The self-driving vehicle technology can be a potential game changer. The image of traffic and transport we know nowadays can change rapidly over the next twenty years with the introduction of autonomous driving. Still, there seem to be some uncertainties with the development of autonomous driving. Apart from the fact that this technology is still full in progress, there are still questions on how to combine autonomous vehicles with conventional traffic and what the effect this collaboration has on the traffic flow. The goal of this research is to find out what effects autonomous driving can have on the traffic flows. This research uses microscopic traffic simulation to experiment with different scenarios in which autonomous driving can be introduced on the Dutch road. The effect that have been found did not indicate major changes. An autonomous lane ensures that autonomous vehicles can drive optimally at the cost of more lane changes on the regular lanes. The cooperative automatic car benefits the average speed on the road and helps decreasing the travel loss time. However, the effect of cooperative driving on the traffic demand should be taken into consideration. If this new way of traveling leads to an increase in traffic demand, the arrival of autonomous driving must be combined with other alternatives to ensure travel time loss reduction in the future.

This research project proposes a theoretical gamified design of a storytelling platform to engage TU Delft researchers into proactive submission of story ideas to co-create online storytelling for wide audiences. While universities have focused on improving communication with the general public in the past decades, researchers may still find barriers to engage in public communication of science. One of these barriers is proactive media contact, as the scientific community may perceive it as outside of the researchers’ role and subject the “transgressor” to informal peer-based sanctions. By assessing a sample of TU Delft researchers’ attitude towards an online TU Delft non-profit storytelling platform for internal and external communication similar to the target one, response efficacy proved to be the primary variable to motivate TU Delft researchers to engage in co-creation of online storytelling. The findings further confirm existing theories that younger and more intrinsically motivated researchers seem more willing to engage in online storytelling compared to older and more extrinsically motivated peers. The study translated these guidelines into a gamified design based on graph force models that challenge researchers to create tags related to their story, and form connections with peers within the TU Delft. To access these functionalities, TU Delft researchers must register to the platform by submitting a story idea, e.g. related to their researcher or field of study, and be willing to co-create online storytelling if their story is chosen. The design targets different groups of users by balancing the experience through the Octalysis framework, and implementing social points, competitions among faculties and badges. According to an evaluation with the case owner and a gamification expert of the first iteration of the design, rewarding the submission of stories with a network, seem effective in engaging TU Delft researchers to submit story ideas proactively and enhance collaboration and innovation with the TU Delft.

The accelerating development of algorithms causes a disruptive effect in many domains, including the complex decision-making of knowledge workers. Experts can manage difficult but repetitive decisions with software technologies like a Decision Support System (DSS). A DSS is used to monitor decisions, get additional insights and improve decisions over time. Their supportive performance characterises these systems to assist human decision-makers. To answer to the pressing demand for transparency in DSSs, Councyl developed Behavioural Artificial Intelligence Tenchnology (BAIT). BAIT is a DSS that adequately supports experts with making decisions. However, algorithms like BAIT may affect the autonomy of experts and their decisions in numerous ways. This thesis studies human moral autonomy (HMA) of end-users in the context of BAIT. We do this by measuring perceptions of end-users. The product arising from this study is the HMA Survey.

This master's thesis explores the potential of persuasive games for addressing challenges in multiactor systems. For many multi-actor system problems, the different actors need to take action to handle these problems. Persuasive gaming is proposed as a method that can stimulate taking action. This thesis identifies a gap in the applicability of existing persuasive games to multi-actor systems problems and proposes an alternative approach: game-mediated persuasive strategy. The research uses an explorative strategy, defining seven criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of this strategy. A case study on the labor shortage in Rotterdam's port area is conducted, featuring a game utilizing a cat cafe metaphor to represent the labor market. The game is played by employees from both companies in the port area and the Port of Rotterdam itself. With observations and surveys, the effect of the game is evaluated. One of the key insights is the emergence of collaboration as a crucial factor in tackling the labor shortage, an outcome not predefined in the game but contributed by the players. Therefore, it is recommended to the Port of Rotterdam to invest in collaboration between companies. While the findings are based on a single case study and thus lack generalizability, they show the promise of this underexplored approach of persuasive gaming in addressing multi-actor system problems. In conclusion, the study underscores the potential of game-mediated persuasive strategy in promoting collaborative action among stakeholders in multi-actor systems. Although further research with a larger participant pool and across various contexts is necessary for broader validation, this study shows potential for a new method to help actors with multi-actor system problems. Gamemediated persuasive strategy deserves more research to further validate this method.

Every day physicians make choices on clinical treatment that directly influence patients’ well-being. To deal with these critical decisions and avoid treatment errors and costs, physicians show a growing interest in Clinical Decision Support Systems (IDSS). Current CDSSs, however, suffer from limited transparency and flexibility, which gives rise to ethical concerns when applied in healthcare environments. A novel CDSS approach overcomes these limitations: Behavioral Artificial Intelligence (BAIT). However, a BAIT-based CDSS is not yet capable of incorporating new clinical developments to keep its recommendations accurate over time. Because healthcare decision-making is highly dynamic, the static BAIT-based CDSS needs a transformation into a dynamic BAIT-based CDSS that retains its accuracy and, therefore, clinical relevance over time. However, the preferences regarding a dynamic BAIT-based CDSS vary among healthcare decision-making contexts. Therefore, CDSS developers need an architecture that illustrates how to create and customize a dynamic BAIT-based CDSS that matches physicians' preferences in a particular healthcare context. Because designing these architectures is challenging, this research aims to formulate design principles that guide the design of dynamic BAIT-based CDSS architectures. By following the Action Design Research (ADR) framework, this research identified and tested a set of architecture requirements by building an architecture in a situated problem context. The generalization of the requirements that worked in a situated context resulted in ten design principles guiding the design of a dynamic BAIT-based CDSS architecture. The greater part of the design principles is specific to the design of a dynamic BAIT-based CDSS architecture. By providing these novel insights, the design principles contribute to the CDSS architecture design knowledge base. The research also contributes to CDSS architecture design knowledge because it tackles the challenges of designing a dynamic BAIT-based CDSS architecture. By doing so, the research outcomes eliminate the barriers to design such an architecture and lay a foundation to continue the work on transparent and dynamic CDSSs. The findings highlight new design challenges for further research, like designing a dynamic BAIT-based CDSS architecture with the ten design principles in another sector to investigate how to modify the design principles, so the principles are useful outside the healthcare sector.

Persuasive games for complex systems have subtle messages they want to convince stakeholders of the complex system of in question of in order to help them solve certain problems. However, there currently is little known about the persuasive game design principles used in those games to convey the persuasive message, especially how people with different cultural backgrounds perceive the persuasiveness of the persuasive design principles. This paper describes the research executed to determine how Individualists and Collectivists perceive the persuasiveness of 'Comparison between individuals' and 'Comparison between groups', this was done using a combination of a persuasive game for complex systems and storyboards. The results showed that Individualists are persuaded more by 'Comparison between groups' than by 'Comparison between individuals' which was not expected. Further research using another persuasive game for complex system should determine whether this was due to the game or is also valid for other persuasive game for complex systems.

This thesis explores the motivation of developers to initiate and sustain participation in a Platform-as-a-Service Software Ecosystem (PaaS SECO). PaaS, integral to SECOs, is gaining prominence for its cost advantages and scalability. The study focuses on understanding what drives developers in diverse roles to engage with PaaS SECOs and examines potential differences in motivation among developer groups. The research adopts an exploratory case study approach, with the Mendix SECO, a low-code PaaS for enterprise application development, as the subject. Semi-structured interviews with developers from Independent Software Vendors (ISVs), service providers, and customers inform the study. Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is applied to structure and comprehend developers' motivators, considering intrinsic and extrinsic motivations. The findings underscore the significance of intrinsic motivators, such as enjoyment, intellectual stimulation, and skill enhancement, in attracting developers to PaaS SECOs. Competence-related factors, like challenge and creativity, play a pivotal role. Extrinsic motivators, like knowledge exchange and community size, also contribute to initial participation, with SECO support being crucial. In continued participation, intrinsic motivators remain vital, with skill maturation and the evolving nature of fun being emphasized. Learning new skills aligns with staying abreast of platform innovations, sometimes driven by external pressures. Developers become more aware of the SECO's offerings, with social events acting as supplementary motivators for connection and inspiration. Extrinsic motivators, particularly in autonomous form, gain importance in sustained participation. Developers align with the platform's strategic direction, emphasizing satisfaction with the SECO and its innovative efforts. PaaS providers' reputation and engagement in social events further enhance developers' motivation. The study reveals overarching similarities and differences between low-code and other SECO types, questioning assumptions about developer motivations. The dominance of intrinsic motivators aligns with previous research in proprietary SECOs, but nuances, such as the desire for fast and agile development, emerge as unique to PaaS SECOs. Theoretical contributions include enriching understanding of developer motivation in PaaS SECOs, reevaluating the intrinsic-extrinsic binary scale, and offering insights into nuanced motivators through SDT. Practical implications suggest strategies for PaaS providers, emphasizing the importance of competence-related motivators and the ongoing need for intrinsic satisfaction. In conclusion, this thesis contributes to both theoretical and practical aspects of developer motivation in PaaS SECOs, paving the way for future research and strategies to attract and retain developers in evolving software ecosystems.

Background. Dutch universities struggle to find effective evidence-based intervention tools to reduce the high prevalence of sexual violence among their students. Reducing sexual violence means a safer student climate and thus better inclusion of women and more diversity in higher education. Interesting approaches to consider for cultural change are bystander intervention and an already existing co-designed serious game. This game aims to encourage a dialogue among students but has thus far not been evaluated on its effectiveness. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate how a serious game can promote an intergroup dialogue between female and male students in Dutch universities to encourage bystander intervention in situations of sexually transgressive behaviour. Methods. Literature research and brainstorm sessions with female and male students from Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) were conducted to gain a better understanding of sexual violence among students. These methods were used as part of participatory game design research. Moreover, a quasi-controlled experimental trial was conducted with 64 TU Delft students from different nationalities and study backgrounds to evaluate the serious game on bystander attitudes, sexual violence myth acceptance, the willingness to intervene, and the effectiveness of the intergroup dialogue. Results. The results showed that the serious game session has a significant positive effect on bystander attitudes (i.e. bystander awareness and responsibility) and the willingness to intervene. No significant difference was found in sexual violence myth acceptance. Additionally, the game proved to promote an effective intergroup dialogue between the participants. Conclusion. Serious gaming proved to be effective in encouraging ethical bystander behaviour by promoting an intergroup dialogue. Therefore, universities are recommended to use serious games as an intervention tool to contribute to cultural change. Future studies should include students from other universities and focus on minimising selection bias to research whether serious games can also influence sexual violence myth acceptance.

Throughout history, complex societal problems have plagued societies with their ever-changing dynamic natures and sheer societal consequences. In efforts to address such complex problems, many actors have turned to participatory methods as a means to incorporate community level knowledge and produce community-oriented solutions while addressing societal concerns. Simultaneously, in the field of serious game design, a large body of research has studied the positive effects of using serious game play for societal intervention. However, fewer efforts have been allocated to exploring the effectiveness of participatory serious game design as a means for societal intervention. In other words, can participatory serious game design act as an effective method for societal intervention? Such inquiry is the basis of this research, where the complex societal problem of biased US policing serves as the application of this study. A mixed methods approach to this research was implemented to explore how to develop interventions where serious game design concepts are to be created between US communities and police. Through a mixed methods approach involving quantitative elements of inferential and descriptive statistical analysis and qualitative elements of content analysis, sentiment analysis, and micro-interlocutor analysis, group brainstorming data, workshop observation data, and semi-structured group interview data was explored in an effort to understand if and how participatory serious game design can be leveraged effectively as a means to societal intervention in the context of US policing and beyond. The outcomes of this research are two-fold. First, with regard to improving police-community relations through societal intervention, results from this research indicate that current relations between US police and BIPOC communities, specifically black communities, are in a dire state of mistrust. As such, any attempt at intervention between these two groups will likely be received with caution and scepticism. However, in demonstrating that intervention efforts are long-term oriented and not just “throw away” events, more willing engagement could be facilitated. In addition, this research has also demonstrated that police accountability in intervention efforts can exhibit to communities that such efforts to improve police-community relations are serious. In maintaining police accountability throughout interventions, communities may be more willing to welcome police efforts in engagement and relation building. Second, in considering participatory game design as an intervention study, results from this study indicate that participatory game design has the potential to be an effective intervention method if it is implemented in a way that appropriately caters to the desired audience. In using participatory game design as a means to societal intervention, participant “buy-in” must be facilitated early on to ensure effective engagement. This study also alludes to the fact that participatory game design could be particularly effective as an intervention method when the topic of intervention is taboo, discomforting, or difficult to talk about, as the game-like nature of such intervention can provide an adequate amount of abstraction from reality that helps facilitate less anxiety-inducing dialogue. In a similar vein, the reality-abstracted game-like nature of participatory game design interventions could also be effective at fostering safe and inclusive spaces where all participants can feel able to engage and contribute to discussion, regardless of their backgrounds. Finally, with regard to using participatory game design as an intervention study, this research has exhibited that in ensuring a diversity of participant backgrounds and perspectives, echo chambers, polarity, and groupthink can be avoided in participatory game design-based interventions. Similarly, more meaningful intervention outcomes and creative problem solving has the potential to arise if a healthy amount of group conflict and pressure is managed appropriately within participatory game design interventions. To the best of our knowledge, this research represents the first mixed methods study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of participative serious game design as a societal intervention method for biased US policing. Therefore, this study provides several potential scientific contributions to the fields of intervention science and serious game design, and it also has several potential implications in the context of society and public policy.

Maritime logistics is important for the international volume of trade. Ports are critical in cargo transhipment and provide services to vessels like traffic management, piloting, towage and mooring, which together are called the Nautical Chain since these services are dependent on each other. Due to the importance of maritime logistics, it is important that the supply chain functions resiliently and thus ports function resiliently. For ports to function resiliently, the Nautical Chain should function resiliently. Currently there is no knowledge on the resilience of the Nautical Chain, which is the gap this research addresses. The aim of this research is to gain insight in the current state of resilience of the Nautical Chain, and gain insight in the effect different mitigation strategies have on improving this resilience. A literature review is performed and a discrete event simulation model is built to gain insight in the resilience of the Nautical Chain. The results show that the largest improvement to the resilience of the Nautical Chain can be achieved by a simultaneous increase in pilots and tugs.

Complex and uncertain societal problems cannot be addressed by technical solutions that rely solely on predictions. Institutions that entirely rely on predictions, repeat the same actions (routine), with little reflection on the impact of these technological solutions upon the socio-technical system. Though routine is beneficial for stability and continuity of any institution, it may stifle reflection and make it harder for change. When an institution does not change, it cannot innovate nor adapt to changing circumstances. Social learning (SL) has been proposed to facilitate institutional change. SL is a change in societal understanding, achieved through social interactions, which eventually gets situated within broader social networks. In principle, SL holds a promise in addressing the problem of routinised, non-adaptive institutions. Nevertheless, there is limited evidence on whether SL does indeed lead to institutional change. This PhD research uses policy gaming to assess whether SL can lead to institutional change in the Nzoia River Basin. The results indicate that SL has the potential to change routine-based institutions and generate adaptive capacity. The outcomes also indicate the need for the following profound institutional changes in Nzoia River Basin: Artefacts: Replace current WRM structures with configurations that respect the river, and support the sustainable management of the drainage basin, as a whole. Values: Value water more than spatial, agricultural and energy-production plans and make water the structuring element within the Nzoia River Basin. This means that any proposed laws, regulations, practices and norms that intend to utilise the scarce water resources unsustainably should not be supported. Underlying Assumptions: Question underlying assumptions, and make transformations to existing laws, regulations, values, norms and actor-networks to build adaptive capacity.@en