Quantum computers require the systematic operation of qubits with high fidelity. For holes in germanium, the spin-orbit interaction allows for electric, fast and high-fidelity qubit gates. However, the strong g-tensor anisotropy of holes in germanium and their sensitivity to the operational and environmental conditions challenge the operation of large qubit arrays. Here, we investigate a two-dimensional 10-spin qubit array with single-qubit gate fidelities above 99%, and obtain surprisingly uniform qubit properties. By tuning the hole occupation, we demonstrate control over the spin susceptibility, enabling fast plunger gate driving with Rabi frequencies consistently above 1.45 MHz/ (mV ⋅ T). Moreover, we probe the locality of electric dipole spin resonance and find that the configuration with three-hole occupancy driven by the associated quantum dot plunger gate reduces crosstalk, lowering it by an average factor of 2.5 to nearest neighbours, compared to single-hole plunger driving. Theoretical modelling points towards the pronounced anisotropy of p-like orbitals as the main mechanism with significant contributions through Coulomb interactions, giving directions for reproducible control of large qubit arrays.

Disorder in the heterogeneous material stack of semiconductor spin qubit systems introduces noise that compromises quantum information processing, posing a challenge to coherently control large-scale quantum devices. Here we exploit low-disorder epitaxial, strained quantum wells in Ge/SiGe heterostructures grown on Ge wafers to comprehensively probe the noise properties of complex micrometre-scale devices, comprising quantum dots arranged in a two-dimensional array. We demonstrate an average low charge noise across different locations on the wafer, providing a benchmark for quantum confined holes. We then establish spin qubit control and extend our investigation from electrical to magnetic noise through spin echo measurements. Exploiting dynamical decoupling sequences, we quantify the power spectral density components arising from the hyperfine interaction with ⁷³Ge spinful isotopes and identify coherence modulations associated with the interaction with the ²⁹Si nuclear spin bath near the Ge quantum well, underscoring the need for full isotopic purification of the qubit host environment.

Arrays of gate-defined semiconductor quantum dots are among the leading candidates for building scalable quantum processors. High-fidelity initialization, control, and readout of spin qubit registers require exquisite and targeted control over key Hamiltonian parameters that define the electrostatic environment. However, due to the tight gate pitch, capacitive crosstalk between gates hinders independent tuning of chemical potentials and interdot couplings. While virtual gates offer a practical solution, determining all the required cross-capacitance matrices accurately and efficiently in large quantum dot registers is an open challenge. Here, we establish a modular automated virtualization system (MAViS)-a general and modular framework for autonomously constructing a complete stack of multilayer virtual gates in real time. Our method employs machine learning techniques to rapidly extract features from two-dimensional charge stability diagrams. We then utilize computer vision and regression models to self-consistently determine all relative capacitive couplings necessary for virtualizing plunger and barrier gates in both low-and high-Tunnel-coupling regimes. Using MAViS, we successfully demonstrate accurate virtualization of a dense two-dimensional array comprising ten quantum dots defined in a high-quality Ge/SiGe heterostructure. Our work offers an elegant and practical solution for the efficient control of large-scale semiconductor quantum dot systems.

Qubits that can be efficiently controlled are essential for the development of scalable quantum hardware. Although resonant control is used to execute high-fidelity quantum gates, the scalability is challenged by the integration of high-frequency oscillating signals, qubit cross-talk, and heating. Here, we show that by engineering the hopping of spins between quantum dots with a site-dependent spin quantization axis, quantum control can be established with discrete signals. We demonstrate hopping-based quantum logic and obtain single-qubit gate fidelities of 99.97%, coherent shuttling fidelities of 99.992% per hop, and a two-qubit gate fidelity of 99.3%, corresponding to error rates that have been predicted to allow for quantum error correction. We also show that hopping spins constitute a tuning method by statistically mapping the coherence of a 10-quantum dot system. Our results show that dense quantum dot arrays with sparse occupation could be developed for efficient and high-connectivity qubit registers.