The Netherlands is currently facing a housing crisis characterised by both quantitative and qualitative mismatches in the market. The issues range from a housing shortage to the unequal distribution of suitable dwellings. One of the reasons for this housing crisis is the prolonged residence of young elderly in unsuitable dwellings, as policy reforms in 2015 encouraged them to age in place, unintentionally stagnating housing flow and thus contributing to the housing crisis.

This research focuses on understanding how a move for young elderly can be better facilitated to contribute to decreasing the housing crisis. The research explores the desired dwelling characteristics of this demographic and the factors influencing their decision to move. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data analysis with qualitative interview insights. The quantitative data makes use of an existing dataset from Woononderzoek Nederland 2021. The interview data is collected by interviewing young elderly.

The findings reveal that the young elderly, primarily residing in owner-occupied dwellings, have diverse characteristics and preferences. While financial stability and higher education position them in the owner-occupied market, their desired dwelling characteristics vary based on age, income, and household composition. A preference for smaller dwellings, particularly apartments, is identified, indicating the potential for increased housing flow if suitable options are available. Factors influencing the decision to move categorised into willingness, ability, and awareness, are explored comprehensively. Health considerations, dwelling type and size, living environment, and social connections emerge as pivotal elements in this decision-making process. The research delves into why and how these factors influence the decision to move, providing valuable insights into the nuanced aspects of young elderly’s decision-making. The research translates these insights into actionable strategies, proposing facilitation methods, including creating push and pull factors, increasing the supply of suitable housing, and raising awareness of available options. The involvement of disinterested organisations, such as Vereniging Eigen Huis, is identified as a potential facilitator, representing the interests of the young elderly in collaboration with policymakers and developers.

In conclusion, this thesis offers a comprehensive understanding of the housing needs and desires of the young elderly in the Netherlands and provides practical facilitation strategies. The findings contribute to a more nuanced and inclusive approach to housing policy, aiming to alleviate the housing crisis through housing flow. Continuous research and adaptive policy-making are emphasised for a sustainable and inclusive housing future. Recommended for further research is to generalise the results using a survey. This research only conducted nine interviews, making generalisability hard. Approaching experts in that field to get their professional views on the subject is also advisable.

Keywords| Young elderly, housing flow, willingness to move, moving behaviour, facilitating a move

The 'Fluid space' project has demonstrated that the study of Finding Forms and the abandonment of assigned functions for buildings has led to a refinement of architectural design specific to the site. At the same time, the project raises questions about contemporary problems in architecture, such as sustainability and the dominant practice of function-based construction.
The results of Finding Forms experiments - influence, grid and scale studies - resulted mainly in testing intuitions, which were then translated into design aftejavascript:void(0);r a reflection. Material and technical requirements influenced intuitive forms at a later stage. This posed the project’s greatest challenge: maintaining sight of the experiments despite the guidelines of material and technical requirements and keeping choices constantly reflecting with intuition.

Due to rising energy prices, an increasing number of households are experiencing difficulties with the affordability of their energy bills. As a result, households are unable to heat or cool their homes, or use electrical appliances as desired. This is known as energy poverty. This research focuses on energy poverty within housing associations. As two-thirds of households experiencing energy poverty live in housing association homes, this research is specifically targeted at housing associations. The research examines the possible gap between what housing associations are doing to combat energy poverty for their tenants, and what tenants would like to see housing associations do for them. Since renovation is simply too expensive and takes several years, it is excluded from consideration. As a result, housing associations will need to take other measures to help their tenants. This research will look at these taken measures and provides recommendations to housing associations to reduce and possibly solve the gap between what they can do and what tenants want to happen. The main question of this thesis is: What can housing associations do to close the gap between them and their tenants in the social housing sector regarding combating energy poverty?
This research will be carried out based on a qualitative study in which literature will be reviewed, and housing associations and tenant organisations will be interviewed. The aim is to identify the gap between what is desired by tenants and capable of housing associations and to draw up recommendations for housing associations to assist their tenants as well as possible. The recommendations of the research indicate that many of the gaps found during the comparison of the focus groups have to do with communication, both improving communication itself, and setting up communication between tenants and the association to reduce energy poverty.

The Netherlands is dealing with a severe housing crisis, in which there is a major shortage of affordable housing. The government has introduced many new regulations, trying to curb this affordability problem. Many of these measures seem to center around tempering market parties on the Dutch housing market. However, quite contradictory is that the same government is also dependent on these market parties to construct new housing. The relationship between government and market parties need to become less hardened, as the there is a tremendous urge for affordable housing. Many lower and middle-income groups are excluded from social housing and owner-occupied housing, therefore dependent on the middle rental segment. Within the new coalition agreement is laid down that there will be a rent regulation for middle segment rental housing, which has to conclude in affordable housing for middle-income groups and profitable investment opportunities for institutional real estate investors. This utopian way of thinking will be further explored within this research, as there seems to be a more complicated field of tension between the subjects of affordability and financial feasibility. New and innovative concepts could help to bridge this gap, however the effectivity of these concepts for realizing middle segment rental housing still seems underexplored in literature. The main research question is therefore: To what extent are new and innovative concepts effective in realizing middle segment rental housing, which remain affordable for tenants and financially feasible for project initiators?

The research involves two types of studies. Starting off with a literature study, to shape the theoretical context of the problem. The literature study is followed up by empirical case studies on new and innovative concepts, in which data is acquired through document analyzes and the conduction of qualitative interviews with involved stakeholders.

The goal of the research is to provide recommendations to market parties and governmental parties on how to effectively realize middle segment rental housing. The recommendations are based on the concluding answers to the main research question and the corresponding research sub-questions.

The final outcome is that new and innovative concepts are to a very high extend effective in realizing middle segment rental housing. The concepts have a unique financial structure, which allows them to guarantee the affordability for tenants and the financial feasibility for project initiators. This way new and innovative concepts are able to lower the tension between affordability and profitability. Moreover, some concepts offer additional solutions for other larger social challenges, such as the energy transition, skewed housing and an aging population. In addition to the concept itself, the important role of the government must also be acknowledged, which influences all developments in the housing management field by means of steering legislations and regulations.

In 2022, the Netherlands are confronted by two major problems: a housing shortage and an excess of nitrogen emissions. This excess of nitrogen emissions is primarily the result of livestock farms, which cause problems in close proximity to Natura 2000 areas. The housing- and nitrogen crises are intertwined because certain housing developments had to be halted or delayed in order to reduce nitrogen emissions.
Both crises have sparked intense debate and discord in Dutch society, leading to the government's decision to create a buyout policy for farmers. The current government's top priority is to resolve these crises, but it has not yet been able to implement effective solutions. This study explored a supporting solution for both the housing- and nitrogen crises by investigating why housing developments on livestock farm locations are not commonly utilized as such in the Netherlands, and how such developments can be made more viable for farmers, municipalities and real-estate developers. As replacing livestock farms with housing seems such an obvious strategy. This experimental study employs qualitative methods, including interviews, desk research, literature reviews, and two case studies. In addition, a research internship has been concluded, during which experimental development cases on two livestock farm locations were carried out. Following the research methodology, a clear picture of the challenges and opportunities of developing housing on livestock farm locations has been formed. As well as an understanding of the legal-, social-, governmental-, and financial aspects of developing housing on livestock farm locations. It has been concluded that housing developments on livestock farm locations are currently viable and should be more prevalent. However, due to the complexity and (political) sensitivity, stakeholders are hesitant to develop housing on livestock farm locations. As ‘regular’ housing developments are complex enough in the current Dutch climate. The research has resulted in a final advisory document to aid in the development of housing on livestock farm locations. The advisory document describes how the context of housing developments on livestock farm locations can be made more viable, plus gives practical advice on how a housing development on a livestock farm location can be made into a viable proposition for a real-estate developer.

The municipality of Amsterdam wants to allow the middle segment in the rental sector to grow further in size in the coming years, to better facilitate the housing needs of residents between the social rental sector and the owner-occupied sector. However, it is important to gain a better insight into both the quantitative and qualitative housing demand for housing in that middle segment, to make sure that suitable housing supply can also be realized in this housing segment. To be able to realize suitable housing supply in the middle segment rental sector, it is of importance to know which characteristics of the house and the living environment are more decisive for the housing satisfaction of the tenants. The research methods in this thesis are quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative analysis will be done to define the supply and demand in the current housing stock. First the quantitative data will be analyzed by using data from WiMRA (2021), which provides information about the current situation of the middle segment housing, the users and their housing satisfaction. The qualitative research will be done by interviews with tenants of housing provided by housing associations and private actors in Amsterdam and by analyzing the current state of satisfaction of these tenants, to complement the quantitative research. The goal of this research is to create a solution to match supply and demand from both a qualitative and quantitative perspective for midsegment housing and to increase satisfaction of residents of middle segment housing.

Social housing associations play an important role in providing affordable, adequate, and safe housing to their tenants. This requires constant maintenance of the real estate in their portfolio. There are different types of maintenance, but in this research, the focus will be on repair maintenance. Repair maintenance is carried out in response to complaints from tenants. Although housing associations often score satisfactory in the Aedes Benchmark for tenant satisfaction in the field of repair maintenance, in practice situations occur where housing associations struggle with carrying out and/ or managing repair maintenance, which leads to dissatisfied tenants. So, there are opportunities to maximize tenant satisfaction and investigate repair maintenance. The main research question of this study is, therefore: What contributes to tenant satisfaction at housing associations in the field of repair maintenance and how can this be improved? Based on literature research, analysis of benchmark data, case studies, and interviews, data will be collected to answer the main question. The study aims to gain insight into factors that contribute to tenant satisfaction and to create recommendations from this that can help housing associations in making choices to maximize tenant satisfaction.

In The Netherlands there is an increasing drive for social sustainable (developer-led) development. This is reflected in the upcoming ‘Omgevingswet’ (spatial planning law) due for 2022, that will require participation to be an (significant) element (in the early phases) of the urban development project. Existing research focuses mainly on the effects of participation on the residents, linking it to social sustainability. However, there is a lack of research into the effects of participation on urban redevelopment projects for the developer. Currently, the (positive) effects and implementation of participation within processes of developers are mainly based on ‘gut feelings’. Therefore, the main research question answered in this thesis is: What are the effects of participation on Dutch urban (re)development projects for the developer? The aim of this thesis is to provide insight, based on theoretical and empirical research, into the effects of the voice and influence (participation) of residents on urban (re)development projects, for the developer. The research has two key components: a case study and an inductive analysis, on the effects of participation on urban development projects. In the case study two cases from the Dutch developer ERA-Contour are analysed, on how the participation process affected the GOTIK aspects and the change in social cohesion of the neighbourhood. The inductive analysis of the findings is used to determine and present practical advice to urban developers on participation in urban redevelopment projects. The case study shows that participation enhances the quality and social cohesion of urban (re)development projects, it also contributes to the certainty about decisions made during the project and the level of support by residents for the project. To achieve these effects, participation requires the investment of time and money and a change in the approach to the organisation and information aspects of an urban (re)development project. Practical advice for the implementation of participation is provided. The lessons learned from this research can be applied to future urban development projects. This knowledge can help developers, to effectively use participation with residents and create more social sustainable neighbourhoods.

Ageing is a demographic development in the Netherlands that leads to an increasing amount of older households. Most people aged 55 years and older do not want to move or cannot find a house that meets their demand. This
is expected to block the housing flow and increase the already existing mismatch on the housing market, which will lead to difficulties on the housing market for other household types. To give the other household types more
opportunities on the housing market, houses for people aged 55 years and older need to be built. However, policy makers and housing developers often do not exactly know how to attract these households. In this thesis, the qualitative housing demand of people aged 55 years and older is researched. The main research question was What kind of new housing is needed to best accommodate the different 55 years or older groups in the Netherlands?. With a combination of literature research, traditional surveys and a conjoint analysis an answer is given to this question. The focus lay not only on the independent housing preferences, but also on the relative importance of the different preferences. A distinction between households based on age, mobility, future household composition and preferred owner-occupied housing type is made. The research showed that most household groups have equal preferences but the importance of certain housing qualities in their housing choice differs. The price and suitability for elderly people
were important in the housing choice of most groups. But for groups that want to move to apartments (older people, less mobile people) for example, the housing type is more important and the tenure is less important compared to groups that want to move to one-family houses. This becomes especially clear when comparing the trade-offs different age groups make. To accomodate the different 55 years and older groups, it is best to focus on the housing preferenes of people aged 65 years and older, as these people are pickier than people aged 55-64 and housing preferences less often change after this age.

Housing affordability is a topic of all times, however, on the current Dutch housing market it is an increasing urgency and thus increasingly harder to find to many Dutch households. The housing shortage, combined with the booming economy, are causing housing prices to rise relatively fast. Although the housing market is pressured in many different regions and is affecting many households, especially middle income groups seem to suffer from the situation. These households generally earn too much to be eligible for social housing, but too little to obtain a regular mortgage. They are therefore located between the social rented sector and full-price homeownership, and increasingly have to rely on private rented housing (in Dutch also referred to as middeldure huur), where rent prices are often disproportionate to their income. A solution to bridge this ‘affordability gap’ are intermediate housing tenures, however, they are no longer applied on a larger scale due to the change of the Housing Act in 2015, as housing associations since then have to focus on their core activity (providing social housing). However, especially when housing affordability is becoming an increasing urgency to a growing group of households, it is remarkable that the main type of providers are being limited in their possibilities to do so. The main aim of this research therefore is to explore the potential enhancement of the Dutch intermediate housing sector, so that the provision of these tenures could be stimulated again. To be able to come up with measures that could be taken, an understanding of intermediate housing tenures in general, and the context in which Dutch intermediate tenures are operated, must be gained. The research therefore also aims to gain more insights in the concept of intermediate housing tenures and its characteristics and to understand the context in which intermediate tenures are and could be developed. In this research, literature study is carried out first, in which intermediate tenures have been defined and categorized, and a timeline of the development of Dutch intermediate housing tenures has been created with contextual factors that have shaped this development. The literature study has been complemented with an empirical study, in which interviews have been conducted to identify additional factors that (could) hinder or enable the development and provision of such tenures. Based on these findings, recommendations have been formulated that include measures that could be taken to enhance the context of intermediate housing tenures nowadays. These recommendations have been validated by housing professionals by means of an expert panel. The main measures include a more active role of the municipality to facilitate and stimulate the provision of such tenures in their municipality (varying in different levels of ‘activeness’), a national housing policy including intermediate housing tenures or other affordable housing solutions and demanding action from municipalities, setting up an advocacy group that unites all users of intermediate tenures and represents their interests and keeps track records of applied intermediate tenures to provide tangible proof of success, and focussing on developing potential new intermediate tenures that combine renting with capital accumulation or eventual homeownership.

The inquiry that has culminated in this thesis was inspired by the challenges that many young Chinese people were facing when trying to gain access to affordable housing at the time of study, the early 2010s. By then, more than thirty years of housing reforms had completely changed how housing was being provided in China. The resulting structure had led young people to access housing in ways that were very different from those of their parents’ generation (Deng, Hoekstra & Elsinga, 2017). These observations prompted the following research question: What are the key factors defining young people’s opportunity to access housing, and how do these factors relate to China’s institutional changes during and after the market reform? The ensuing research has demonstrated that parental resources and intergenerational reciprocity are indispensable to the housing opportunity of young people, as home ownership has come to mediate the exchange of resources between...

Context – Within the Netherlands, an urgent mismatch between supply and demand in the residential sector results in adverse effects such as high house prices and reduced affordability. This mismatch is anticipated to grow further due to an increasing number of households (between 300,000 and 1,000,000 until 2040) and the many barriers in the development process of inner city locations. The Dutch residential development sector stands for a great challenge.
Objective – The objective of this thesis is to explore the functioning and possibilities of revolving funds for inner city development. The hypothesis of the research is therefore that a revolving fund provides a solution towards overcoming (some of) the barriers in urban development, particularly in the inner city.
Methods – The research is divided in three components: literature review, empirical study through a comparative case study, and the translation from the case study towards a revolving fund design for residential development in inner city locations.
Results – The case study has established that there are six structural elements that characterize revolving funds: goal focus, goal limitation, size of the fund organisation, distance to the responsible governmental body, risk acceptance and steering ability. A variant study shows different possibilities of the design of a revolving fund with different characteristics in regard to the six structural elements.
Conclusion - In general, the results imply that the use of a revolving fund can stimulate certain residential development projects that experience financing issues. The study has also established that there is a support base for a revolving fund in inner city development, both from a public and private of view. A revolving fund for inner city development should have an equal focus on societal and financial yield (goal focus) and should have a medium goal limitation. In terms of organisation, the fund should have a rather small organisation in relation to the fund volume and should be sufficiently distanced from the responsible governmental body. Regarding the financial structure, the risk acceptance should be relatively high to carry out the predefined tasks of the revolving fund. This results in a revolving fund through which governmental objectives can be carried out with high steering ability.
Keywords: inner city development, revolving fund, planning instruments, comparative case study