The Scheveningen coastal resort is under pressure. Since the rise of global tourism, fuelled by growing prosperity and the affordability of faraway holiday destinations, once-glamorous North Sea resorts have fallen into decline, carrying a sense of faded grandeur.
Yet in Scheveningen, the challenges are not solely economic. As sea levels rise, the resort faces a growing urgency to strengthen its flood resilience. At the same time, tourists, businesses and residents are competing for space, influence and visibility, often at the expense of the natural environment. The result is a landscape where environmental risks and conflicting interests collide, raising pressing questions about the future of the resort.
This thesis identifies a fundamental imbalance between the resort’s spatial organisation and the needs of tourism, local communities and natural ecosystems. Drawing on theories of strong sustainability and sustainable tourism, it underscores the urgent need for a tourism model that prioritises ecological resilience, while also fostering a sustainable living environment for residents and a regulatory approach to mass tourism.
In response, the project proposes an integrated urban masterplan that seeks to restore a sustainable spatial balance between ecological resilience, residential liveability, and sustainable tourism dynamics. Adopting a mixed-method approach, including fieldwork, morphological, heritage and stakeholder analysis, the research investigates the spatial dynamics and identity of the resort, informing a design proposal rooted in local character and environmental context.
The core intervention involves a seaward expansion that introduces a new dune ridge, providing a soft approach to coastal defence while integrating densified urban development with regenerative ecological zones. A complementary mobility strategy manages tourist flows to mitigate pressure on both local communities and natural ecosystems.
While developed specifically for Scheveningen, the proposal introduces a design approach that could inform similar transformations in other coastal resorts facing comparable ecological and social pressures.

This research explores how layered cultural heritage can serve as a guiding framework for spatial design, using the park Arentsburgh area in Voorburg, the Netherlands, as a case study. The park Arentsburgh area is historically rich yet spatially fragmented site, existing of the archaeological remains UNESCO World Heritage site Forum Hadriani, the former 17th century estates Hoekenburg, Arentsburgh and Heeswijk, and the national monument park Arentsburgh. Despite its monumental designation, much of the area’s historical depth remains underrepresented or physically disrupted by modern development. In response to this condition, the following research question is applied: “What landscape strategies can be developed and applied to visualise different layers of heritage above ground?”

The different layers are classified within a landscape biography offering a conceptual structure for understanding their varying degrees of continuity and spatial expression. Hidden Heritage (Forum Hadriani), where traces are still present but not represented above the surface. Lost Heritage (17th century Estates, the traces have been removed from the landscape and can only be recalled through historical maps and writing. Damaged Heritage (Landscape park), physically present in the landscape, however its spatial integrity has been partially compromised by developments.

This research develops landscape strategies to visualise and reinterpret historical layers in the fragmented site of the park Arentsburgh area. Building on the classification of heritage into Hidden, Lost, and Damaged categories, the strategies are extracted by looking at the larger context and relevant reference projects for each layer. Strategies for Hidden Heritage are emphasising original scale, highlighting underlying spatial structures and reinterpreting historical elements through new materials. Strategies for Lost Heritage are improving spatial characteristics tied to historical parcellation, reconstructing garden typologies where possible and reinstating historical materials. Strategies for Damaged Heritage are re-establishing internal connections, restoring sightlines and using consistent materials to reinforce spatial coherence. The design process is structured as a collage, drawing from the design strategies and overlapping historical materials and spatial traces to assemble a coherent yet layered landscape design for the park Arentsburgh area. Grounded in the concept of palimpsest and informed by academic eclecticism, the project seeks not to replicate the past but to synthesise its traces into a contemporary spatial framework. The aim is to integrate the multiple historical layers into a landscape design that not only makes heritage legible but also supports public functions.

This master thesis investigates how landscape architecture can contribute to the social and cultural reinterpretation of a historical border, specifically the Berlin Wall, part of the former German-German border. The research refers to the ongoing public and cultural debate in Germany regarding a wall that has physically disappeared but remains mentally present for many Germans and Europeans. The study explores how this phenomenon can be interpreted through the lens of landscape architecture, using Henri Lefebvre’s spatial triad: perceived, conceived, and lived space.

The perceived space reveals that, although the border has been overgrown by the everyday landscape in many places, it remains legible in several locations. The conceived space identifies the mental border based on demographic data, which is especially apparent along the Berlin-Brandenburg urban edge. The lived space highlights both new functional possibilities and the memory of victims of the GDR regime.Together, these elements form a landscape palimpsest, a layered historical reading of the study area.

Based on these findings, a set of design principles was developed. Bernard Tschumi’s Manhattan Transcripts served as inspiration, particularly for integrating crime scene sketches into the lived space. Ten areas were selected for design intervention, based on criteria such as the current visibility of the border, proximity to the mental border, and potential for large-scale landscape gestures.

The resulting design removes visible scars of division in certain areas, symbolizing unification. Conversely, in locations where escapees lost their lives, the border is marked through landscape interventions offering space for commemoration, reflection, and encounter. This is done by mapping the sketches of the crime scenes mapped onto the landscape and made into a spatial design. Additionally, intersecting infrastructure that connects across the former border serves as a symbol of reunification. In this way, the design addresses contemporary border-related issues in German society.

This forms a design strategy with ten sub-areas spread along the Berlin-Brandenburg border to send a signal and initiate a discussion on a better social demographic unification of Germany, at the edges of the city where the political administrative power is located.

The Dutch history of deforestation and reforestation, especially in the recent two hundred years, challenges us to rethink about the relationship between humans and forests. From a feared wilderness, to a productive asset, from a romantic retreat to a managed public green space, as an important cultural landscape, the forest reflects evolving human relationships with nature. In today’s Netherlands, where afforestation and sustainability are actively promoted, a culturally informed vision of future forests and cities can foster a new model of co-development that enhances the forest’s positive impact on well-being and cultural identity.

In this graduation project, the study area is the Utrechtse Heuvelrug region: its forests, nearby cities, towns and villages, and the transitional areas. The challenges it faces go beyond internal issues like forest fragmentation and a weak forest culture identity. They also include external pressures such as recreation, housing, agriculture, and extreme climate. Therefore, forest urbanism serves as an integrated approach that links forest expansion with urban development. By redesigning the transitional landscapes, this project aims to integrate complex functions, spatial experiences, and cultural identities in the new forests.

The result is a new forest metropolis in the Utrechtse Heuvelrug region. Eight types of forests are embedded within the transitional landscape under specific spatial principles. The outcome ranges from territorial-scale planning to local-scale urban-forest interface design. This project shifts perspectives between “seeing the forest from the city” and “seeing the city from the forest,” challenging conventional boundaries between the city and nature, the functional roles of forests, and the potential contributions of landscape architecture to future urban development.

In Greece, the prevailing growth-paradigm has been manifested in the commodification of rural areas through tourism, and the continuous neglect and abandonment of the non-touristic territories. This has resulted in their societal and environmental degradation, exemplified through the recent devastating floods and wildfires, that also stem from the pressures of climate change. Within a context of intense political corruption and tardy governmental response, the nuanced topic of rurality is failing to be addressed adequately. We cannot continue business-as-usual, but should aim instead towards transitioning to a post-growth society. However, there are significant barriers present, like the limited societal acceptance, lack of alternative spatial imaginaries and intense bureaucracy. To bypass such hurdles, bioregionalism proposes the formation of a place-based administrative body - researched here through the case-study of the Spercheios river basin. Considering the overwhelming and ambitious nature of the post-growth agenda, in combination with the lack of adequate communication tools to engage disinterested stakeholders that are locked-in-growth, traditional planning approaches would not suffice. Alternatively, after the exploration of the site-specific conditions and a tracing of growth in the landscape itself, a contextual spatial imaginary is formed, conducted through a combination of fiction writing, speculative design interventions and physical artefacts. This narrative is explored through the perspective of a rural dweller of the bioregion of Spercheios, who meanders along the region in the scope of one day. They explore the adaptation to energy and water sufficiency from the scale of one individual house, to the neighbourhood, to the village, and reckon with food production through extensive agroforestry practices. They engage with bioregional decision-making processes in a weekly meeting, and observe nature-based solutions along the river as they commute towards the coast. There, they explore the restoration of the wetlands and the adaptation towards living with more water in the lowlands. Finally, they end their day back at the square of the village, reflecting, sharing stories and bonding with others. Through this narrative, implications, opportunities and limitations of the post-growth approach are investigated, while also exploring experimental methods of communication and engagement - ultimately attempting to imagine the post-growth future tangible, within grasp.

This research delves into the intersection of collective trauma and urban design within the micro-districts of Alytus, Lithuania. It aims to understand how participatory urban design can facilitate the healing of collective trauma while enhancing public spaces. The research focuses on the long-term renovation of buildings constructed during the Soviet occupation, a process impacting 60% of Lithuania's population. Alytus, our case study, has an urban fabric that was marked by the stamp of modernistic prefabricated blocks, that presents a unique challenge and opportunity for addressing collective memory and trauma.

Employing a multi-method approach, this research integrates literature reviews, case studies, spatial analysis, and participatory design exercises to explore the spatial dynamics of trauma recovery. Central to the study is the development of an engagement strategy based on trauma research, and the design of a participatory tool and process to test the initial phase of this new strategy. This strategy emphasizes the need for trust-building, safety, inclusivity, and community connectivity in micro-districts.

Key findings suggest that examining the process of building and public space renovation through the lens of trauma necessitates rethinking and challenging the existing tools and methods used in participatory design sessions involving public, private, and civic stakeholders. The project proposes a new three-step participatory strategy for designing public spaces in micro-districts. In addition to identifying the urban and social issues of the Vidzgiris micro-district, the research presents a vision for transforming public spaces. This transformation proposes a new hierarchy and identity for various public spaces, aiming to facilitate both individual and collective trauma recovery.

The research proposes that reshaping the existing participatory process can aid in acknowledging and recovering from collective trauma caused by the soviet occupation. This participatory process fosters learning, exploring and transforming together, and aims to enhance shared spaces to promote social cohesion among residents. The focus is on three distinct public spaces: the courtyards, the green corridors, and the railway park. These areas are examined for potential spatial interventions aimed at promoting both individual and collective trauma recovery, while also enhancing the spaces through the lens of climate mitigation.

Contributing to the broader discourse on urban resilience, this study offers insights into how cities can address historical traumas through thoughtful urban planning and design. It underscores the potential of urban design as a tool for recovery and community rebuilding, providing a framework adaptable to other post-traumatic urban contexts globally.

This urban design project addresses the critical issue of homelessness by bringing it to the forefront of societal discussion and professional design consideration. It asserts that homeless individuals should not be rendered invisible but actively included in urban planning. There is a growing and very pressing issue of homelessness in the Netherlands, specifically in Rotterdam, where homeless people are often ignored by the public and pushed into invisibility. The project focuses on the spatial and social dynamics of homelessness in Rotterdam, aiming to understand and visually depict these complexities. It seeks to answer the question: ‘How can an urban transformation in Rotterdam promote recognition of the homeless population and create awareness of their presence and needs?’ Through literature reviews, analytical research, and ethnographic fieldwork, particularly focusing on rough sleepers and women in shelters, the project identifies movement patterns and spatial dynamics of the homeless. It advocates for a network approach on the neighbourhood scale, specifically in Oude Westen, using two key squares to design spaces that meet daily needs while balancing privacy and exposure. By opening up a broader discussion through both its research and design outcomes, this project marks a significant step towards the spatial inclusion of the homeless population.

This thesis examines the dramatic transformation of Sarajevo’s Olympic landscape following the Bosnian War, which erupted just eight years after the city hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics, an event that initially symbolized unity and international cooperation. The war led to the destruction of both physical infrastructure and the cultural and social values that characterized the city. The primary objective of this research is to contribute to the revitalization of this landscape. The Olympic landscape is understood as a layered entity, comprising physical, social, and cultural components. Sarajevo continues to struggle with social and cultural divisions, underscoring the need for initiatives aimed at bridging these gaps and fostering community spirit. Central to this study is the redesign of the abandoned bobsleigh track on Mount Trebević, which serves as a symbol of both glory and devastation. By incorporating sports and cultural programs, the revitalization efforts seek to rediscover the Olympic spirit, restoring social cohesion. Ultimately, the thesis argues that landscape architecture can play a vital role in revitalizing Sarajevo’s Olympic landscape by restoring physical elements and creating spaces that could heal the social and cultural scars of war, thereby helping the city reclaim its identity as a symbol of peace and unity.

Engagement with the city in provincial Russia is currently lacking a framework of care for the historical urban fabric. Listed buildings decay with no revitalisation plans made by the municipality or the citizenry. On the other hand, theatre in modern-day Russia is an acknowledged political entity – a pocket of free(er) thinking and civil engagement. This research studies the historical trends in theatre to define the spatial qualities of audience engagement. The goal is to harness such qualities and apply them to a dilapidated building in Rostov-on-Don, reconnecting it with the city and the citizens, and hopefully begin a revival process all over the historic city centre.

The scarcity of resources is increasing, resulting in the transformation of entire regions. People take a lot of the resources on Earth for granted. This calls for a transition from the current ‘throw-away’-economy to a ‘circular’ economy. The constant circulation of materials and products in this type of system preserves the value of materials. Academics and practitioners are addressing this transition, but they frequently ignore its social and spatial aspects. A socio-spatial framework for reorganizing a district towards a circular system is proposed in this thesis. The solution presented is fundamentally utopian, aiming to challenge established ideas about the current system. In this thesis, the public space’s redesign serves as an entry point to the private and communal spaces.

The design location for this thesis is the Indische Buurt. This district is located in east of Amsterdam. With a large proportion of social housing, the area’s primary use is residential. Additionally, there are a few shopping streets nearby. The approach used in this thesis was context-specific. The three main approaches used were literature reviews, field research, and ‘research by design’.

According to the analysis, residents are crucial in deciding whether and how to dispose of things. But at the moment, the area doesn’t have many resources supporting circular behavior. The issue of waste disposal in public areas is one of the effects. In addition, the district has a high proportion of minima-households, little greenery, and roadways that are mostly occupied by parked cars. The primary observation about governance analysis is the lack of emphasis on the spatial implications necessary for the shift to a circular system.

The district is reorganized using a spatial framework that was constructed using the R-ladder. The R-ladder is a circularity model made up of ten R-strategies for reducing the amount of materials and resources used in product chains. The higher up the strategy is on the ladder, the more value is retained. Following that, a spatial design for a square and its surrounding streets is proposed. The visibility of circularity is prioritized in this design to enhance public awareness. Furthermore, the design aims to maximize the value retention of materials or products by selecting the solution that best retains value. In addition to the design, recommendations will be made to the governance of the Netherlands and Amsterdam. This will improve the existing circular strategy and policy.

The complex relationship between humans and the natural world is still visible in 2023s urban planning: a city is a place for humans, and nature gives space to all non-human species. The anthropocentric perspective within the urban environment puts humans above non-human nature. This is also the case within urban renewal in the Netherlands, which aims to improve human liveability. This aim is reflected within the ongoing urban renewal in Carnisse, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, under the leading plan of NPRZ as well. However, considering non-human species might have positive effects for both human and non-human species. This thesis addresses the research question: "How can values of ecological justice contribute to a spatial design that improves urban renewal in Carnisse, Rotterdam?" to investigate the impact of non-human species liveability on urban renewal concepts and spatial plans in Carnisse. The study conducts a systematic liveability analysis of several target species representing circa 80% of the species currently present in the neighbourhood. Based on the analysis, a toolbox is developed, which is the foundation of integrating human and non-human demands within urban renewal. With a combination of consideration of the existing structure, context consideration, the implementation of zoning, biocentrism and nature-inclusive thinking, the translation towards a spatial plan based on ecological justice values for the neighbourhood Carnisse is created. Comparing the current NPRZ urban renewal plan and the ecological justice values-based plan reveals that if ecological justice is included, the concept of urban renewal should be revised and that there is a case for a more integrated approach to the physical and social domain within urban renewal. Besides, the focus on ecological justice values might reduce the in-depth focus on human liveability compared to the approach to urban renewal. Nevertheless, the spatial outcomes of the focus on non-human liveability will (indirectly) positively affect human liveability by improving health, lowering crime rates, improving interaction between humans and non-human species, and increasing climate adaptation of the area. Therefore, implementing ecological justice values will improve urban renewal concepts and spatial plans from an Arcadian perspective by improving the non-human species' liveability and from a resource standpoint, by improving human liveability.

The performance of a city is dependent on the performance of its infrastructure. As a result, the surface-level world is inseparable from the subsurface world. However, cities around the world are facing a shortage of available space both aboveground and belowground. The existing urban fabric has over time become unfit for the addition of new infrastructure systems that are required for the future. Spatial conflict problems are arising between necessary urban infrastructures, in Antwerp specifically regarding green, blue, place, and memory systems. Nevertheless, Antwerp has an opportunity: a decommissioned canal network that lies beneath the city as tunnels that can act as a spatial mediator. Establishing this potential, the main research question asks: how can the reappropriation of the decommissioned underground canal system in Antwerp spatially mediate the city’s urgencies regarding environmental and social infrastructure? While the research question calls for the implementation of four infrastructural themes (green, blue, place, memory), an exploration of background theories on urban infrastructure implementation indicates a research gap regarding a systems-thinking approach. In this case, the Environmental Maximization Method (BOOM-Duijvestein, 1998), with its five design phases (inventory, analysis, maximization, optimization, integration), is useful. Together, the four infrastructure themes and the five design phases form a matrix that offers an appropriate design framework in the context of Antwerp. Antwerp Unearthed, as a plan, provides two answers to the research question of this report. The decommissioned underground canal system in Antwerp spatially mediates the city’s future urgencies regarding environmental and social infrastructure by pairing external problems with internal potentials and by forming a singly functioning infrastructure system. Next to this, the plan is embedded in other aspects of the urban fabric. The findings are societally relevant because they show how to work toward adaptivity and resiliency in the context of climate change and densification. The findings are scientifically relevant because they show how to work toward a justifiable and balanced implementation of different infrastructure systems. The findings are professionally relevant because they show how to work toward integral and interdisciplinary design principles for multiple infrastructural themes.

The Anthropocene necessitates us to rethink the way in which care for and take care of the world we are part of. To acknowledge our entanglement with biotic and abiotic beings, but also our dominance over them and with that our responsibility for them. Employing this notion of responsibility, as well as care thinking as critical concepts for the built environment has manifold consequences for how we conceptualize, approach, and transform it. Regarding landscape and landscape architecture three realms of caring emerge as especially relevant: Repairing (reviving ecosystems humans have damaged), Relating (strengthening the human-nature and landscape-city relationship) and Reducing (limiting the anthropogenic impact on the environment).

Starting from this conceptualization of care, this graduation project is a speculative exploration of how the forest and forestry could be utilized to imagine a more caring relationship between human and landscape within the Zwischenstadt of Parkstad in Southern Limburg (NL). Forestry here is employed due to its multiscale and multidimensional characteristics – it has spatial, environmental, ecological, socio-cultural, and economic benefits. While the Zwischenstadt is chosen as a test case due to its ubiquity in the European, as well as global context. This dispersed type of urbanization is furthermore in need of alternative development strategies and trajectories, which careful and caring design can answer to. By working out a territorial forest strategy and masterplan, as well as localized design projections, the aim is to understand how forest infrastructure can revitalize the Zwischenstadt as an agent of care.

The result is a design proposal that reimagines the whole territory – from residential areas to industrial terrains etc.- as a forest, which can take on a variety of ecological and spatial forms. This forest becomes the principal agent of development for the Zwischenstadt, not only transforming the region environmentally and ecologically (Repair), but also reframing it spatially (Relate), while providing alternatives for the current shrinking condition (Reduce). Through this “all forest” approach the project questions supposed distinctions between landscape and city, the nature of urbanization and urbanity, the human commitment to landscape and ecosystem in the 21st century, as well as representation methods in (landscape) architecture.

The thesis aims to unveil and challenge institutionalized gender hierarchical relations between the military and women in conflict environments. It critically examines the military as an institution inherently intertwined with conflict in periods of war and during periods of conflict. The thesis argues that the military plays a significant role in shaping and maintaining gender power structures, through institutional perceptions and spatial practices. It explores the relationship between the military and women and how institutionalized gender perceptions contribute to the widening gap between them, using Cyprus as a case study. Through the use of visual ethnography as a primary methodology, the thesis seeks to shed light and challenge the oppressive prescript narratives and power dynamics imposed on women by the military.
Using Nicosia and Pyla as a case study, conflict environments where inhabitants have normalized the experiences of living with the constant presence of the military, the thesis spatializes its theoretical framework. It utilizes tools and insights gained from theoretical and artistic analyses, to make visible and challenge the gender institutional perceptions, fixed gender roles, and spatialities that feed gender hierarchical structures. The ultimate goal is to expose this issue in various existing and ongoing conflict environments.

In the last few decades, income inequality has globally grown. Over two-thirds of the urban population lives in cities where the income gap has widened. Especially in urban areas this has resulted in socio-spatial segregation.
This is also visible in Vlissingen, a coastal city in the Netherlands. The differences between residential neighbourhoods are huge (over 18.000 euros) when looking at the average income per person per year. This results in socio-spatial segregation between neighbourhoods. Socio-spatial segregation describes the concentration and residential separation of different social groups. The focus of the thesis is on poor social groups.

Socio-spatial segregation leads to negative (neighbourhood) effects that affect the living environment en opportunities of poor social groups, such as economic and educational disadvantages, unemployment and crime. Therefore socio-spatial segregation is a problem that needs to be reduced.

The outcome of the graduation project is a combination of design interventions on the city scale to reduce segregation between neighbourhoods and design interventions on the neighbourhood scale of the most deprived neighbourhood of Vlissingen (Bloemenbuurt) to improve the living environment and opportunities of poor social groups. To do so, the main goal of the project is to create an urban design for integration. More specifically, the urban design needs to stimulate diversity and interaction to counteract segregation. Theory about diversity and interaction have led into guiding principles that are needed to reduce socio-spatial segregation. These guiding principles are used in the final urban design for both the city and neighbourhood scale and consist of; indistinguishable side by side tenures, clear hierarchy between private and public, urban parks, mixed use neighbourhoods, walkability, accessible public transport, connected neighbourhoods, activity in public spaces, and eyes on the street. Together with the participation of inhabitants and general urban planning conditions it forms the input for the design.

Thus, this thesis aimed at reducing socio-spatial segregation between neighbourhoods and improving the living environment and opportunities of poor social groups, through design interventions that take into account the guiding principles about diversity and interaction, the general urban planning conditions, and the participation of people living in Bloemenbuurt.

This research and design project explores the use of the Pattern Language method to transform Moluccan neighbourhoods in the Netherlands into inclusive areas while enhancing their cultural heritage. The study focuses on the Moluccan neighbourhood in Barneveld for renovation and the Lloydkade in Rotterdam as a site for creating new places of heritage. The main question addressed in this study is how Moluccan neighbourhoods can become inclusive areas through urban design while enhancing their cultural heritage.
The first part of the study, "Spatializing Moluccan Heritage," examines the emergence and development of Moluccan neighbourhoods over time. It investigates the unique spatial characteristics of these neighbourhoods and identifies spatial patterns that showcase their identity. The analysis reveals that community facilities play a crucial role in maintaining the unity of the Moluccan community. The desired spatial layout of neighbourhoods reflects the organic and wandering nature found in Moluccan islands. Public spaces are primarily used for ceremonies and brief interactions, while most social activities occur within the private realm. The kitchen, located at the back of the house, serves as an important space for transmitting Moluccan culture. Recognizable elements such as street names and entrance indications contribute to identifying a place as a Moluccan neighbourhood.
The second part, "Forming Scenarios," examines the perceptions of Moluccan neighbourhoods among different generations and non-Moluccan society. It explores the evolution of the Moluccan society and its culture. The study reveals that younger generations exhibit less attachment to these neighbourhoods, preferring larger cities and a more individualistic approach. However, the majority of generations express a desire to preserve the Moluccan neighbourhoods. To ensure their preservation, it is important for these neighbourhoods to evolve and become more diverse, accommodating the changing needs and preferences of younger generations while maintaining their cultural heritage.
The third part, "Designing the Urban Form," proposes strategies for transforming Moluccan neighbourhoods into inclusive and porous areas. Strengthening the network of alleys and creating intimate public spaces can address the desire for informality and reduce social control pressures. Introducing greater housing diversity and types that cater to the preferences of the Moluccan community can make the neighbourhoods more inclusive and attractive to younger generations. The tangible and intangible Moluccan heritage can be preserved through the creation of spaces such as community buildings, flagpoles, paths and alleys, and the integration of water elements.
In conclusion, this research highlights the importance of urban design in transforming Moluccan neighbourhoods in the Netherlands into inclusive areas while enhancing their cultural heritage. It emphasizes the need to not only preserve and celebrate existing cultural heritage but also to create new places for cultural expression and engagement, particularly for younger generations. By incorporating these findings into urban design practices, Moluccan neighbourhoods can thrive as inclusive and vibrant communities that cherish their cultural heritage.

Campuses have recently drawn attention from governing organisations in the Netherlands and are identified as promising types of office- and university development on national, regional and company levels (Wiebes, 2019). Millions of dollars are invested in campuses by local and regional governments in order to attract businesses and jobs towards the respective regions and to stimulate innovation and Research & Design (Baggerman, 2020; Gruijthuijsen, 2020; Knop, 2020; Wiebes, 2019). However, the title ‘campus’ is not protected nor has an undisputed definition and therefore is subject to inflation (Magdaniel, De Jonge, & Den Heijer, 2018). This leads to the contradiction that public money is invested in initiatives that can differ in various ways and therefore remain unclear in how they should be managed successfully and what they deliver for their users. Researches state that clustering people and businesses leads to more innovation (Belso-Martínez, Mas-Verdu, & Chinchilla-Mira, 2020; Bolter & Robey, 2020; Glaeser, 2010; Guzman, 2019). Campus developments rest on the same principles. However, when approaching a campus from the demand side a campus should deliver the user preferences demanded by real estate users. This in order to attract them to the physical location and play a positive role in incubating and facilitating the respective real estate users (Ng, Junker, Appel-Meulenbroek, Cloodt, & Arentze, 2020; Remøy & van der Voordt, 2014). In order to reduce uncertainty surrounding campuses for policy makers, managers and users, these developments have to be redefined on what they are, what they intend to deliver and if that what is supplied matches the demand. Therefore the following main question will be answered; What are the perceived benefits campuses deliver for its real estate users? This will be answered by making use of literature study covering the definition and theoretical benefits. Secondly a case study towards four different campuses will be executed. This case study will consist of semi-structured interviews with both start-up and scale-up companies and the respective campus management teams in order to establish what benefits are delivered by locating on a campus. Followingly these results will be analysed and compared in order to build conclusions.

The constant manipulation of the Dutch delta system and the resulting creation of hard borders between the natural river landscape, the harbor and the city has led to a destabilized delta system(Hein, 2021; Meyer et al., 2015). The spatial and ecological challenges resulting from population growth and the resulting urban growth, as well as climate change, are becoming increasingly urgent. To densify already urban areas, municipalities are transforming more and more inner-city port areas, which as a result of the relocation of the port to the North Sea are increasingly becoming available. However, this trend presents increasingly apparent challenges as these areas are outside of dike protection and exposed to natural influences (Breś & Krosnicka, 2021). On the one hand, they offer the opportunity for housing, which is urgently needed in Rotterdam, but on the other hand are highly vulnerable due to the enhanced risk of flooding resulting from sea-level rise and higher river discharge. 
The research project "Accepting the current(s) - A porous approach for the revitalization of a former port area in the Rhine-Meuse Delta" explores a new nature-based approach for these areas. The resulting design aims to combine the natural and urban processes in an adaptive and urban tidal landscape, working with and benefiting from the natural processes of the Nieuwe Maas and the Delta. It seeks to balance the various entities by enhancing the natural environment in the urban delta.
The permeable approach enables the provision of a collaborative zones for different flows and connections. This facilitates a transition from water to land and from port to city, where people, resources and ideas can move smoothly (Höller, 2021). Leading to better exploitation of potential and a better activation and integration of the previously segregated outer dike areas into the urban context. An adaptive hotspot is created within the dynamic landscape that is continuously evolving and able to accommodate future changes. In addition, the creation of tidal habitats provides an important natural habitat for different species of animals and plants that have been displaced by the previous water management of the region, thus creating a place of migration. For both humans and animals.
The work includes a design catalog for the creation of an urban tidal landscape to show decision-makers the various options available to create an adaptive wetland neighborhood. It allows the project to be more comprehensible and regionally transferable. In the end the suggested design strategies are applied to the study area of the waterfront of Nieuw Mathenesse/Merwe-Vierhavens to give a more specific outlook and to better demonstrate the potentials the design is intended to offer.

De Wallen is the most famous and valuable urban area for showing the body and carnal desire under the circumstance of the society going on the way of spectacle. After years of regulation, overtourism and discipline, now the over-concerntrated prostitution windows have caused both social and environmental pressure in a small historical neighbourhood. This thesis aims to demonstrate how can urban design be used to propose an intense, theoretical and experimental city model for areas like De Wallen. The research proposed a multi-scalar strategy system from theories to analysis, and finally to design to help keep prostitution industry while reconciling the social conflicts between main stakeholder. However, the comprehensiveness of design across various scales and follow-up detailed consideration still need to be improved. Toward City of Enjoyment can be a continious topic to rethink about our life sphere, public space and city!