The energy transition requires rapid deployment of complex infrastructure, yet many projects - such as carbon capture hubs and HVDC interconnectors - face persistent cost overruns, delays, and learning bottlenecks. While organizations recognize the need to learn from past efforts, they often lack the internal structures or cross-project mechanisms to do so effectively. This thesis investigates how specialised intermediaries can improve inter-organizational learning and accelerate energy transition delivery. It addresses the question: How can the energy sector make use of intermediaries to improve inter-organizational learning and accelerate the energy transition? The study adopts an exploratory, qualitative multiple-case design, examining three energy projects where Turner \& Townsend acted as intermediary. Data were collected through fifteen semi-structured interviews with both client and consultant representatives and analysed thematically to identify learning mechanisms, barriers, and outcomes. Findings show that intermediaries were engaged to close capability gaps, deliver structured benchmarking, and adapt proven delivery models to novel technical contexts. Through a mix of codified frameworks (e.g., the Cube methodology), anonymised data platforms, and embedded expertise, the intermediary helped project teams standardise fragmented inputs, challenge assumptions, and institutionalise improved routines. This accelerated learning from one project to the next and strengthened long-term client capabilities. The thesis introduces a “Build–Partner–Burst” model to explain how intermediary involvement can adapt over time to meet evolving project needs. The study contributes to intermediary and organizational learning theory by showing how intermediaries act as configurable capability platforms that compress learning cycles, substitute for slow trust formation, and make sector-wide knowledge sharing more viable. Practical recommendations include earlier intermediary engagement, investment in digital data infrastructure, and more deliberate context-tailoring of delivery tools. While limited to three cases within one firm, the findings suggest that intermediaries can play a catalytic role in scaling learning across projects and organizations in the global energy transition.

In recent years, large infrastructure projects have increasingly struggled with limited market capacity,
contractors unwilling to bear excessive risks, and the ambition to involve small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs). These challenges force, and at times motivate, public clients to divide projects
into separate segments that can be tendered individually. Such segmented contracting offers
flexibility and makes projects accessible to a wider range of contractors, but it also fragments
responsibilities and creates numerous interfaces between contracts. This raises a fundamental
question: how should contractors collaborate across segments, and how can the client ensure that
coordination is effectively organised?

This thesis investigates how clients address these challenges by making segmentation and
coordination choices. Specifically, clients can opt for horizontal (geographical) or vertical (technical)
segmentation, and decide whether design and execution are tendered in parallel or phased over
time. In addition, they must determine whether coordination remains a responsibility of the client or
is delegated to one of the contractors. The research combines a literature review with four case
studies of Dutch infrastructure projects and a series of interviews with legal experts. Together, these
sources provided insights into how these choices shape the division of design and execution
responsibilities, the organisation of planning, and the allocation of risk.

The case studies showed that horizontal and vertical segmentation often create complex technical
and geographical interfaces, requiring careful management to avoid disputes. Phased and parallel
segmentation affect the alignment of schedules and information flows, with parallel strategies in
particular demanding strong coordination to manage interdependencies. Clients employed both
formal mechanisms, such as coordination agreements, overarching covenants, and escalation
procedures, and informal mechanisms, such as steering groups and joint decision-making. The
interviews with legal experts showed that without legally enforceable coordination agreements, the
risks of fragmentation and conflict increase substantially for the client.

The findings demonstrate that segmentation choices cannot be considered in isolation but must be
supported by a contractual and organisational framework that enables effective coordination. This
thesis contributes by clarifying how clients can adopt segmented contracting effectively, by analysing
how their choices in segmentation and coordination influence responsibilities and risks, and by
formulating key elements for structuring coordination agreements. In doing so, it provides both
theoretical insights and practical recommendations for clients seeking to implement segmented
contracting in complex infrastructure projects.

This thesis investigates how value is co-created and perceived between public clients and consultants during the front-end stages of infrastructure projects, where early decisions critically shape long-term outcomes. Drawing on a qualitative multi-case study of two Dutch infrastructure projects, the research identifies key resources, co-creation processes, and value outcomes generated. In addition, the study also emphasizes the role of human-centric and contextual factors, such as strategic priorities and structured service approaches, in influencing decision-making quality. The study offers practical recommendations which include early market engagement, iterative knowledge development, and co-created reporting frameworks to enhance collaboration and reduce delays. The visual framework developed serves as a reference for project managers to evaluate the effectiveness of co-creation process and improve value delivery in complex infrastructure projects.

In the face of climate urgency and rapid urban change, buildings must become more adaptable to extend their lifespan and reduce environmental impact. Yet, adaptability is often undermined by project delivery methods (PDMs) that are not well equipped to manage, plan, and deliver long-term lifecycle requirements, even though in terms of design, it is technically possible, particularly in modular construction. This research examines how PDMs can be restructured to enhance building adaptability. Using a comparative case study of two Dutch modular projects (a campus office expansion and a relocatable housing development) this study applies a Design Structure Matrix (DSM) and RACI framework to analyze the alignment of technical design, process workflows, and stakeholder roles. The analysis reveals a critical socio-technical misalignment: while modular systems provided technical capability, adaptability was consistently compromised by process-related barriers, including delayed technical coordination, missing lifecycle documentation, and unclear post-use accountability. Findings are synthesized into a structured delivery framework that integrates disassembly planning, modular reuse logic, and iterative feedback loops from the project's outset. This research provides a practical approach for project managers to proactively structure delivery for adaptability. It contributes to the field by demonstrating that successful adaptability is not merely a technical feature but an output of a holistic alignment of the project delivery system.

This thesis examines how Dutch housing associations can integrate circular economy aims while delivering homes quickly and affordably. It identifies a Capacity–Circularity Gap: the distance between what associations want on circular construction and what they can deliver within current rules, tools, and routines. Two imperatives sit side by side in daily practice. There is pressure for speed, cost control, and volume, and there is the ambition to build for long-term value with lower resource use. The analysis shows that throughput usually weighs heavier, which keeps circular options at the margins of mainstream delivery.
The research combines a context study, a literature review, and a qualitative empirical phase with five semi-structured interviews with practitioners in housing associations and municipalities. Transcripts were thematically analyzed and the findings were validated in an interview with the program manager for Onderhoud en Verbetering and interim sustainability lead at Aedes. The expert validation helped to locate where circular options fall out and which steps are most useful in practice.
Three mechanisms explain how the gap is produced. First, an early financial filter, described by the expert as the horizon gap, keeps longer-term and component-level effects outside selection and funding at the moment of choice. Circular options can then drop out before they build a track record. Second, circular know-how is not yet embedded in routine tools and workflows. Lessons stay in pilots, and perceived risk remains high. Third, procurement settings and the way risk and liability are handled pull decisions back to familiar solutions under delivery pressure, especially when evidence for reused and bio-based parts is not standardized.
From these results, the thesis proposes three connected pathways. Developing Circular Expertise focuses on short learning cycles, shared checklists, and peer exchange so lessons move from pilots into routine work. Redesigning Business Model brings longer-term effects into go or no-go and award decisions through a concise circular section with a small, stable set of performance criteria and expected evidence. Building Market Supply aligns criteria and demand across clients and fits risk allocation and documentation to reused and biobased components, which lowers supplier uncertainty and supports reliable delivery at volume. The expert validation confirmed the logic and the order: capability before criteria, criteria before wider market moves.
Sector initiatives can host these steps. Netwerk Conceptueel Bouwen supports learning and specification. De Woonstandaard offers comparable baselines that can carry clear circular criteria. De Bouwstroom aggregates demand and timelines so suppliers can plan and invest. Used together, these initiatives help turn ambition into normal practice without slowing delivery.
The contribution of this work is to translate a broad tension into operational guidance for Dutch housing associations. It names and locates the horizon gap, shows the decision points where circular value is filtered out, and sets out practical steps that fit current mandates. If applied now, these steps can narrow the distance between want and can and help the sector keep a credible path to the national goal of a fully circular economy by 2050, while continuing to build the homes the Netherlands urgently needs.

The energy transition requires rapid scaling of renewable energy systems, with offshore wind playing a central role in Europe’s climate and energy security ambitions. The Netherlands, through TenneT’s 2GW Program, is pioneering a standardized 2 GW high-voltage direct current (HVDC) grid connection system. This thesis investigates how SE can address challenges in offshore grid projects and maximize benefits for Transmission System Operators (TSOs). Using a triangulated methodology: literature review, document analysis, and semi-structured interviews , the study evaluates SE implementation in the 2GW Program. Findings highlight four key themes: (1) requirements management, where structured and lifecycle-oriented specifications enhanced clarity, traceability, and collaboration; (2) verification and validation (V&V), which reduced risks and improved accountability through systematic compliance; (3) digitalization, enabling transparent, traceable, and program-wide data integration; and (4) external influences, such as contractual frameworks, supply chain disruptions, and organizational culture, which shaped SE effectiveness. While SE demonstrated significant potential, its benefits remain partly unrealized due to cultural inertia, contractor maturity gaps, and time pressures. The study recommends phased SE adoption, front-loaded requirements engineering, client-side V&V ownership, engineered digital tools, and embedding cultural change management. For researchers, it suggests broadening perspectives beyond the client to include contractors and assessing SE processes in later program stages. This research contributes to advancing SE as a governance and delivery mechanism for large-scale offshore infrastructure, supporting TSOs in delivering renewable grid connections efficiently.

Renovation and replacement (R&R) projects in public infrastructure are becoming increasingly complex, due to factors such as scope uncertainty, operational constraints, and the involvement of multiple stakeholder interests. Prior research has shown that for a successful delivery of complex projects it is essential to award contracts based on quality aspects, such as the contractor’s ability to manage complexity, rather than relying solely on price.

However, there is limited empirical evidence on the extent to which public clients translate project complexity into award criteria. This study addresses that gap by examining the case of ProRail, the Dutch railway infrastructure manager, and its use of award criteria in recent R&R tenders. It aims to analyze to what extent project complexity is translated into award criteria for the procurement of these projects. The research combines qualitative insights from interviews on perceived project complexity with a quantitative analysis of the award criteria and their weightings in four recent ProRail R&R tenders.

Findings reveal a partial but positive relationship: in more complex R&R projects, ProRail uses more project-specific quality criteria that are related to project complexity. Projects that were perceived as less complex relied more on ambition-related award criteria and price. Interview participants also mentioned that at ProRail technical complexity was addressed through strict requirements and not through award criteria, while organizational and environmental complexity were more translated into award criteria to create differentiation between bidders.

The research offers a first empirical foundation for understanding how a public client incorporates project complexity into its procurement practices. Although this study focuses only on ProRail, its findings and recommendations are relevant for other public infrastructure clients and can serve as a basis for future research into the alignment between project complexity and procurement strategies.

This research investigates how contemporary design can integrate modernization and efficiency while preserving the historical value, cultural identity, and unique essence of traditional Dutch polder landscapes and their dwellings. Grounded in a qualitative methodology, the study employs a multifaceted research strategy including exploratory, descriptive, correlational, comparative, historical, and case study method. These approaches facilitated a layered understanding of spatial, architectural, and cultural dynamics in the polder landscape, with Midden-Delfland serving as the principal case study.

The study explores how design principles derived from historical research and grounded theory can guide the creation of architecture that respects tradition while meeting modern needs. Through comparative analysis and narrative interpretation, vernacular forms and typologies were examined and reimagined to develop a unified set of contemporary design principles.

The findings culminate in a three-part design framework: [1] urban planning strategies that align future-oriented development with polder logic and environmental systems; [2] rchitectural massing techniques that reinterpret vernacular typologies using durable, symbolic forms; and [3] detailing approaches that combine traditional craftsmanship with digital innovation to enhance experiential and cultural value. This triadic approach offers a resilient and context-sensitive blueprint for modern architecture in heritage landscapes.

Ultimately, the research proposes that the preservation of the Dutch polder’s architectural character lies not in replication but in reinterpretation—through craftsmanship that bridges past and future, tradition and innovation. This vision champions an architecture that is both deeply rooted and forwardthinking, ensuring the continued evolution and recognizability of the polder landscape.

Since the late 20th century, there has been a significant rise in agricultural companies offering care services in the Netherlands, also known as care farms (van der Meulen et al., 2022). These farms emerged as a response to the large institutions that once housed people with disabilities, often isolating them from society in remote locations surrounded by barriers and fences. While care farms are typically situated in isolated areas, such as rural polders, their purpose is to use this isolation to help people with disabilities engage more actively in society (Elings & Koffijberg, 2022). By removing them from overstimulating environments, negative temptations, and bad friends who can pull them into crime, care farms provide a chance for these individuals to lead better lives. Currently, most care farms offer day care services but do not provide residential options, despite a growing demand for such services from different target groups and the care sector due to evolving care needs (Ferwerda & Hassink, 2015). Care farms prove to contribute successfully to the quality of life, social participation and self-reliance of various people in need of care (Hassink, 2022).

However, care farms situated in polders are facing a significant challenge due to climate change: water (ZUS et al., 2022). Increased rainfall and the need for water storage are prompting plans to flood polders, which could reduce agricultural and building land while creating abundant water. Building homes and providing care on water could become a vital additional income source for existing and future care farms, helping to alleviate pressure on the care sector. While the trend of living on the water has already gained traction among private individuals, it remains an underexplored concept within the care sector.

The largest target group of care farms and with 1.1 million people in the Netherlands a widely represented group, are people with a mild intellectual disability (Landelijk Kenniscentrum LVB, 2024). They can possibly be a well-suited group for living on water within a residential care farm setting. Therefore, this study aims to explore the potential of a housing initiative on water for people with mild intellectual disabilities as part of a residential care farm.

To explore the potential of this concept, the research aims to answer the following question: What kind of spatial qualities can residential care farms provide for people with mild intellectual disabilities in a future with flooded polders? The study focuses on two types of case studies: residential care farms for people with MID and housing on water. Spatial qualities in both types of case studies are analysed through a combination of a literature review, an online survey, and interviews, with a strong emphasis on the perspective of the end users. These methods result in two sets of spatial qualities, which are then compared and evaluated in relation to the housing needs of individuals with a MID.

A residential care farm generally seems to meet the needs of people with MID well, such as creating a place where clients can retreat, living in a community and living in an isolated and natural environment. These qualities are also often mentioned by respondents (without MID) who live on water. The community feeling and the contact with nature are mentioned as major advantages on water. Respondents who live on water also clearly experience more freedom than on land, despite the small distance between neighbours. For residential care farms this could be a reason to realise homes on water, to possibly increase the sense of freedom among this target group. In general, however, living on water cannot directly meet the needs of people with MID that residential care farms do not or cannot meet. However, living on water could possibly provide creative design solutions to meet needs of people with MID in an alternative way, which is shown in the design project at the end of this report.

This research has explored the potential of segmentation and segmented contracting as a solution for managing the complexities of infrastructure projects in the Netherlands. As the country's civil infrastructure ages, innovative approaches are required to address the extensive challenges of renewal and renovation that lie ahead. This study has examined the benefits, challenges, and key considerations of segmented contracting, providing a comprehensive understanding for clients and contractors. The research has begun by reviewing various project delivery methods, including traditional, integrated, and co-contracting approaches, to establish a theoretical foundation. It has then analysed how segmentation is applied in current and recent projects, identifying its impact on project complexity and potential solutions. A segmentation framework has been developed to guide the application of segmented contracting. The framework demonstrates the impact of horizontal and vertical segmentation on project complexity elements. Additionally, a typology of segmented project delivery methods has been introduced, categorising approaches such as the segmented traditional project delivery method, the segmented integrated project delivery method, the segmented design team (2.0) project delivery method, and the segmented two-phase project delivery method. Expert insights have been incorporated to validate the findings and provide strategic approaches for effective implementation of segmented contracting. Segmentation, segmented project delivery methods, and segmented contracting offer several solutions to address complexity elements in complex infrastructure projects. By breaking down projects into smaller, manageable segments, clients and contractors can allocate resources and expertise more effectively, tailor risk management strategies, and maintain better control over budgets and schedules. This approach facilitates specialised focus on specific tasks, enhances project manageability, and improves the predictability of project outcomes. However, segmentation also introduces significant challenges, requiring robust coordination, communication, and integration efforts. Without these, projects may face inefficiencies, increased risks, and potential delays. Ultimately, this research has aimed to enhance industry practices, improve market competition, and support the civil engineering sector in addressing the significant infrastructure renewal and renovation challenges ahead. The findings have offered both practical and theoretical insights, promoting better management and fostering a more resilient and adaptive built environment.

The building sector in the Netherlands contributes significantly to carbon emissions, with a substantial portion arising from embodied carbon in materials. Despite government efforts, the industry struggles to meet emission reduction targets. This thesis, examines the material selection process during the design phases of building projects to reduce carbon emissions. A qualitative approach, including a narrative literature review and semi-structured interviews, identified key barriers in decision-making, such as delayed decision-making, lack of data, and stakeholder misalignment. The study highlights the preliminary design phase as a critical “sweet spot” for impactful decisions and recommends early goal-setting, stakeholder collaboration, and continuous budget checks to enhance the sustainability of building projects.

The Netherlands faces a significant challenge in addressing the vast renewal and renovation needs of its aging infrastructure. The portfolio approach offers a methodology to manage this task. By viewing projects as part of a larger portfolio rather than as isolated entities, this approach could improve efficiency and ensure the long-term reliability of infrastructure. This research investigates how the portfolio approach can support the Dutch infrastructure renewal and renovation agenda, focusing on its practical implementation and impact on project execution and outcomes. The research begins with a literature review to identify principles of the portfolio approach, such as collaboration, adaptability, and strategic alignment. These principles form the basis of a case study involving two related bridge projects managed within one portfolio. Interviews with the client and contractor provide an exploration of the practical implementation of the portfolio approach. The case study focuses on five key principles derived from academic and grey literature: improved decision-making through feedback, communication and knowledge sharing, stakeholder involvement, adaptability to dynamic environments, and portfolio-level benefit optimization. These principles guide the analysis, highlighting how actions such as feedback mechanisms and collaborative planning can enhance project execution and stakeholder alignment. The findings result in a simplified framework of actions and effects, showcasing the potential for infrastructure renewal in the Netherlands. The study shows that the portfolio approach could help address the Netherlands' infrastructure renewal and renovation challenge. By fostering collaboration and strategic alignment between clients and contractors, it has the potential to address renewal and renovation issues. However, the research also highlights challenges related to open-book collaboration, particularly in areas such as pricing transparency and allocation of manpower. These challenges can lead to tensions between the public commissioner and the contractor, especially when mechanisms for trust and accountability are poorly established. Addressing these issues requires tailored strategies that balance openness with fairness and efficiency. The research emphasizes the importance of adapting portfolio strategies to the unique dynamics while leveraging the portfolio approach to achieve national infrastructure goals effectively

This graduation report examines the potential for an open and inclusive university campus situated in the heart of The Hague. Within the framework of the Public Building Graduation Studio, the vertical campus concept redefines how learning and interaction occur within and beyond the university setting. This exploration led to the development of Fusion Scientia, a guiding principle that embodies the vision of a dynamic public campus. More than merely a design for a new building, Fusion Scientia represents a transformative approach to education, fostering collaboration, accessibility, and lifelong learning within the community.

In response to the growing need for connectivity between academia and society, the design embraces an inclusive ethos that invites both direct users, students and staff, and the wider community to engage in a shared learning environment. This is achieved through a carefully crafted programmatic layout of vertical and horizontal spaces, ensuring collaboration and cohesion among various functions. Key areas such as the Mountaintop, Waterhole, Campfire, and Cove create vibrant hubs for interaction, enhancing the overall educational experience.

To promote a healthier and more inviting atmosphere, the design features a porous facade that breaks up the massing of the building, allowing for greater transparency and interaction between levels. The carved-out spaces create unique floorplan layouts, fostering spontaneous engagement among users. Incorporating green elements throughout the campus, such as terraces and indoor greenery, further enhances biophilia, promoting well-being and a connection to nature.

Sustainable climate design, including underfloor heating and ventilation systems, ensures a healthy indoor climate while reducing the building’s environmental impact. The project also emphasizes the importance of reusing existing structures, transforming early to late 1900s office buildings from grey and dark environments into a vibrant and light public space. This approach not only honors the architectural heritage of the area but also contributes to a more dynamic urban landscape.

Ultimately, Fusion Scientia serves as a concept that transcends traditional boundaries, redefining the role of the university in the 21st century. By integrating education with the urban fabric, the project aspires to create a more educated society through collaboration and engagement.

The civil engineering sector in the Netherlands faces significant challenges, particularly in Renovating and Replacing (R&R) infrastructure from the 1950s and 1960s. These challenges are exacerbated by limited budgets and a shortage of skilled personnel, especially for municipalities, which manage over 80% of civil structures and bear most R&R costs. This research aims to develop a Roadmap to help municipalities prioritize R&R tasks, meet stakeholder
demands, and optimize resources, exploring the challenges, stakeholder roles, current practices, and decision-making processes involved.

The literature review reveals that decisions on infrastructure intervention depend on the asset's condition, available resources, and objectives. Exploratory interviews identify five prioritization approaches for R&R projects: Asset-driven, Importance-driven, Capacity-driven, Area-oriented, and Collaboration-driven. The study also introduces the concept of organizational maturity to assess a municipality's capacity to address the R&R challenge.

The study concludes that municipalities face significant hurdles in prioritizing R&R tasks, including stakeholder management, information management, defining objectives, asset condition assessment, internal coordination, and uncertainties about future demands and political agendas.
To address these, a Roadmap is proposed, guiding municipalities to select prioritization approaches based on their organizational maturity. The recommended sequence starts with Asset-driven for safety, followed by Importance-driven for cultural value, Capacity-driven for compliance, Area-oriented for resident benefits, and Collaboration-driven to leverage market capacity. The study suggests municipalities begin with Asset-driven approaches and incorporate others as they grow in maturity. Additionally, it recommends establishing independent funding for R&R, creating a central information platform, formalizing prioritization processes, forming dedicated teams for urgent projects, and adopting alternative procurement criteria.

With the expansion of infrastructure projects in the Netherlands in terms of size and complexity, government bodies are increasingly inclined towards adopting a programmatic approach for managing multiple projects. This approach incorporates innovations to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in achieving program objectives. However, the development and implementation of innovations within these infrastructure programmes encounter various challenges, leading to not optimum utilization of innovations. One significant challenge stem from the limited practical experience in utilizing the programmatic approach, resulting in a limited understanding of both the programme's context and innovation process in multi-projects. Consequently, innovations tend to be developed and implemented using a project-based approach, which poses issues. Project-based approaches are inherently rigid and time-bound, while innovations necessitate time and flexibility. Furthermore, the discontinuous nature of projects impedes the effective utilization of the progressive learning curve essential for innovation development. This project-based approach creates an ongoing dilemma for suppliers, who face high risks and a lack of incentives to innovate, despite their pivotal role.

To bridge the gap between understanding and implementing innovations within infrastructure programme, this research aims to address the issue of ineffective innovation utilization in multi-project settings based on suppliers’ perspective. The research approach involves conducting three case studies where innovations are developed and implemented in multi-projects as part of infrastructure programmes. 11 suppliers, including engineering companies and contractors, were interviewed to identify the elements of innovation in multi-projects, including barriers and enablers.

The study reveals seven specific barriers and five enablers related to innovation in multi-projects within infrastructure programs. Notably, it highlights the previously overlooked challenges related to time in innovation, arising from prolonged processes and programme durations. The primary innovation challenge in multi-projects revolves around technical challenge, tied to iterative processes and uncertainty management, irrespective of the type of innovation. These challenges, inherent to innovation, emphasize the need to strike a balance where time supports rather than impedes innovation. The study also confirms known barriers and enablers from project literature. With the choice of a suitable contract form, such as framework or alliance contracts, emerges as a significant enabler. However, contracts can become barriers when they lack risk-sharing mechanisms and still promoting competition, hindering knowledge exchange with external parties. Client-related barriers include the client’s organization size/structure and clients’ inflexible demands. Additionally, the study identifies drivers, inputs, preconditions, outputs, and outcomes of innovations in multi-projects. Preconditions unique to multi-projects include strong organizational leadership, vision, commitment to innovations, financial capabilities, and the selection of an appropriate contract form. Beyond the typical inputs, suppliers stress the importance of certainty regarding the volume of work or the number of projects within multi-projects.

Based on research findings, a solutions framework was developed to facilitate the implementation of innovations in multi-projects. It consists of practical action plans and innovation boundaries designed to address barriers to innovation in multi-projects. Suppliers and public client organizations are recommended to use the Innov-Infra framework during project/program initiation (Part I) and project/program implementation (Part II), led by a designated person within the organization involved in multi-project innovations. Future research should explore public clients' perspectives in similar research across various programme types and sectors, employing qualitative research methods to delve deeper into procurement for innovations and the bundling of supply and demand in contracts.

Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) projects have become an internationally popular model for construction projects, where large risks are bore by the EPC contractor and the subcontractors [Galloway, 2009; Guo et al., 2010]. Risks are inherent to all construction projects, however, the high uncertainties of the international EPC markets, and the complex EPC processes, create for abundant risks which often make it unfeasible for EPC contractors to manage the risks by relying solely on their own capabilities [Wang et al., 2016]. These projects are often of large scale, financially and technically, in
a competitive environment where subcontractors have tight margins and even unrealistic budgeting [Yeo and Ning, 2002]. Furthermore, the concept of risk management is a widely discussed topic in construction literature. However, the effective allocation of these risks to certain parties down the supply chain is
not a popular subject. EPC project environments are known for their adversarial relationships between stakeholders, where subcontractors have demonstrated a certain feeling of distrust within the supply chains [Dainty et al., 2001]. The status quo of these large and complex EPC projects is that the number of subcontractors willing and able to take on the risks of EPC projects is shrinking. There is a need for a more effective risk allocation within the supply chain.

To address this problem statement, this research focuses on analyzing how the risk allocation within the supply chain can improve, in order to improve the project performance for all parties involved. This problem statement is answered through the viewpoint of the contracting strategy used in EPC projects since the contracting strategy is a tool for allocating risks. The final output of this research is a Network Risk Allocation model and recommendations for both EPC contractors and subcontractors. This is attained by conducting exploratory research, consisting of quantitative data gathering, in order
to answer the main research question:

How can risks within EPC projects effectively be allocated among the EPC contractor and subcontractors, to improve project performance through strategic contracting?

This research is divided into three phases. The first phase includes the theoretical background, including a literature review, document review, and exploratory interviews. Phase one dives into the theory around risk allocation, risks in EPC projects, and the supply chain network. Here it is concluded that an effective risk allocation for EPC projects is in the form of a network risk allocation. Phase 2 continues by conducting empirical research in the form of a Case Study analysis. Two projects are analyzed on the basis of their risk allocation. This led to recommendations for effective risk allocation. Phase 3 dives into the development of the solution model: the network risk allocation model. It is found that collaboration in the network is an important element to effective risk allocation, amongst other factors.

Climate change, driven primarily by carbon dioxide emissions, necessitates urgent action to decarbonize the energy sector. This urgency is highlighted by initiatives such as the European Green Deal aiming for a carbon-neutral European Union by 2050. The transition to green hydrogen contributes to reducing CO2 emissions, particularly in the Netherlands, where initiatives have been outlined but face challenges in execution. This research explores the application of programme management theory to accelerate the execution of green hydrogen value chains. Through literature study and semi-structured interviews, challenges in execution, such as cost, uncertainties, regulation, and lack of integration, are identified. Potential solutions include clarity on costs and regulations, long-term collaboration, improved communication and most importantly connection in the green hydrogen value chain. The application of program management, characterized by grouping projects, aligning objectives, and coordinating resources, emerges as a viable strategy. All the actors in the entire chain need to collaborate and work as one instead of working in isolation. A model is developed to guide the setup of programme management for a green hydrogen value chain, emphasizing clear goals, roles, and communication. This research contributes to filling gaps in the literature and offers practical insights for industry stakeholders to expedite the transition to green hydrogen. Recommendations include collaboration among sectors, regulatory clarity, and utilization of the developed model. Future research could focus on contract formation, broader application of the model, and addressing regulatory challenges at a policy level.

Renovation of existing buildings is proposed as a solution for buildings that do not fit the Climate Target Plan 2030. In the Netherlands, there is a new mandate requiring Dutch office buildings to attain a minimum EPC class C rating by January 1st, 2023. Recent studies indicate that 10% of Dutch office buildings are currently rated at EPC class D or lower, while numerous existing office buildings have yet to obtain an EPC rating. This situation necessitates a surge in renovation projects in the near future. However, a complex relationship exists between energy-efficient measures and Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) post-renovation. Healthy buildings, characterised by adequate IEQ, contribute to heightened overall satisfaction and productivity among their occupants. This research is centred on crafting an advisory report aimed at guiding the decision-making process preceding office renovations for owners of Dutch owner-occupied offices. The following main research question relates to the goal of this research: “How can the renovation decision-making process, prior to renovation, of private owners of Dutch owner-occupied office buildings be guided with a focus on improving energy efficiency and Indoor Environmental Quality?”. The objective is to surpass the EPC class C requirements while concurrently prioritising IEQ enhancements to boost employee satisfaction and productivity. To achieve this, several case studies were conducted through in-depth interviews with stakeholders involved in the renovation projects. This approach sought to gain insights into the decision-making processes of office owners prior to the execution of renovation practices. The findings of this research hold significance for those initiating future office renovation projects, project managers, and public authorities seeking strategies to accelerate the rate of energy-efficient and healthy office renovations. The study’s outcomes indicate that the decision-making process preceding office renovations can indeed be steered towards achieving both energy efficiency and improved IEQ. This can be accomplished through a comprehensive and cooperative approach that emphasises awareness, education, regulation, and financial security.

The global imperative to embrace a circular economy, underscored by concerns over climate change, resource depletion, and urbanization, has spotlighted the need for sustainable practices and waste reduction, within the built environment. This master's thesis within the context of the circular economy delves into the challenges faced by the real estate sector, a substantial contributor to resource consumption and waste. The knowledge gap revolves around the financial feasibility of circular real estate development, especially for private equity real estate (PERE) investors. Despite acknowledging the environmental benefits of circular real estate, its construction methods often entail higher costs, creating a significant hurdle for real estate investors. In this context, there is limited financial justification for investing in circular real estate developments, particularly when focusing solely on financial outcomes. This study zeroes in on the logistics real estate sector in the Dutch market, exploring under what conditions there is a feasible business case for real estate investors to make a positive investment decision on circular real estate development. To address this problem, the research employs an action research methodology, combining theoretical insights with practical application. Two cycles of plan-act-observe-reflect guide the exploration, beginning with a focus group discussion with PERE investor practitioners. Subsequently, a case study of a circular logistics development opportunity is presented to an investment fund, allowing for a comparison of the business case against traditional development.

The research identifies nine interconnected conditions influencing the investment decision: cost, returns, timeline, market development, sustainability, strategic portfolio management, investor appetite, regulation, and tenant considerations. Importantly, certain conditions, such as cost, returns, investor appetite, market development, and strategic portfolio management, are highlighted as particularly critical in circular real estate, potentially exerting more influence than in traditional developments. The findings conclude the delicate balance between cost and returns, aligning investor expectations with long-term potential, strategically integrating circular projects into investment portfolios, and staying attuned to market dynamics as the most important conditions for circular logistics development.

This research contributes to closing the knowledge gap in the literature, providing valuable insights for real estate investors navigating the complexities of circular development. The identified conditions demonstrate transferability across diverse real estate sectors, validating their universal significance. Future research avenues include exploring different fund categories, extending the study across diverse real estate sectors, and investigating the complexities within investment funds related to sustainability. Additionally, examining ancillary benefits and refining cost increase estimates for circular construction can enhance financial feasibility insights. For practical implementation, establishing a dedicated sustainable impact fund and introducing regulations mandating material reuse are recommended. These insights aim to advance the discourse on sustainable real estate practices.

This research aimed to determine whether offsite construction leads to a lower environmental impact than onsite construction. Further, it is researched how the environmental impact of offsite construction can be reduced. This is of great importance as the construction industry has a significant environmental impact. Specifically, offsite construction is extra relevant as the Dutch government chooses to stimulate offsite construction methods for its lower environmental impact.

First, relevant information about offsite construction methods and environmental impact assessments are researched by literature study. The environmental impact of 2D panelized and 3D volumetric construction is likely to differ as the amount of work offsite and transport logistics are different. Then, the MPG is selected as the method to assess the environmental impact. This tool measures the environmental impact of building materials throughout their lifetime. An MPG calculation is needed to obtain a building permit for residential buildings.

Next, the differences between the following construction methods are compared and studied: onsite construction, modular offsite construction and panelized offsite construction. This is done through case studies of each of these construction methods.

The cases were compared on their differences in construction methods with a focus on differences in materials and processes.

The cases were then compared on their environmental impact through the MPG calculations. The scope of the MPG was limited. Services and space plan (like kitchens and toilets) as described by Brand (1994) were left out of the assessment. Interior walls and doors however, were part of the assessment. The calculation showed that the environmental impact or the MPG was highest for the onsite case and lowest for the modular case. Offsite construction did come with a lower environmental impact than traditional construction in this study.

Four strategies were identified after looking into the MPG comparison done in this research and in two other comparisons done by other researchers to lower the MPG.
To bring down the environmental impact:
1. Limiting the use of materials
2. Choosing different materials

To bring down the MPG score:
3. Use more cat 1 or 2 data
4. Enter a longer lifespan for a building

Subsequently, these 4 strategies are tested on their viability and effectiveness in the case of Leerpark Dordrecht.
Strategy 1 was not feasible in this specific case, the other 3 strategies proved viable and effective. These strategies would lead to a 29% reduction in the MPG compared to the MPG made earlier in this research.
However, there are limitations to the MPG when comparing the environmental impact of different buildings:

• The material-based approach does not allow to account for the design as a whole.
• The NMD is lacking data. There are not enough cat 1 or 2 items available in the NMD.
• The energy performance of buildings is often enhanced by using building elements that negatively impact the MPG, like solar panels or insulation panels.
• The MPG does not help lower construction emissions now as the embodied energy is spread over 75 years.
• Biobased materials are not fairly assessed in the current system.