneous and unstructured play. We describe how interactions with ambiguous and open-ended playthings gave rise to intended
behavioural outcomes. The findings are explained by drawing on Activity Theory, suggesting products can direct and leave things open on different levels of interaction.
With our contribution we open up a new design space for behavioural design that reconciles designer’s intentions with end user’s appropriation.
What You Gain and What It Takes
A Student’s Reflection on a Participatory Design Project
Within1 the field of design various methods are available that allow users to be involved in the design process. Based on a participatory design project in the context of paediatric physiotherapy, this paper shares reflections of a relatively inexperienced design student, trained to involve users in a designer-led fashion. We highlight the values that a participatory approach brought her (i.e. what was gained) and what this approach required of her as a designer (i.e. what it took). The main benefits were a deeper understanding of the context and shared ownership among stakeholders. Achieving these benefits required the student to show qualities of courage, social sensitivity and responsiveness. Our reflection suggests that besides the teaching of methods and techniques, design education should also address the personal or professional qualities that can benefit design students in participatory design projects.
...
Within1 the field of design various methods are available that allow users to be involved in the design process. Based on a participatory design project in the context of paediatric physiotherapy, this paper shares reflections of a relatively inexperienced design student, trained to involve users in a designer-led fashion. We highlight the values that a participatory approach brought her (i.e. what was gained) and what this approach required of her as a designer (i.e. what it took). The main benefits were a deeper understanding of the context and shared ownership among stakeholders. Achieving these benefits required the student to show qualities of courage, social sensitivity and responsiveness. Our reflection suggests that besides the teaching of methods and techniques, design education should also address the personal or professional qualities that can benefit design students in participatory design projects.
Beagle
A stimulating quest throughout the hospital
Beagle is a design concept aiming to improve the quality of life and the development of hospitalized adolescents (12-16) with Cystic Fibrosis (CF). During hospitalization CF patients are isolated to prevent cross infection of bacteria. They suffer from boredom, a decrease in social contact and a negatively affected physical activity level. Beagle is a concept that facilitates various forms of playful interaction for adolescents throughout the hospital, motivating them to become physically active within the boundaries of the hospital's installed segregation policy. A first explorative and qualitative study was conducted to see how adolescents experience and use Beagle.
...
Beagle is a design concept aiming to improve the quality of life and the development of hospitalized adolescents (12-16) with Cystic Fibrosis (CF). During hospitalization CF patients are isolated to prevent cross infection of bacteria. They suffer from boredom, a decrease in social contact and a negatively affected physical activity level. Beagle is a concept that facilitates various forms of playful interaction for adolescents throughout the hospital, motivating them to become physically active within the boundaries of the hospital's installed segregation policy. A first explorative and qualitative study was conducted to see how adolescents experience and use Beagle.
Loose parts for children with autism
Design opportunities and implications
Loose parts are ambiguous and open-ended materials that provide endless possibilities in children’s play. Loose parts foster creative and dramatic play which in turn stimulates the development of children’s social, emotional and cognitive skills. In this paper we explore the potential value of loose parts for children with autism because their development of said skills tends to either not happen or at a very low pace. We describe the effects of a lagging Theory of Mind and Sensory Integration Disorder, which are both often associated with autistic spectrum disorders. This brings the diverse and complex nature of these disorders to light, virtually excluding universal design guidelines. However, several concrete design implications and opportunities are suggested. Our next steps entail engaging with autistic children in their context and trying out tailor made loose parts.
...
...
Loose parts are ambiguous and open-ended materials that provide endless possibilities in children’s play. Loose parts foster creative and dramatic play which in turn stimulates the development of children’s social, emotional and cognitive skills. In this paper we explore the potential value of loose parts for children with autism because their development of said skills tends to either not happen or at a very low pace. We describe the effects of a lagging Theory of Mind and Sensory Integration Disorder, which are both often associated with autistic spectrum disorders. This brings the diverse and complex nature of these disorders to light, virtually excluding universal design guidelines. However, several concrete design implications and opportunities are suggested. Our next steps entail engaging with autistic children in their context and trying out tailor made loose parts.
Playscapes
A design perspective on young children's physical play
Conference paper
(2016)
-
Boudewijn Boon, Marco Rozendaal, Marry M. Van den Heuvel-Eibrink, J.J. van der Net, Pieter Jan Stappers
In early childhood, children develop motor skills that form the basis of
their future physical activities. This development can stagnate when
children face long-term hospitalization due to injury or disease. Most
interventions to facilitate their physical development are built on
exercise and structured play, and have ignored the value of spontaneous
and unstructured play. For this reason, we introduce 'Playscapes' as a
design perspective on young children's physical play. Playscapes is
inspired by outdoor play, and accounts for three qualities: bodily play,
dispersed play and free play. These qualities can help interaction
designers to generate designs that help children playfully develop
physical competence. The design perspective is used for developing two
design interventions specifically for children with cancer. To point out
the merits of Playscapes, the design interventions are compared with
two exercise-based interventions. Finally, challenges and future steps
are discussed for further developing Playscapes.
...
In early childhood, children develop motor skills that form the basis of their future physical activities. This development can stagnate when children face long-term hospitalization due to injury or disease. Most interventions to facilitate their physical development are built on exercise and structured play, and have ignored the value of spontaneous and unstructured play. For this reason, we introduce 'Playscapes' as a design perspective on young children's physical play. Playscapes is inspired by outdoor play, and accounts for three qualities: bodily play, dispersed play and free play. These qualities can help interaction designers to generate designs that help children playfully develop physical competence. The design perspective is used for developing two design interventions specifically for children with cancer. To point out the merits of Playscapes, the design interventions are compared with two exercise-based interventions. Finally, challenges and future steps are discussed for further developing Playscapes.