LVDC Distribution systems are becoming popular due to the avenue of integrating renewable energy sources on a large scale. Predominant DC based power system architecture has been predicted to serve the needs of a sustainable society that holds the capability to self-generate, share, and trade power produced from renewable energy sources. Bottom - up approach beginning from development of products that run on DC till microgrids and integration of rural communities using LVDC distribution presents as a promising avenue for adoption of DC grids worldwide. Many areas in DC distribution system are yet to undergo rigorous study both theoretically and practically. Touch protection is one such area which is largely unexplored. Residual current devices (RCD) are traditionally implemented at the load side to trip at specific residual current levels ranging from few to hundreds of milli amperes. Current trip thresholds and time within which the fault must be isolated are different for DC. There is dearth of standards for DC RCD. In this thesis project we attempt to design a compact, reliable, and cost-effective RCD. The designed and developed prototype is tested at DC Low Voltage levels for various residual current magnitudes to determine important parameters like reaction time and accuracy.

Recently, there have been numerous DC microgrids coming up in every sector. Some of these microgrids operate as independent entities with their own renewable energy sources, active loads, distribution networks and energy storage units. However, they are not highly reliable as the renewable energy sources are location and climate dependent. Having a large energy storage unit can be one possible solution, but that involves high expenditure and occupies a large amount of space. Thus, an alternative is to connect the independent DC microgrid to an established AC grid. With the advancements in power electronic technologies, such a connection can be established by a multi-stage converter known as Solid state transformer (SST). Numerous studies have been conducted on SSTs for low-voltage levels, and there is a wide scope for research in the area of medium and high-voltage converters. Also, the scope of using Planar transformer (PT) as high-frequency transformers in DC-DC converters for medium and high-voltage applications is yet to be extensively explored. Hence, the main focus of this thesis would be to develop an isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter with a planar transformer that can be used in an SST which can potentially connect a low-voltage DC microgrid comprising a solar-based car parking system, to a medium-voltage AC grid. Firstly, various DC-DC converter topologies have been investigated, and the single phase Dual active full bridge (DAFB) is chosen as the best suitable topology for this application. Secondly, various control strategies have been investigated, and single-phase shift control has been implemented due to its simple control techniques and low data transfer requirement across high isolation. Thereafter, a script is developed to identify the optimal parameters for the Dual active bridge (DAB) and PT design. Further, the planar transformer with high isolation is realized by considering various factors like shielding and termination into account. Finally, a single-cell prototype is developed and tested for DAB operation and isolation requirement of the designed planar transformer. The result of the presented work is a single-cell isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter rated for 12 kW designed and developed with a PT rated for 16.3 kV isolation.

Multiple solutions for solving optimal power flow (OPF) have been employed, most of them using a centralised approach. However, there is another approach where every node is responsible for the local problem in order to reach a solution: the decentralised optimal power flow (D-OPF). In this thesis, the aim was to improve the speed and flexibility of a D-OPF algorithm based on the Consensus and Innovation (C+I) method using physical measurements from a direct current (DC) system. While in previous implementations, the system would work towards finding the solution for one point in time, the suggested implementation works by performing online optimisation, meaning that there is less time required in propagating information around the system and faster solutions are reached. A possible interaction between the physical and optimisation layers was suggested, to make online control feasible. Using current droop control for a DC system, it was possible to react to sudden changes the system and, in the long term, optimise the electrical resources. The improvements in speed were then demonstrated by the simulations results, where the time to reach the optimal solution was reduced, when compared to previous implementations. In order to increase the flexibility of the system, adaptive behaviour for the critical optimisation variables was suggested. To reduce the oscillatory behaviour of the system, some gains were made proportional to rate of change of said variables, meaning that the system didn't have to rely on user determine values in order to converge. It was also implemented a solution to calculate the line resistance between two nodes, further reducing the need for external inputs. These implementations were tested and it was concluded that it improved convergence speeds, while increasing the flexibility pf the system. Finally, a test case, based on a real existing lighting grid, was designed in order to test the algorithm under larger networks. The results showed that for a 25% increase in the size of the network there was no significant increase in the time required to reach a solution, indicating that the system can be scaled further, and might be dependent mainly on the network structure, and not its size.

The DC Optimal Power Flow (DC-OPF) problem is a widely-studied topic in the field of power systems. A solution to the problem consists of minimizing the running costs of the power system, through defining the optimal operating state for each entity in the system, while adhering to a set of physical constraints. A lot of research has been conducted on decentralized and distributed solutions to this problem, which, when compared to centralized solutions, offer benefits such as adaptability, reliability and scalability. Nevertheless, most of these solutions have only been evaluated through simulations, while physical applications of these algorithms introduce new challenges, such as noise, delays, and the regulation of physical variables like voltage and current. In this thesis, we focus on a decentralized DC-OPF algorithm based on the Consensus and Innovation method, where system entities utilize their physical measurements and communicate with their neighbouring entities in order to reach consensus on a solution. While previous implementations of the algorithm were tested on simulated environments, this thesis explores and proves the effectiveness of the algorithm implemented for a real DC unipolar microgrid, consisting of power supplies, loads and a Power Circuit Board attached to each, where each device's behavior is governed by its own, exclusive entity. The newly-introduced challenges of a physical environment are accounted for, and any negative effects of them are mitigated as much as possible. Furthermore, the algorithm is successfully modified and extended to handle region DC-OPF, something that has not been attempted before, where a single entity of the algorithm could be responsible for many devices in the network. Finally, it is known that the original algorithm has not been experimented on before on scenarios of islanding and de-islanding, which are of importance in OPF, because a power fault may occur and one area may wish to isolate itself from the faulty area, or perhaps a distributed energy resource should only be connected to the network during certain periods, e.g., during sunlight for solar panels. Hence, this thesis also proves the effectivess of the algorithm on scenarios of islanding and de-islanding, in an innovation site called the Green Village, where technologies in the field of sustainable energy provision are tested and applied in a real-life environment.

The optimal power flow (OPF) problem is a classic and widely-studied topic in the field of power systems.Its purpose is to minimize the running costs of a power system by determining the optimal operating points,while respecting a set of physical constraints. While most power systems are currently controlled by a centralcoordinator, there is significant interest in the research of decentralized schemes. By eliminating the need fora central coordinator, fully decentralized algorithms eliminate the single point of failure, thereby enhancingthe reliability of the overall system. Moreover, as communication and telemetry play a progressively vital rolein the power grid of the future, decentralized methods reduce the strain on the data infrastructure. In otherwords, the computational and communication load on the central computer is decreased, as it no longer hasto gather and process large amounts of information from all the nodes in the system. As a result, although newchallenges are introduced with distributed algorithms, the OPF becomes more scalable in some regards. Onefully decentralized method for performing OPF calculations is Consensus+Innovation (C+I). The C+I methodis based on the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) Conditions class of optimization, where the solution is founditeratively using an update strategy. Moreover, communication is only required between directly connectednodes, or neighbors. This method has been applied in the cases of AC systems as well as unipolar DC systems,reporting promising results. However, until now, no decentralized algorithm existed for bipolar DC systems.Bipolar topologies, while they are more complex to model and optimize, possess numerous advantages overunipolar ones. By providing two voltage levels, larger loads can be connected directly between the two polesin order to provide double the power. This increased voltage level allows for the current to be halved for thesame amount of power, thereby significantly reducing the conductive losses. On the other hand, smaller loadsare connected between one of the poles and the neutral, meaning that power electronic devices with lowerratings can be used. Furthermore, generators and loads can be connected in parallel at the same location.This means that they must be modelled as controlled current sources which are connected between twophysical nodes. In other words, the optimization variables are altered from nodal voltages and powers tonode voltages and source currents. However, these changes in the modelling, optimization, and control of thegrid mean that the single line diagram (SLD) equivalent circuit, used by the algorithms for unipolar systems,is no longer valid for bipolar ones. Thus, the objective of this thesis was to develop a fully decentralized OPFalgorithm for bipolar DC grids. The algorithm is based on online optimization, meaning that measurementsfrom the physical grid are taken and used in every iteration of the OPF. Moreover, the algorithm is based onbipolar DC grids wherein the power electronic converters follow a droop control scheme, the effect of whichis directly accounted for in the newly developed update strategy. The algorithm is tested on four differentsimulated case studies with varying operational scenarios. These test cases include both fixed and variable-power loads and controllable generators. Furthermore, the algorithm is demonstrated to successfully achieveline congestion management using demand response. Finally, a case with unbalanced loading is simulatedsuccessfully, while respecting all of the physical limits of the system.

Access to electricity is a key actuator in order to tackle poverty in areas of limited resources. While the population without access to electricity has a decreasing tendency, still almost 1 billion people continue to live without this basic amenity. This thesis has been carried out at the company DC Opportunities as part of the rural electrification project. On this field, the main activity focuses on developing cost-effective DC solutions in the form of a solar home system which consists of a total of 4 devices including low-power LED lights, a solar charging station, a high-power rate power bank and a power hub. The report analyses various existing electrification projects identifying the characteristics of their approaches in order to recognize the shortcomings of market available products and to build a design criterion. Given that the main target application is aimed at rural areas, a modular approach has been the base of the design criterion with the purpose of tailoring the SHS to developing countries with limited resources. The project analyses each step within this modular process together with the power electronics involved in every stage. The main objective of the project is to perform direct charging between the charging station and the power bank, which consists in feeding power directly from the bus voltage of the charging station into the battery cells with only one active converter. This feature is implemented as a result of the introduction of the power delivery protocol released together with the USB type C connector . This offers a wide variety of possibilities which includes negotiable voltage levels ranging from 5 to 20V. The first element taking part in the direct charging is the charging station .This thesis addresses the challenge of designing and building a circuit with dynamic adjustment of voltage and current in a cost-effective and reliable manner. By adding a digital to analogue converter and 2 operational amplifiers, it is possible to add this feature to a wide range of standard voltage converters available in the market. The report analyses this circuit in 3 steps: first with circuit theory, secondly by simulation and eventually by including the results obtained in an empirical test implemented in one of the prototypes. The power delivery protocol is also beneficial for a power-bank application, which is the second element of the direct charging. It is one of the purposes of the thesis to evaluate the performance of direct charging. Eventually, the report presents the main conclusions derived from the analysis of the aforementioned elements and also covers future lines which include improvements to be implemented within the components of the solar home systems.

As renewable energy sources and DC energy storage continue to increase in modern power systems, the power electronic converters required to interface them with existing power grids are also rapidly increasing. This is resulting in increasing amounts of the total power exchanged on the grids being converted between DC and AC. Additionally, the majority of today's grid loads ultimately convert their input power to some form of DC whether they are connected to an AC or DC grid. Therefore, the concept of DC grids is becoming more attractive for applications such as DC distribution systems and electric vehicle charging stations. However, the existing AC grids will continue to play a fundamental role in the power infrastructure. Therefore, it is, important to consider how LVDC distribution grids will be connected to, and exhange power with, the AC grid. A transformerless interface between LVDC distribution grids and the LV AC grid via a power electronic converter is an attractive option in terms of size and cost reduction. However, the challenge of ground leakage current is a major challenge for such an interface. This thesis assesses the different possible three-phase DC-AC converter topologies for a transformerless interface between a bipolar DC microgrid and the LV AC grid. The DC-AC converter modulation is explored to understand the challenges of ground leakage current and determine the feasibility of a transformerless interface. A detailed analysis of the common-mode voltage, common-mode impedance and resulting circulating currents in a grid-tied DC-AC converter is performed. The effect of this circulating current on AC grid protection equipment is considered. A survey of converter modulation methods for common-mode reduction and DC bus voltage balancing is conducted. Simulations are used to verify the performance of the different modulation methods in terms of common-mode reduction and DC balancing capabilities in the bipolar DC grid. A new modulation method is proposed for simultaneously mitigating ground leakage current and providing DC voltage balancing. The limitations of this method are analyzed and simulations are performed to evaluate its effectiveness. The developed modulation method is also shown to eliminate the low-frequency voltage ripple in the DC bus caused by the conventional modulation methods. An experimental hardware prototype DC-AC converter is designed and built for testing the different modulation methods. Finally, recommendations for future work are made.

The use of DC microgrids in combination with photovoltaic (PV) energy generation sources results in higher efficiencies by avoiding AC to DC conversion. Moreover, bipolar DC grids allow for more system flexibility and increased reliability at the cost of an additional conductor when compared to unipolar DC. However, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) converters are still required in order to optimize the power delivered to the microgrid by PV systems. The development of more efficient and cost-effective DC-DC MPPT converters will be proven vital considering the expected growth in solar PV installation as a consequence of the relentlessly increasing global energy demand. The objective of this thesis is to design a DC-DC MPPT converter for bipolar DC microgrids based on gallium nitride (GaN) high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). GaN transistors are wide-bandgap semiconductor devices that can operate at very high switching frequencies due to their superior electron mobility compared to other semiconductor materials used in electronic switching. Increasing the operational frequency of an electronic converter allows for smaller passive components, which in turn has the potential to result in system size and cost reductions. A complete electrical and thermal analysis of the performance of these components is simulated and presented in this report, and the implications of employing these devices for the selected application are evaluated. The design overview of the DC-DC MPPT converter using these GaN HEMTs is also showcased in this work, as well as the results obtained from testing the assembled DC-DC MPPT converter for bipolar DC microgrids. The main conclusions of this work aim to clarify the advantages of GaN devices in MPPT applications, as well as demonstrate a design solution to the integration of MPPT converters to DC microgrids. The project was developed in collaboration with the company DC Opportunities, and the designed converter was assembled and tested in their laboratory.

This master's thesis presents the design and analysis of the inverter stage and controller architecture for a modular Solid-State Transformer (SST) to interconnect DC microgrids and a 10kV AC grid for bidirectional power flow. The research focuses on inverter topologies, modulation techniques, and modular controller architecture. The inverter stage, a crucial stage of the modular SST, converts DC power from microgrids to AC power suitable for the 10kV AC grid. The most popular inverter topologies for modular converters are researched and investigated based on their compatibility with the specific application. Factors such as efficiency, power quality, harmonic distortion, number of components, control complexity, and scalability are considered for this process. Along with the topology, modulation techniques are important in producing high-quality output waveforms and efficient power transfer. Different modulation strategies, including pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques and space vector modulation schemes specifically for multilevel converter applications, are reviewed and discussed in terms of how they affect the system's performance. In addition to the inverter stage, the thesis focuses on designing a modular controller architecture for the SST. The controller design prioritizes maintaining flawless data flow and synchronization between all controllers for converter and AC grid coordination. The central controller and distributed control architectures are studied and evaluated for scalability, modularity, and flexibility. The distributed architecture enhances the system's overall flexibility but is subject to synchronization issues and limitations in communication bandwidth. These issues are addressed in the developed design. To evaluate the performance of the proposed inverter stage and controller architecture, extensive simulations and experimental validations are carried out. The simulations consider various operating conditions, such as islanded and grid-connected modes, to assess the system's stability, control, harmonic content, and power quality in the output waveforms. The simulation results indicate that the chosen inverter design and modulation strategies successfully attain high efficiency and minimal harmonic distortion in the operation of the converter. The modular, distributed controller design demonstrates its ability to provide seamless operation and effective coordination between DC microgrids and the AC grid. Overall, this master's thesis contributes to the advancement of solid-state transformer technology by delving into the design of the inverter stage and controller architecture for interconnecting DC microgrids and a 10kV AC grid and providing useful insights. The findings and recommendations can be a valuable framework for future research and development of modular SSTs for grid-connected applications.

An isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter is designed for a dual-output EV charger. Various DC-DC converter topologies are compared, including single-output converters and dual-output converters. Then one suitable topology is selected between the multiport CLLC converter and triple active bridge converter based on the simulation performances for the dual-output EV charger. Meanwhile, an investigation into the voltage regulation for a wide output voltage range is conducted with the research of interleaved buck converters. Finally, the system-level control of the EV charger is designed for different operation modes and the converter is modelled in PLEVS and simulated under different scenarios.

The modern world demands more and more electric energy. At the same time, almost a billion more people are expected to gain access to electricity over the next decade. All of the above compose a very challenging future, where a continuously increasing amount of electric energy will be needed. However, the planet is not able to provide us anymore with the necessary resources for that, jeopardizing the environmental stability. The aim of this thesis is the design and testing of power electronics converters that will contribute positively to the production and distribution of sustainable energy. In particular, a Maximum Power Point Tracking Converter is designed and tested. The 6.4kW converter is able to connect to two separate PV strings. The output of the converter is connected to a bipolar DC distribution grid. Afterwards, a 3.68kW Voltage Balancing Converter was designed for the stabilization of the voltage between the two phases of a bipolar DC grid. Particular interest is given to the challenges that arouse for the power supply of a DC Micro-Grid from a Photo-Voltaic plant. The project took place in the DC lab of the company DC Opportunities.

Roughly 840 million people, predominately from rural communities in sub-Sahara Africa, still lack access to electricity. The direct current (DC) microgrid is an emerging grid infrastructure that meshes efficiently with DC based technology such as photovoltaics, batteries, consumer electronics, and electric vehicles. This characteristic of DC microgrids designates them as a preferred solution for new grid infrastructures in rural electrification applications. In order to establish a DC microgrid, power electronic interfaces (PEI) are required for regulating power flow and interconnecting different grid components of the microgrid. In this thesis, the PEI (operating at 200-900 W) connecting a 350 V DC-microgrid to a solar home system (compatible with USB-C) is investigated. A unidirectional half-bridge LLC converter and a bidirectional dual active half-bridge (DAHB) converter (both utilizing gallium-nitride (GaN) transistors and planar transformers (PT)) are designed and tested. A working prototype of the half-bridge LLC converter with a center-tapped secondary is presented and the waveforms at maximum load and no-load conditions are analyzed. A complete design and efficiency approximation for a DAHB converter with a center-tapped secondary and active snubber circuits is included. In addition, simulations (in PLECS) of the designed DAHB converter provide waveform results for both the forward and reverse power flow direction. The results of the work discuss how high frequency operated, half-bridge isolated DC/DC topologies with GaN transistors and planar transformers are an excellent composition of technology for these rural electrification applications. The GaN transistor is most effective in a low voltage (up to 650 V), high performance scheme, and offers inherent benefits which allow for high frequency operation and thus, smaller passive components. Moreover, the effect of current collapse (an adverse effect in GaN transistors) is discussed and analyzed from a design standpoint. The benefits of planar transformers in low-medium power (up to 900 W) rural electrification applications and an in-depth PT design process are presented. Additionally, rural electrification safe extra-low voltage (SELV) standards require that PT designs must have reinforced (or double) isolation between primary and secondary windings. Taking this into consideration, two proposed PT configurations using a U-core and planar E-core, respectively, are compared. The main conclusions of this work aim to bridge the gap for the design and implementation of efficient DC microgrid variable power output converters for use in rural electrification applications.

Rural electrification remains a significant challenge for engineers, given its intricate relationship with multiple issues, including geographical constraints and underdeveloped infrastructural provisions. As a result, with the development of Solar Home Systems (SHS) and direct current (DC) microgrids, DC systems for energy access have emerged as a promising solution. In this context, a bidirectional DC/DC converter serves as a bridge connecting the SHS and the grid. Thus, it is important to design a converter's control mechanism to ensure a smooth and efficient exchange of power in both directions. Beyond this aspect, the system perspective involves the coordination of photovoltaic (PV), battery storage, and grid power supply priorities within the SHS. Consequently, this thesis centers its attention on two objectives: the control of the bidirectional DC/DC converter and the system-level control of the DC microgrid. To ensure high efficiency under variable loads and smooth transitions between two directional operations, this thesis proposes and evaluates a novel control methodology. Transfer functions are derived through mathematical modeling and PI parameters are determined by analyzing Bode-Plots. This work also shows the simulation and testing results. Both results demonstrate that the proposed control method achieves a high efficiency under light load conditions, maintaining a stable output voltage despite load power dramatic fluctuations. Analysis of energy exchange between the DC microgrid and SHS involves a bipolar DC microgrid model based on an established grid in Matlab/Simulink. Employing droop control, which is a widely used decentralized strategy, for each converter within the grid. To ensure priority order of power supply in the system, a system-level decentralized control methodology is developed, assuming internal communication within the SHS. Through simulation, the priority order of PV, battery, and grid is verified, along with the impact of dynamic shifts between scenarios on the load. However, given the absence of communication devices in the existing SHS, an alternate decentralized coordinated control strategy is developed and simulated, without direct communication interfaces. Simulation results demonstrate that the SHS bus voltage remains stable even with power supply changes.

To tackle the effect of climate change while meeting the ever-growing demand of energy, a high scale of integration of renewable energy resources has been performed in the past decade. Solar Photovoltaics have played a monumental role in this process, thus contributing in the fulfillment of the energy demand. The scalability and the flexibility of use has led to a significant development in the technologies implemented for assimilation of Solar PV. In addition, the development in power electronics has made the process of integration seamless. Due to Solar PV's dependency on irradiation there is an ever growing need for establishment of an improved control on power converters. The aim of this thesis is to implement Maximum Power Point Tracking and Droop control algorithms on PV powered DC-DC Converters while considering the dynamics of Solar PV. Mathematical modelling is used to model the PV generator to consider its dynamics along with the dynamics of the converters to establish control. The output of these converters is connected to a DC Microgrid. After completion of the modelling process, the internal control design was performed followed by the implementation of both the algorithms. The project was performed at the lab of the company DC-Opportunities. The findings of this research are presented in the current document. Its goal is to outline the procedure taken from the start of the project and the literature review all the way through the design and testing of the power electronic converters. Finally, suggestions for the future are offered, which might serve as a roadmap for more advancements.

A large portion of the global population, mostly in the Sub-Saharan African region, still has no access to electricity. Due to the remoteness and limited accessibility of some communities, off-grid solutions such as mini-grids are required to electrify these regions. An essential part of such an isolated mini-grid is the energy storage system. DC Opportunities aims to establish these mini-grids as a third step in the electrification process. As a means of energy storage, the small-scale employment of the mature technology of pumped hydro storage (PHS) should be explored, making use of height differences in terrain often present in these areas. While PHS is the most common energy storage technology, it has thus far only be employed on a large scale and only recently research on its small scale applicability has been gaining ground. In order to conduct a feasibility study on the use of PHS as a means of energy storage for isolated mini-grids in low-resource settings, such as those in Sub-Saharan Africa, local challenges are identified. These include a suitable operating range, quality of supply and power issues, limited component and material availability, potential arrival of the main grid, funding, low tariffs and revenue, a low-trust society, limited technical skills, theft and vandalism, political vertical networks and corruption, regulatory issues, secondary water use and environmental impact. Based on these challenges, a program of requirements is presented, which consider the technical, economic and socio-cultural requirements. Subsequently, the available design options are discussed, and based on the program of requirements a technical design synthesis leads to a provisional technical design. This exploration has led to the conclusion that earth dam reservoirs should be used for the water storage system, Glass Reinforced Plastic or Mild Steel pipes for the water conveyance system and a binary unit utilizing a Pump-as-Turbine or a ternary unit employing a Pelton turbine for the powerhouse configuration; this configuration can be either designed for an one-time installation or scalable installation. Based on the provisional technical design and the local challenges, an organizational structure, using the existing local power structure, ensures the PHS plant embeds itself in the community through community involvement and participation, as well as local capacity building by the project facilitator. The capacity requirements of the reservoir, as well as the diameter and material of the penstock, and the powerhouse configuration appear to be highly dependent on site-specific conditions. Therefore an energy flow model was developed, which in combination with a penstock selection tool and a generated demand profile is able to determine the requirements of a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) utilising PHS as its main component for an isolated mini-grid. This model has been deployed for a case study in Adi Araha, Ethiopia, yielding positive results. Further exploration into the economic implications of the modeled system, and socio-cultural factors to be considered for the case study, led to the conclusion that for the case study a PHS plant could prove to be a technically, economically and socially feasible solution. Further research is however warranted, specifically on site. The developed model was further employed to attain a conclusion on the general economic feasibility. While the socio-cultural factors are very site specific and can not easily be generalized, the results exhibit that for a situation where the gross head is at least 250 meter, and preferably around 300 meter, and the maximum power output requirements of the PHS plant is at least 150 kilowatt, technical and economic feasibility is attainable. Isolated mini-grids requiring a storage solutions, adhering to these conditions, should thus be further investigated to more accurately determine the feasibility of a small pumped hydro storage plant.

The increasing penetration of the distributed energy sources and the increasing load on the AC grid demands for integration of DC grids in AC distribution network. This has resulted in the requirement of power electronic converters such as DC/AC converters. For different operating conditions of the DC/AC converter it is not recommended for the converter to operate in open loop. Hence, while designing the control for the converter there are challenges such as the presence of unbalance on the grid leading to higher losses, offsetting of AC voltages at the output and grounding of the converter leading to higher common mode voltage and currents. This thesis explores the control strategy that can be implemented on the converter to mitigate the unbalance in different operating conditions and compares different modulation techniques to reduce the common mode voltage and currents. To begin with the islanded operation is considered for the converter and the voltage control is implemented on this type of converter. Further a modification on this type of control is proposed for the operation of converter under overcurrent scenario. Subsequently the control strategy for grid connected operation is analyzed such that the issue of unbalanced currents on the grid is mitigated. Three different operating modes are considered under grid connected operation for validating the control strategy proposed. Following the controlled operation in islanded and grid connected scenario, the active methods for reducing the common mode voltage are reviewed by comparing different modulation techniques. On the discussed control strategies for different operating conditions of the DC/AC converters, an optimized implementation of the control on the microcontroller is presented. Other functionalities such as protection of the converter against unwanted actions is investigated through implementation of state machine. The results of the controlled DC/AC converter operating in islanded operation is presented and modifications in the existing PCB are discussed to make it compatible to operate under grid connected condition. The operation of control strategies implemented is validated for the real time application of the converter with unbalanced load conditions.