Detecting nonclassical light is a central requirement for photonics-based quantum technologies. Unrivaled high efficiencies and low dark counts have positioned superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) as the leading detector technology for integrated photonic applications. However, a central challenge lies in their integration within photonic integrated circuits, regardless of material platform or surface topography. Here, we introduce a method based on transfer printing that overcomes these constraints and allows for the integration of SNSPDs onto arbitrary photonic substrates. With a kinetically controlled elastomer stamp, we transfer suspended SNSPDs onto commercially manufactured silicon and lithium niobate on insulator integrated photonic circuits. Focused ion beam metal deposition then wires the detectors to the circuits, thereby allowing us to monitor photon counts with >7% detection efficiencies. Our method eliminates detector integration bottlenecks and provides new venues for versatile, accessible, and scalable quantum information processors.

Due to stringent thermal budgets in cryogenic technologies such as superconducting quantum computers and sensors, electronic building blocks that simultaneously offer low energy consumption, fast switching, low error rates, a small footprint, and simple fabrication are pivotal for large-scale devices. Here, we demonstrate a superconducting switch with attojoule switching energy, high speed (pico-second rise/fall times), and high integration density (on the order of 10 ^-2 μm ² per switch). It consists of a superconducting nanochannel and a metal heater separated by an insulating silica layer. We experimentally demonstrate digital gate operations utilizing these nanostructures, such as NOT, NAND, NOR, AND, and OR gates, with a few femtojoules of energy consumption and ultralow bit error rates <10 ^-8. In addition, we build energy-efficient volatile memory elements with nanosecond operation speeds and a retention time over 10 ⁵ s. These superconducting switches open new possibilities for increasing the size and complexity of modern cryogenic technologies.

Since their first demonstration in 2001 [Gol’tsman et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 705-707 (2001)], superconducting-nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have witnessed two decades of great developments. SNSPDs are the detector of choice in most modern quantum optics experiments and are slowly finding their way into other photon-starved fields of optics. Until now, however, in nearly all experiments, SNSPDs were used as “binary” detectors, meaning that they could only distinguish between 0 and > = 1 photons, and photon number information was lost. Recent research has demonstrated proof-of-principle photon-number resolution (PNR) SNSPDs counting 2-5 photons. The photon-number-resolving capability is highly demanded in various quantum-optics experiments, including Hong-Ou-Mandel interference, photonic quantum computing, quantum communication, and non-Gaussian quantum state preparation. In particular, PNR detectors at the wavelength range of 850-950 nm are of great interest due to the availability of high-quality semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) [Heindel et al., Adv. Opt. Photonics 15, 613-738 (2023)] and high-performance cesium-based quantum memories [Ma et al., J. Opt. 19, 043001 (2017)]. In this paper, we demonstrate NbTiN-based SNSPDs with >94% system detection efficiency, sub-11 ps timing jitter for one photon, and sub-7 ps for 2 photons. More importantly, our detectors resolve up to 7 photons using conventional cryogenic electric readout circuitry. Through theoretical analysis, we show that the PNR performance of demonstrated detectors can be further improved by enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio and bandwidth of our readout circuitry. Our results are promising for the future of optical quantum computing and quantum communication.

Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) show near unity efficiency, low dark count rate, and short recovery time. Combining these characteristics with temporal control of SNSPDs broadens their applications as in active de-latching for higher dynamic range counting or temporal filtering for pump-probe spectroscopy or LiDAR. To that end, we demonstrate active gating of an SNSPD with a minimum off-to-on rise time of 2.4 ns and a total gate length of 5.0 ns. We show how the rise time depends on the inductance of the detector in combination with the control electronics. The gate window is demonstrated to be fully and freely, electrically tunable up to 500 ns at a repetition rate of 1.0 MHz, as well as ungated, free-running operation. Control electronics to generate the gating are mounted on the 2.3 K stage of a closed-cycle sorption cryostat, while the detector is operated on the cold stage at 0.8 K. We show that the efficiency and timing jitter of the detector is not altered during the on-time of the gating window. We exploit gated operation to demonstrate a method to increase in the photon counting dynamic range by a factor 11.2, as well as temporal filtering of a strong pump in an emulated pump-probe experiment.

Shortly after their inception, superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) became the leading quantum light detection technology. With the capability of detecting single-photons with near-unity efficiency, high time resolution, low dark count rate, and fast recovery time, SNSPDs outperform conventional single-photon detection techniques. However, detecting lower energy single photons (<0.8 eV) with high efficiency and low timing jitter has remained a challenge. To achieve unity internal efficiency at mid-infrared wavelengths, previous works used amorphous superconducting materials with low energy gaps at the expense of reduced time resolution (close to a nanosecond), and by operating them in complex milliKelvin (mK) dilution refrigerators. In this work, we provide an alternative approach with SNSPDs fabricated from 5 to 9.5 nm thick NbTiN superconducting films and devices operated in conventional Gifford-McMahon cryocoolers. By optimizing the superconducting film deposition process, film thickness, and nanowire design, our fiber-coupled devices achieved >70% system detection efficiency (SDE) at 2 μm and sub-15 ps timing jitter. Furthermore, detectors from the same batch demonstrated unity internal detection efficiency at 3 μm and 80% internal efficiency at 4 μm, paving the road for an efficient mid-infrared single-photon detection technology with unparalleled time resolution and without mK cooling requirements. We also systematically studied the dark count rates (DCRs) of our detectors coupled to different types of mid-infrared optical fibers and blackbody radiation filters. This offers insight into the trade-off between bandwidth and DCRs for mid-infrared SNSPDs. To conclude, this paper significantly extends the working wavelength range for SNSPDs made from polycrystalline NbTiN to 1.5-4 μm, and we expect quantum optics experiments and applications in the mid-infrared range to benefit from this far-reaching technology.

Ultra-high system detection efficiency (SDE) s uperconducting nanowire single-photon detectors are demonstrated for a broad range of wavelengths, from UV to mid-infrared, opening novel possibilities in the fields of quantum photonics, neuroimaging and astronomy.

Two decades after their demonstration, superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have become indispensable tools for quantum photonics as well as for many other photon-starved applications. This invention has not only led to a burgeoning academic field with a wide range of applications but also triggered industrial efforts. Current state-of-the-art SNSPDs combine near-unity detection efficiency over a wide spectral range, low dark counts, short dead times, and picosecond time resolution. The present perspective discusses important milestones and progress of SNSPDs research, emerging applications, and future challenges and gives an outlook on technological developments required to bring SNSPDs to the next level: a photon-counting, fast time-tagging imaging, and multi-pixel technology that is also compatible with quantum photonic integrated circuits.

Hybrid integration provides an important avenue for incorporating atom-like solid-state single-photon emitters into photonic platforms that possess no optically-active transitions. Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is particularly interesting quantum emitter for hybrid integration, as it provides a route for room-temperature quantum photonic technologies, coupled with its robustness and straightforward activation. Despite the recent progress of integrating hBN emitters in photonic waveguides, a deterministic, site-controlled process remains elusive. Here, the integration of selected hBN emitter in silicon nitride waveguide is demonstrated. A small misalignment angle of 4° is shown between the emission-dipole orientation and the waveguide propagation direction. The integrated emitter maintains high single-photon purity despite subsequent encapsulation and nanofabrication steps, delivering quantum light with zero delay second order correlation function (Formula presented.). The results provide an important step toward deterministic, large scale, quantum photonic circuits at room temperature using atom-like single-photon emitters.

We characterized the performance of abiased superconducting nanowire to detect X-ray photons. The device, made of a 10 nm thin NbTiN film and fabricated on a dielectric substrate (SiO2, Nb3O5) detected 1000 times larger signal than anticipated from direct X-ray absorption. We attributed this effect to X-ray induced generation of secondary particles in the substrate. The enhancement corresponds to an increase in the flux by the factor of 3.6, relative to a state-of-the-art commercial X-ray silicon drift detector. The detector exhibited 8.25 ns temporal recovery time and 82 ps timing resolution, measured using optical photons. Our results emphasize the importance of the substrate in superconducting X-ray single photon detectors.

We use dispersion engineering to control the signal propagation speed in the feed lines of superconducting single-photon detectors. Using this technique, we demonstrate time-division-multiplexing of two-pixel detectors connected with a slow-RF transmission line, all realized using planar geometry requiring a single lithographic step. Through studying the arrival time of detection events in each pixel vs the fabricated slow-RF coplanar waveguide length, we extract a delay of 1.7 ps per 1 μm of propagation, corresponding to detection signal speeds of ∼0.0019c. Our results open an important avenue to explore the rich ideas of dispersion engineering and metamaterials for superconducting detector applications.

The requirements in quantum optics experiments for high single-photon detection efficiency, low timing jitter, low dark count rate and short dead time have been fulfilled with the development of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Although they offer a detection efficiency above 90%, achieving a high time resolution in devices made of amorphous materials is a challenge, particularly at temperatures above 0.8 K. Devices made from niobium nitride and niobium titanium nitride allow us to reach the best timing jitter but, in turn, have stronger requirements in terms of film quality to achieve a high efficiency. Here we take advantage of the flexibility of reactive co-sputter deposition to tailor the composition of Nb_xTi_1-xN superconducting films and show that a Nb fraction of x = 0.62 allows for the fabrication of detectors from films as thick as 9 nm and covering an active area of 20 µm, with a wide detection saturation plateau at telecom wavelengths and in particular at 1550 nm. This is a signature of an internal detection efficiency saturation, achieved while maintaining the high time resolution associated with NbTiN and operation at 2.5K. With our optimized recipe, we reliably fabricated detectors with high critical current densities reaching a saturation plateau at 1550 nm with 80% system detection efficiency and with a FWHM timing jitter as low as 19.5 ps.