The Netherlands is currently facing a housing crisis characterised by both quantitative and qualitative mismatches in the market. The issues range from a housing shortage to the unequal distribution of suitable dwellings. One of the reasons for this housing crisis is the prolonged residence of young elderly in unsuitable dwellings, as policy reforms in 2015 encouraged them to age in place, unintentionally stagnating housing flow and thus contributing to the housing crisis.

This research focuses on understanding how a move for young elderly can be better facilitated to contribute to decreasing the housing crisis. The research explores the desired dwelling characteristics of this demographic and the factors influencing their decision to move. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data analysis with qualitative interview insights. The quantitative data makes use of an existing dataset from Woononderzoek Nederland 2021. The interview data is collected by interviewing young elderly.

The findings reveal that the young elderly, primarily residing in owner-occupied dwellings, have diverse characteristics and preferences. While financial stability and higher education position them in the owner-occupied market, their desired dwelling characteristics vary based on age, income, and household composition. A preference for smaller dwellings, particularly apartments, is identified, indicating the potential for increased housing flow if suitable options are available. Factors influencing the decision to move categorised into willingness, ability, and awareness, are explored comprehensively. Health considerations, dwelling type and size, living environment, and social connections emerge as pivotal elements in this decision-making process. The research delves into why and how these factors influence the decision to move, providing valuable insights into the nuanced aspects of young elderly’s decision-making. The research translates these insights into actionable strategies, proposing facilitation methods, including creating push and pull factors, increasing the supply of suitable housing, and raising awareness of available options. The involvement of disinterested organisations, such as Vereniging Eigen Huis, is identified as a potential facilitator, representing the interests of the young elderly in collaboration with policymakers and developers.

In conclusion, this thesis offers a comprehensive understanding of the housing needs and desires of the young elderly in the Netherlands and provides practical facilitation strategies. The findings contribute to a more nuanced and inclusive approach to housing policy, aiming to alleviate the housing crisis through housing flow. Continuous research and adaptive policy-making are emphasised for a sustainable and inclusive housing future. Recommended for further research is to generalise the results using a survey. This research only conducted nine interviews, making generalisability hard. Approaching experts in that field to get their professional views on the subject is also advisable.

Keywords| Young elderly, housing flow, willingness to move, moving behaviour, facilitating a move

Today’s world is faced with climate emergencies and social disruptions, which means that decreasing negative results and delivering positive impact to the planet and society is necessary to support our future. With a rising demand for strategies that go beyond traditional investing, and the world approaching a new age of sustainable economies, impact measurement frameworks are a key tool in accelerating the transition.

Measuring, reporting and managing social impact is crucial in order to grasp the implications of investments, but data is often fragmented, inconsistent, difficult to find and hard to quantify. In addition, the reporting landscape is becoming increasingly complex as a plethora of overlapping or competing frameworks, indicators and measurement methodologies are emerging. Meanwhile, a sharp common approach as well as greater use of existing frameworks would be more valuable than proliferation of ever more new assessment tools.

This research will seek to understand how social value is defined and measured in the real estate industry. A particular focus will be placed on how integrating social value can strengthen an organisation’s business model while delivering positive societal impact. The research will also propose ways to integrate social value in decision-making processes. In order to do so, two tools - a roadmap and checklist, both deeply rooted in theory and practice findings - will be established.

Ensuring good living accomodation is a constitutional duty of the government, but there is now a shortage of 300,000 homes. Demand for housing has grown sharply in recent years. In the last two years, the housing market issue has been high on the political agenda again. In it, the issue of starters regarding home ownership occupies a prominent place.
The importance of first-time buyers and the benefits of home ownership has therefore not remained underexposed. The inflow of ‘new’ households into the owner-occupied housing market not only stimulates movement but also provides the necessary liquidity. Partly due to quantitatives shortage, the position of first-time buyers is said to have continued to deteriorate. In the formulated housing policy, the quantitative housing demand is therefore emphatically central. Being able to realise the stated policy objectives - suitable and affordable housing for starters - depends on the demand exercised. Such policy requires accurate knowledge about the position occupied by first-time buyers in the (owner-occupied) housing market.

This research focuses on the (changing) position of first-time buyers in the Dutch housing market. The research question answered in this respect is: What is the position of first-time buyers in the Dutch housing market and how has this position developed from 2009 to 2021?

To arrive at this position, an insight needs to be gained into how first-time buyers operate on the housing market. For this, the ‘housing market’ needs to be explored first. Therefore, this research firstly discussed the background developments prior to the data analyses.
The data research is divided into three parts. Firstly, the concept of ‘first-time buyer’ is explored in more detail whereby various profiles are identified. Next, the various distinct households are researched with respect to the demand for owner-occupied housing. Finally, a model-based analysis of housing market accessibility and success rates for these households is provided. The research results conclude to five main findings. Firstly, whereas the absolute market entrance declines lightly, the relative influx decreases sharply. The total demand for housing from both aspiring first-time buyers as well as homeowners has grown sharply. Secondly, the most current houses are not current, meaning the demanded housing is scarcely available in the most demanded regions. Thirdly, the results show that it is increasingly the high-potential households that find their way into the market. Fourth, the position of first-time buyers has been increasingly determined by the total competition, as the affordability seems not to be the issue. This is mainly rooted in low interest rates. Lastly, the general succes rate among first- time buyers decreased while the diversity among these households has increased.

With a shortage of approximately 315,000 homes, 4% of the existing stock, the Netherlands continues to face a significant and growing shortage of housing. This shortage is a result of various factors that either directly or indirectly have effect on the housing market. Of which some of the key factors are demographic developments such as population growth and changing household compositions; economic developments such as rising house prices, construction costs and income developments (affordability); political developments in regard to rising sustainability goals and changing regulations. These factors have a direct effect on all segments of the housing market, causing a shortage within all and predominantly for affordable of mid-priced rental homes with an estimated demand for 60,000 – 200,000 such homes over the next ten years. This demand or pressure on the mid-segment rental sector is a direct result of the inaccessibility to owner-occupied and social housing sector. As the house prices increase and the waitlist for social homes get longer the mid-segment housing market faces high demand and in turn pressurising both market parties and municipalities. Although there are developments within this segment and both parties are striving to ease the pressure on the market the supply of such homes is slow. Hence this research aims to increase the supply of mid-segment rental homes and contribute towards reducing the housing shortage in the Netherlands by hypothesising that improving the existing development process and policies within the mid-segment rental housing market would in turn improve the supply. Which brings us to the goal of the research to recommend measures/changes, that municipalities and market parties, could possibly make to improve the supply off mid-segment rental homes in the Netherlands. Given the regional characteristics of the housing market, this research adopts a case study method to analyse the development process and policies within different market types. Implying that the cases are market types and the phenomenon being explored, the development process of mid-segment homes. Learning from professionals in practice with the assistance of semi-structured interviews to first understand the existing process and policies, the problems encountered by them in the past and then collating recommendations from these actors to as how the process could be improved. Synthesising the information collected from the field research with theoretical findings to arrive at conclusions and in turn trying to answer the main research question: How can the development process of mid-segment rental housing, in the Netherlands, be improved to meet the rising demand in this segment of the housing market? On completing the research, through the interviews conducted it was found that the various actors along the process face challenges predominantly in the planning phase and challenges that arise from each other hence creating a rather uncertain environment to act in. Thus, reluctance in taking initiative and the shortage of mid-segment homes, although through this research an attempt was made to answer the main question by concluding that in order to improve the delivery of mid-segment homes it would essential to establish a well determined process, seek alternative land development approaches, allowing flexibility during negotiations and regulations, improving actor relationships, and developing policies that would not only regulate this segment but also stimulate market actors to develop mid-segment homes. Following these conclusions and aligning to the goal recommendations were made to the actors involved at an organisational and project level. Of the made recommendations the ones that stand out would be of municipalities supporting one another, involved actors form consortiums to share development risks, development of policies at a national level and finally establishing a trustful, transparent, certain, and supportive environment for each other.

The Corona crisis highly affected socio-economic circumstances, and this was expected to have changed housing preferences. Understanding what needs to be built in quality in addition to quantity is key to a sustainable housing market. Hence, this thesis researched whether and how housing preferences of (aspiring) owner occupiers in the Dutch housing market have changed due to the Corona crisis. The change in housing preferences was researched through a survey inquiring expressed stated preferences for dwelling attributes. Quantitative and qualitative data of 1458 useful respondents combined showed that due to Corona, for 17.8% their housing preferences changed for one or more housing attributes, and thus their preferred dwelling had changed. Per attribute, an average of 3.4% of the respondents changed their preference. Most changes relate to working from home, which severed the link between the home and the workplace, enabling as well as causing people to move further away, and which necessitates space in and outside the dwelling. Accordingly, the crisis has had the biggest effect on the preferred number of rooms in a dwelling. The number of rooms is imperative, not the size. The apartment decreased in popularity, and the preference for dwelling types with a garden increased. The functionality which respondents seek of their outdoor space are enabling social possibilities, providing entertainment and supporting mental health. The living environment for which people are willing to move further away should provide greenery, nature nearby, space, tranquility and privacy. It appears that due to the crisis the willingness to pay has increased as housing has increased in importance. The Corona crisis has had more effect on the housing preferences of multi person households with children than on other households. The crisis has had an excessive effect on households living in highly urban places. Four out of five respondents expect their changed preferences to be permanent, in particular regarding the number of rooms, the dwelling size and the preferred outdoor space. The preferred price range is expected to change again as the micro and macro level financial circumstances change. It needs to be kept in mind that this regards expectancy of respondents and thus regard uncertainties. The results need to be interpreted with caution as the data suggests a discrepancy in the level of ideality or reality which respondents have conjugated in their expressed preferences. Lastly, the effect of Corona on housing preferences might be bigger than currently observed, since identifying Corona as the cause for changing preferences seemed to be difficult when the preferences concerned diffuse attributes. Additionally, the current extremely high macro level constraints constrain respondents to the point where their new preferences might not be able to manifest.

The Netherlands is facing pressure on the housing market and the prices are increasing drastically. The accessibility to the housing market decreases and moving becomes harder. With the flexibilization of the labour market, more households face income uncertainty, which can affect their possibilities on the housing market. Flexworkers, labourers with a temporary contract and zzpers together are labelled ‘’flexhouseholds’’. The accessibility of flexhouseholds to housing, are dependant of three markets which are connected to one another. These markets are: the housing market, the labour market and the financial market. To understand how the flexhouseholds are affected in their accessibility to the housing market, this thesis aims to answer the question ‘’What are the effects of the flexibilization of the labour market on the accessibility of flexhouseholds on the housing market?’’. The research methods which will be used in order to answer the main question, are divided into two categories. First, a qualitative study will be conducted, this will be done through the use of literature study, source study and the use of interviews. After this is done the quantitative study will be conducted with the DNB households survey. The statistical study will be focused on researching the differences between the permanent households and the flexhouseholds on the housing market. The goal of this research is to give valuable insights on the position of flexhouseholds on the housing, labour and financial market and in understanding how these markets influence one another. The outcomes of this research show that zzp households have the highest accessibility to the housing market of the three flexhousehold groups. Because of their labour agreement additional restrictions on obtaining a mortgage are imposed, such as getting a research forecast, and a lower percentage of the mortgage if the NHG is not used. However, their older age and high incomes makes the effects of their labour agreements minimal, making them equal or sometimes even in a better position than permanent households. For the temporary households, the theory points out that they have the least restrictions in obtaining a owner occupied or rental dwelling. However, in practice they are second in obtaining in a dwelling. This has to do with the young age and therefore lower savings than the zzp households and general lower incomes. The flexworker households have the lowest accessibility because of the restricting factos based on their labour agreements, their financial situation and also their future work perspectives. Financial institutions need to make use of more tailor made mortgages lending, in which the circumstances and characteristics of the flexhouseholds are taken into account.

The Dutch housing sector is overheating, leaving mid-income earners stuck in the major Dutch cities' expensive rental sector. As a reaction to this, community land trusts (CLT) are sprouting in different European countries. The CLT presents a model which nullifies speculation, empowers the community and guarantees affordable ownership. In the Netherlands, this model could prove to ensure these three aspects as well. This research answers the question: What are the opportunities for CLT's in the Dutch housing market, and how can these be mobilized? This research includes a literary comparison between the support mechanisms, for CLTs in Europe, and the support mechanisms for housing models in the Netherlands. The comparison shows which mechanisms could contribute to the creation of a CLT. The mechanisms identified revolved around finance, land acquisition and organizational aspects. In the Netherlands, these mechanisms are mainly provided by the public sector and housing associations (HA), with some minor mechanisms coming from the private market. After that, a qualitative research also identifies opportunities and barriers in the Dutch housing market. The qualitative research includes 19 in-depth interviews with housing experts from different sectors. The opportunities include a list of similar mechanisms in Europe and the Dutch context. The main opportunities for the creation of CLTs lie in support from the public sector and the HAs. Recommendations on how to overcome barriers are presented. After that, a range of scenarios that show how the public parties, HAs and banks can contribute to the creation of CLTS, the necessary recommendations to do so.

The Netherlands faces the challenge of a rapidly ageing population, which demands more diverse housing concepts for seniors. Collaborative housing (CH) concepts are a promising solution to promote contact and mutual support, counteract loneliness, and reduce public health expenses. Professional-led CH concepts is an emerging phenomenon that could allow a faster and more accessible supply of senior dwellings than resident-led projects. However, little is known about the perceived value of use by the residents. This study raises the question: How do professional collaborative housing concepts for seniors satisfy the end user's demand? CH concepts for seniors are defined as a differentiated housing solution that focuses on promoting togetherness, provide at least one shared space, and targets the over-55s. Three professional-led CH projects are in-depth by performing mixed-method research. A thorough analysis of the cases showed that most respondents experienced benefits compared to their former dwelling, like more contact with neighbours, live with like-minded people and enjoy life more. Two types of initiators can be distinguished. The commercial-oriented initiators are the most skilled in a lean and mean development process. They deliver dwellings with high use value by emphasising smart technology and communality as an outsourced service for the resident. The ethos-oriented initiators use a custom-fit approach to assemble a motivated group of residents that form a strong foundation based on shared social values. In this development process, the communal organisation is led by the residents, in which social values could thrive. This study shows that the professionalisation of CH for seniors is promising when the initiators stay close to the end-users' needs, which asks for design disruption. However, caution is necessary because commercialising communality can cause residents' responsibility towards each other to disappear. Cases showed how financial objectives could clash with the three fundaments of CH by 1) as additional selection for an intentional community raises vacancy risk; 2) allowing for user involvement in the design and maintenance asks for intensive guidance and; 3) legal, financial and organisational challenges in delivering a common area causes extra effort and time. Caution is needed for the commercialisation of communality, as responsibility towards each other disappears, diffusing both the concepts and the communal benefits. CH concepts will have little chance without additional organisational and financial support in a scarce housing market ruled by financial interests. Governments and societal initiatives can play an important role in shifting the boundary to demand-driven developments, looking beyond profit and risk minimisation.

Housing is a topic that concerns everyone, but the attention for housing has grown in the last years. There is an enormous urge for sufficient and affordable housing in a world where we cannot ignore globalisation. The market is looking for a way to answer this demand for affordable housing. Industrial housing is one of the answers.

Industrial housing can provide an affordable, fast, and quality solution against the tremendous pressure on the housing market. It is an industrialised process to create efficient, flexible, and affordable housing on a large scale and at the same time offer a sustainable circular solution. Multiple constructors developed a product, but despite these benefits and the products that are already available, most of the new houses are still constructed in a traditional way. The reason for this is a lack of knowledge about the industrial housing product, hesitation of the market and lack of cooperation between actors. This research analyses industrial housing and the opportunities and barriers to scale up the production of industrial housing. The goal of this research is to identify the improvements in the process that are needed to scale up the production. To identify the required improvements needed, an understanding of industrial housing, the production process, and the actors involved must be gained. Therefore, in this research, a literature study has been carried out that describes the development of housing in relation to industrial housing, defines the scope of this research, and gives insight into the process with the involved actors. The literature study is complemented with an empirical study, in which interviews have been conducted to get findings from practice. The empirical research focuses on the industrial product, process, and project. This project was explored as a case study on the use of a building flow. The identified barriers and opportunities of the theoretical and empirical study were compared to define recommendations in the synthesis. An expert panel of experts in industrial housing was held to validate and discuss the recommendations. The main recommended adaptions include innovations and digitalisation of the product, national guidance and regulations from the public parties using a long-term vision, the clients in industrial projects must start thinking in terms of the product, the function of a building flow and the transparent exchange of knowledge that is needed to create cultural and organisational change.

A significant growth in the development of tall buildings has taken place within the past two decades, during which approximately 75% of the total existing tall buildings has been constructed. This construction boom has happened in alignment with the phenomenon of the increasing urbanization of cities worldwide. A tall building offers the capability to accommodate large volumes of people and satisfy both their residential and business needs in cities with limited margins of horizontal expansion. Consequently, tall buildings can act as a solution to the phenomenon of increasing urbanization. This thesis enriches the pool of existing knowledge with additional quantitative data, from a global viewpoint. Main objective is to understand what determines the development of tall buildings and especially their height. A quantitative research methodology is employed, where a database of 4826 tall buildings is created. This includes tall buildings taller than 150 meters, constructed after 1960 and still standing, worldwide. Factors that determine the height are investigated with the use of Multiple Linear Regression, having four perspectives as guide. These are: economic-related, building-related, location-related and height competition. The effects of space and time are also taken into account with appropriately constructed variables and the regression models created turned to have moderate explanatory power. Findings suggest that the decision to develop a tall building is based on the location itself, complemented by the current economic conditions and depending on the function the building is designed to serve.

As Dutch cities are increasingly looking to transform inner city industrial waterfronts into mixed-use neighbourhoods, the need for good participation processes with existing businesses increases. Although municipalities are aware of this, current participation processes often do not lead to the desired results. Therefore, a structured process approach is recommended to improve the participation process with existing businesses in industrial urban waterfront regenerations.

The building industry is characterized by the creation of organizational silos. These silos are causing frictions and inefficiencies on an operational, financial and managerial level. The following research is approaching these silos within the case of X-Decks, a temporary and circular parking project, and the means of blockchain technology.
The thesis is a contribution to the current theoretical and practical research gap on blockchain technology in the built environment and its potential in in an early adoption phase. By targeting traditional structures in the building and parking industry, it is necessary to innovate current means to develop, construct, manage, operate, maintain and reuse parking buildings. An in-depth evaluation of blockchain technology with potential stakeholders of the X-Decks case is used to derive an asset management framework and blockchain prototype that aim to change traditional hierarchical processes into more coequal and transparent ones.

Zoetermeer is facing two challenges currently. The first is a housing program which is defined only at a superficial level. Secondly, the municipality has expressed the ambition to also take into account the migration of households, but has no data on which dwellings facilitate migrations the best. This research thus set out to first define the migrations chains which are found in Zoetermeer and then subsequently use this information in designing a suiting housing program.

The outcome of the Markov chain theory, which was used to determine residential migration chain length, showed that a number of dwellings facilitated migration the most. These were the more expensive dwellings in general and middle segment dwellings for households residing for social rental apartments specifically. Second, to construct the housing program, detailing on the living environments and dwelling models was defined and combined with ambition of the city.

Around this information an LP decision-making model was built which could use these constraints and find the optimal solution, if one existed. Ten different housing programs were designed, each with a different aim, and the results were assessed. Out of the ten programs, one seemed the most appropriate overall, as it achieved reasonable values in a number of important variables, including number of migrations, spread and value of newly added dwellings and area requirement. A surprising find was however that one of the programs, which in advance was seen as an extreme, proved to fit the ambitions of Zoetermeer in terms of increasing the city’s monetary value and attracting a new type of resident with new dwelling types.

Lastly, a program was designed with the aim of combining all benefits of the other programs into one. This program showed the results of the most overall appropriate program as well as adding a lot of value and the new types of dwellings. To conclude, this research found that the link between the two challenges could be made relatively easily and that the results of the model were very well received after even the first iteration. It should however be mentioned that the input of the model turned out to be very influential and that the municipality had difficulty in defining this input throughout this research as a shift in focus had recently occurred, which resulted in a change of thinking from quantitatively to qualitatively defining goals.

Finally, the two models designed proven to work for Zoetermeer, but were also designed to be used by any other party desiring to either determine migrations patterns, design a housing program or doing a combination of the two.

In response to greater demand for transparency, technology advancements and the disintermediation by startups are gradually making some of the information public. As a result, property-related information is increasingly available in digital and paper form. However, a significant portion of the digitized information is hosted on disparate systems, which results in a lack of transparency and efficiency, and a higher incidence of inaccuracies that creates a greater potential for fraud. Blockchain technology could enable the commercial real estate industry to address these inefficiencies and inaccuracies.

This research focusses on exploring the different possibilities for integrating blockchain technology in the real estate management process. By analyzing the current real estate management process and gaining knowledge about the implementation of blockchain technology, the objective of this research is exploring in which phases of the real estate management process the process can benefit from the use of blockchain technology.

The research findings contribute to the knowledge of opportunities for broad implementation of blockchain technology in the real estate management process by providing a scientific based research document. It provides a broad overview of different opportunities and constraints for using blockchain technology in the process. It increases awareness for the disruption this technology might bring. This research provides scientific arguments for possibilities of implementing blockchain technology in the real estate management process and will function as a trigger for continuation of research into this topic.