This research answers the question “What kind of governance arrangements can be used to safeguard sustainability when dealing with peer-to-peer parcel delivery?” by looking at the actors that are currently active in the field, how these initiatives incorporate sustainability, what kind of risks and chances for sustainability are mentioned by other sources and by looking at what regulations and arrangements are currently in place concerning sustainability and peer-to-peer parcel delivery initiatives. The actors can be divided in Platforms, Governmental actors, Knowledge Institutes and the Transportation sector. The Platforms currently do very little when it comes to sustainability, and multiple sources see potential risks such as a decrease in efficiency, and an increase in emissions. Currently there are very little regulations, rules or governance arrangements in place, especially concerning sustainability, but multiple recommendations like renewing the income cap and including these platforms in specific governance arrangements could be effective ways to safeguard sustainability when dealing with peer-to-peer parcel delivery.

As extreme weather events increase both in frequency and magnitude (IPCC, 2012, 2014), and considering that over 60% of the world population lives in coastal areas (UNEP, 2016) flood risk is increasing. Hereby, the need to address Flood Risk Management (FRM) becomes evident. Especially on small island the need for adequate FRM is apparent: “relative to other areas, small islands are disproportionately affected by current hydro-meteorological extreme events, both in terms of the population affected and losses as a percentage of GDP” (Anthoff et al., 2010). In the young research field of socio-hydrology, the dynamic interactions between human systems and water systems are studied more integrated (Sivapalan et al., 2012). Socio-hydrology aims to gain a better understanding of the entanglement of human and flood systems in general. The institutional dimension has been studied with relatively little detail within socio-hydrology and Integrated Water Resource Management (Baldassarre et al., 2014; Brown and Damery, 2002; Gober & Weather, 2014; Manuta and Label, 2005; Naess et al., 2005). Therefore, this research focuses on the institutional dimension of FRM, on the rules, norms, and shared strategies that guide decision making behaviour in flood risk response, recovery, mitigation and preparation. Institutional statements are defined as “shared linguistic constraint or opportunity that prescribes, permits, or advises actions or outcomes for actors ... [they] are spoken, written, or tacitly understood in a form intelligible to actors in an empirical setting” (Crawford & Ostrom, 1995). The main research question is formulated as “what is the effect of interdependencies and connectivity between institutions on FRM, for the case of St Maarten?”. First, I address how interdependencies and connectivity between institutions can be studied. Secondly, this methodology will be tested on a case study. Third of all, I discuss how insights in the connections between institutions can be translated to better FRM. The Caribbean island St Maarten was chosen as a case study, as floods are the primary natural hazard on island (Sommers, 2015). The focus on economic development on the island increases vulnerability and exposure to floods, requiring adequate institutions to manage flood risk. Moreover, within the European PEARL research project, St Maarten was chosen as one of the case studies, which has led to the development of a knowledge base on FRM on the island and data availability. Socio-hydrology is used as a theoretical framework of this research. The integrated approach of human-water coupled systems is central in this research. The Institutional Analysis and Dynamics (IAD) framework by Ostrom forms the framework to further address the institutional dimension of human-water coupled flood systems. Institutions in flood systems are researched using the FRM cycle. Within the institutional dimension, we focus on interdependencies and connectivity between institutions, by taking a network perspective towards institutions.

The rapid development of renewable technologies has opened the opportunity for households to produce their own energy, and to either self-consume or sell it. In the Netherlands, it is projected that not less than 7 GW of solar PV capacity will be installed in 2020. Therefore, the Netherlands is expected to experience abundant energy supply from solar generation in the near future. Energy sharing can be a reliable method to manage a great number of solar PV production. This direct sharing might reduce the strain and improve the stability of the main grid because it lessens the power to be transported and balanced across the main grid. Such an energy sharing method is also known as peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading. Despite its potential benefits, the pre-established requirements to perform such trading can be perceived unjust for some communities, such as for the community of Bospolder-Tussendijken in Rotterdam-West which can be considered as one of the poor communities in the Netherlands. As an illustration, P2P energy trading by design requires people to own solar PV to generate distributed power, in which not everybody could afford it economically. This study is then aimed at specifying a set of norms for a just P2P energy trading system by operationalising the framework of value-hierarchy. Accordingly, the abstract level of energy justice as a value will be translated into a more concrete set of norms, and the practical actions to support the realisation of those norms in Bospolder-Tussendijken will be suggested to the Municipality of Rotterdam. This set of justice norms for P2P energy trading is expected can guide the system a step closer to be a just energy innovation.

With the help of a qualitative case study and existing literature from scientific fields like social sciences, psychology, policy studies, and innovation studies a research framework was compiled for studying imagination as a driving force for innovation fueled by its social context. A try-out of this research framework suggested the result of this graduation project is a promising step towards the development of a tool that helps to identify and facilitate the imaginative needs of individuals to engage successfully in inter-organizational innovation projects, if it can be merged with work on organizational culture and personal decision styles. This research framework has four levels: 1.The description of the main concepts innovation, inter-organizational collaboration, and imagination. The innovation considered in this research is process innovation from existing companies (a category that fits most innovation projects driven by CSR-policies). Innovation in an inter-organizational network is described as a complex decision-making process, and imagination as a driving force for innovation is described as providing a mental image of the innovation at hand that is well-developed in a creativity dimension and an emotional dimension, which provides the flexibility, holism, and motivation for action that is needed to develop and implement and innovation successfully. 2.A conceptual framework that ties together these main concepts. This level is built upon a conceptual framework from social psychology that links stimuli from the social context to behavior from the individual via a black box of cognitive processes and a mental representation. Based on the empirical research, this conceptual framework is extended with an additional pathway between stimuli from the social environment and behavior, and with other ‘destinations’ for the results of the cognitive processes than just the mental representation of the current innovation project. 3.A layered operationalization of the four elements in the conceptual framework. To operationalize the stimuli from the social environment, the concepts arena games (from policy studies) and network structure (from group dynamic theory) are used. For the operationalization of the mental representation, five imaginative qualities are determined. Three of them are creative and increase the flexibility of the individual’s innovative action, and two of them are emotional and increase the motivation for action of the individual. The operationalization of the cognitive processes and the behavior of the arena attendees emerged from the empirical data, just like additional layers of operationalization for the other elements of the conceptual framework that are probably more specific for the specific research context of this graduation project. The cognitive processes are operationalized as a set of nested trade-offs that assess the quality and fitness of proposals concerning the innovation project that are done in the collaboration arena. If the final judgement of this assessment is positive, the proposal will become part of the mental representation. The differences and similarities perceived by an arena attendee between his own mental representation and the mental representations of his fellow arena attendees influence his behavior. 4.A description of how the operationalized constructs can be identified in the raw data.

Long before the existence of today’s computer, information and communication technologies, the design of current energy grids has been set. Nowadays, ‘conventional’ energy grids – including electricity, gas and thermal grids – are being transformed into smart grids, which consist of various technological components such as smart meters, energy storage, distributed generation and smart homes. In the transition towards smart grids, the EU aims to replace 80% of all energy meters with smart meters by 2020 and the national Dutch rollout of smart meters has started at the first of January 2015. There have been – and still are – challenges, controversies, public resistance, consternation and concerns based on values during the design process of smart meters, legislative procedure of requiring smart meters in households, and rollout of smart meters. Academic literature is written regarding the importance of values in the design and development of technologies and its influence on public acceptance, resistance and consternation. Still, there are challenges concerning the incorporation of values into smart grid components, especially smart meters, since consumer perceptions and other social interest are excluded from the design process. The rollout of smart meters and successful operation of smart grids gets threatened if smart meters and other smart grid components are socially rejected. In order stimulate the incorporation of values into smart grid components, this research has the objective “to provide input for the design for values in smart grid components by uncovering stakeholder interpretations of the values that are at stake for smart grid components”. The values that are affected by smart grid components are identified where after value descriptions and stakeholder interpretations of the values at stake are analysed to understand these values and their background. The perspective of two of the most important stakeholders – production chain organizations and end-users – is highlighted. Values are differentiated per smart grid component, stakeholder category, distinguished into supporting- or final values, and (potential) inter-value or intra-value conflicts are identified. This provides input to answer the main research question: “Which values are at stake for smart grid components according to academic literature, how are these values interpreted by Dutch stakeholders according to national newspapers and how are these values related?”. After gaining a theoretical background regarding values in ethics of technology and smart grid components, an initial list of values, including their conceptualizations, is created. This has served as input for a literature review and content analysis which are done to identify and analyse values within smart grid components literature and within The Netherlands. The initial list of values is based on values that are often mentioned in value sensitive design literature. The literature review is done on academic literature articles that pay attention to the acceptance and acceptability of smart grid components and showed which values out of the initial list are actually affected by smart grid components and whether new values emerged. In total, twenty-five literature articles are reviewed and value-laden perceptions, barriers, motivators or factors for acceptance are uncovered, causing the initial list of values to be enriched with new values. In order to uncover stakeholder interpretations of the values at stake within The Netherlands, 56 Dutch newspaper articles have been analysed by means of a qualitative content analysis. Value-laden statements and citations are distracted, recorded and coded into values while using the list of values, their conceptualizations and coding principles that have been set in the methodology chapter. A distinction has been made between positive, negative or ambiguous attitudinal directions in which stakeholders have expressed value-laden statements towards smart grid components. Values are coded in a positive attitudinal direction when they are being enhanced or the stakeholder is in favour of using a smart grid component according to how the statement is being presented or cited. On the other hand, values are coded in a negative attitudinal direction when they are being hindered or the stakeholder is against the use of a smart grid component according to how the statement is being presented or cited. This provides insights on how these values are supported or hindered from the perspective of different stakeholders. Within the literature review and content analysis results, values are differentiated per smart grid component, stakeholder category, and attitudinal direction. Barriers, motivator, factors or values-laden statements are explained in order to understand value descriptions and stakeholder interpretations. The literature review has shown that values are primarily expressed in a negative attitudinal direction within academic articles, meaning they are related to concerns based on values that are causing barriers for the design, development, and acceptance of smart grid components. This means that the majority of the values are being hindered due to the implementation of smart grid technologies, taking into account that the academic literature is merely representing the perspective of end-users. Values that have been most frequently recorded out the academic literature are economic development, privacy, autonomy, trust, environmental sustainability, and information cyber security. The content analysis does not only represent Dutch end-users but also stakeholders out of the production chain, research and consultancy, policy-maker and regulators, and the media, which can be considered as a stakeholder itself. Therefore, the values that are identified during the content analysis appeared to be more ambiguous, since both pros and cons were discussed and more stakeholder perspectives are represented within the newspaper articles. This means that for individual values, often, value-laden statements or interpretations are expressed in both positive and negative attitudinal directions, meaning values are supported or hindered depending on the stakeholder perspective that is taken. In general, production chain organizations report on values in a more positive attitudinal direction and end-users in a more negative attitudinal direction. Values that have been recorded most frequent within the content analysis are economic development, environmental sustainability, transparency, privacy, information cyber security, autonomy, and distributive justice. The academic literature includes the values security of supply, universal usability, and safety and health which are not mentioned in Dutch newspapers (yet), while the value of flexibility is mentioned in newspaper articles but not within the literature. This suggest that no events, incidents, or upfront concerns occurred or have been raised within The Netherlands concerning security of supply, universal usability, and safety and health. However, these values might become relevant in the nearby future within The Netherlands as well. Therefore, all values out of the literature review and content analysis are combined in order to identify supporting relationships or (potential) values conflicts. Using the literature review and content analysis results, a network of related values is mapped that is based on overlapping value descriptions, stakeholder interpretations and interpretations of the results. The purpose of this network is to provide an overall overview of which values are connected through which descriptions or interpretations and it has helped to analyse the nature of some relationships after zooming in on these value connections. Depending on the stakeholder perspective that is being taken, final values have various supporting values, which are depicted in separated figures. The production chain and end-users are represented best within the content analysis and the most frequently mentioned final values include: economic development, environmental sustainability, reliability, privacy, distributive justice and security of supply. Three inter-value conflicts have been identified between: transparency and information cyber security, transparency and privacy, and economic development and autarky. Potential intra-value conflicts are identified based on controversies and concerns stated in the Dutch newspapers regarding the values of distributive justice, autonomy, privacy, and information cyber security. Since supporting relationships and value conflicts depend on the stakeholder perspective that is being taken, the overall network of related values can be used in future research and practical implications to identify more supporting and conflicting relationships from the perspective of other stakeholders, who may have different thoughts on which values are considered to be important or when new stakeholder interpretation for the values at stake arise. This research contributes in shaping design for values within the energy domain as well as delivering a method to map related values by means of overlapping descriptions and interpretations and to analyse the nature of these relationships thereafter. Stakeholders, especially policy-makers and production chain organizations are recommended to use this knowledge in the design- and governance of smart grid components in order to enhance the acceptance, implementation and deployment of smart grids and their components.

A practice theory approach for studying clothing consumption in the Netherlands consisting of a practice analysis, and two case studies of alternative forms of practice. Aim of the research was to assess the potential of these alternative forms of practice to change the organization of consumer behaviour and subsequently reduce environmental impact.